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Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a
province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman '' provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...
on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by
Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , Chinese postal romanization, also romanized as Chekiang) is an East China, eastern, coastal Provinces of China, province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable citie ...
to the north,
Jiangxi Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north int ...
to the west,
Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
to the south, and the
Taiwan Strait The Taiwan Strait is a -wide strait separating the island of Taiwan and continental Asia. The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea to the north. The narrowest part is wide. The Taiwan Strait is itself a ...
to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou, while its largest city by population is Quanzhou, both located near the coast of the Taiwan Strait in the east of the province. While its population is predominantly of Chinese ethnicity, it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China. The dialects of the language group Min Chinese were most commonly spoken within the province, including the
Fuzhou dialect Fuzhou (; , Fuzhounese: Hokchew, ''Hók-ciŭ''), alternately romanized as Foochow, is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province, China. Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute ...
of northeastern Fujian and various
Hokkien The Hokkien () variety of Chinese is a Southern Min language native to and originating from the Minnan region, where it is widely spoken in the south-eastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China. It is one of the national languages ...
dialects of southeastern Fujian.
Hakka Chinese Hakka (, , ) forms a language group of varieties of Chinese, spoken natively by the Hakka people throughout Southern China and Taiwan and throughout the diaspora areas of East Asia, Southeast Asia and in overseas Chinese communities aroun ...
is also spoken, by the
Hakka people The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas are a Han Chinese subgroup whose ancestral homes are chiefly in the Hakka-speaking provincial areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhej ...
in Fujian. Min dialects, Hakka and
Mandarin Chinese Mandarin (; ) is a group of Chinese (Sinitic) dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of the phonology of Standard Chinese, the official language ...
are mutually unintelligible. Due to emigration, a sizable amount of the ethnic Chinese populations of Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines speak Southern Min (or Hokkien). With a population of 41.5 million, Fujian ranks 15th in population among Chinese provinces. As of 2021, Fujian's
GDP (nominal) Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and sold (not resold) in a specific time period by countries. Due to its complex and subjective nature this measure is ofte ...
reached 768 billion US dollars ( CNY 4.88 trillion), ranking 4th in
East China East China () is a geographical and a loosely defined cultural region that covers the eastern coastal area of China. A concept abolished in 1978, for economical purposes the region was defined from 1949 to 1961 by the Chinese Central Govern ...
region and 8th nationwide in GDP. Fujian's GDP per capita is above the national average, at CN¥117,500 (approx.US$28,658 in PPP), the second highest GDP per capita of all Chinese provinces after
Jiangsu Jiangsu (; ; pinyin: Jiāngsū, alternatively romanized as Kiangsu or Chiangsu) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the leading provinces in finance, education, technology, and tourism, with its ca ...
. It has benefited from its geographical proximity with Taiwan. As a result of the
Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and forces of the Chinese Communist Party, continuing intermittently since 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949 with a Communist victory on m ...
, a small proportion of Historical Fujian is now within the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan). The Fujian province of the ROC consist of three offshore archipelagos namely the Kinmen Islands, the
Matsu Islands The Matsu Islands ( or , ; Foochow Romanized: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤), officially Lienchiang County (, ; Foochow Romanized: Lièng-gŏng-gâing), are an archipelago of 36 islands and islets in the East China Sea governed by the Republic of China ( ...
and the Wuqiu Islands. Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2022, two major cities ranked in the top 65 cities in the world (Fuzhou 50th and Xiamen 63rd) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.


Name

The name ''Fujian'' (福建) originated from the combination of the city names of Fuzhou (福州) and nearby Jianzhou (建州 present-day
Nanping Nanping (), historically known as Yanping (), is a third-tier prefecture-level city in northwestern Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. It borders Ningde to the east, Sanming to the south, and the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi to ...
(南平)).


History


Prehistoric Fujian

Recent archaeological discoveries in 2011 demonstrate that Fujian had entered the Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in
Pingtan Island Pingtan Island or Haitan Island is an island An island (or isle) is an isolated piece of habitat that is surrounded by a dramatically different habitat, such as water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be c ...
located about southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones,
shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses ** Thin-shell structure Science Biology * Seashell, a hard o ...
s,
bone A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, ...
s, jades, and
ceramic A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain ...
s (including wheel-made ceramics) have been unearthed, together with
spinning wheel A spinning wheel is a device for spinning thread or yarn from fibres. It was fundamental to the cotton textile industry prior to the Industrial Revolution. It laid the foundations for later machinery such as the spinning jenny and spinning f ...
s, which is definitive evidence of
weaving Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Other methods are knitting, crocheting, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal ...
. The Tanshishan () site (5500–4000 BP) in suburban Fuzhou spans the Neolithic and
Chalcolithic The Copper Age, also called the Chalcolithic (; from grc-gre, χαλκός ''khalkós'', "copper" and  ''líthos'', "stone") or (A)eneolithic (from Latin '' aeneus'' "of copper"), is an archaeological period characterized by regular ...
Age where semi-underground circular buildings were found in the lower level. The Huangtulun () site (ca.1325 BC), also in suburban Fuzhou, was of the
Bronze Age The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second prin ...
in character. Tianlong Jiao (2013)Jiao, Tianlong. 2013. "The Neolithic Archaeology of Southeast China." In Underhill, Anne P., et al. ''A Companion to Chinese Archaeology'', 599-611. Wiley-Blackwell. notes that the
Neolithic The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several p ...
appeared on the coast of Fujian around 6,000 B.P. During the Neolithic, the coast of Fujian had a low population density, with the population depending on mostly on fishing and hunting, along with limited agriculture. There were four major Neolithic cultures in coastal Fujian, with the earliest Neolithic cultures originating from the north in coastal
Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , Chinese postal romanization, also romanized as Chekiang) is an East China, eastern, coastal Provinces of China, province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable citie ...
. *Keqiutou culture (; c. 6000–5500 BP, or c. 4050–3550 BC) *Tanshishan culture (; c. 5000–4300 BP, or c. 3050–2350 BC) *Damaoshan culture (; c. 5000–4300 BP) *Huangguashan culture (; c. 4300–3500 BP, or c. 2350–1550 BC) There were two major Neolithic cultures in inland Fujian, which were highly distinct from the coastal Fujian Neolithic cultures. These are the Niubishan culture () from 5000 to 4000 years ago, and the Hulushan culture () from 2050 to 1550 BC.


Minyue kingdom

Fujian was also where the kingdom of Minyue was located. The word "Mǐnyuè" was derived by combining "Mǐn" (), which is perhaps an ethnic name (), and " Yuè", after the
State of Yue Yue (, Old Chinese: ''*''), also known as Yuyue (), was a state in ancient China which existed during the first millennium BC the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of China's Zhou dynasty in the modern provinces of Zhejiang, Sha ...
, a Spring and Autumn period kingdom in
Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , Chinese postal romanization, also romanized as Chekiang) is an East China, eastern, coastal Provinces of China, province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable citie ...
to the north. This is because the royal family of Yuè fled to Fujian after its kingdom was annexed by the State of Chu in 306 BC. Mǐn is also the name of the
main river Main rivers () are a statutory type of watercourse in England and Wales, usually larger streams and rivers, but also some smaller watercourses. A main river is designated by being marked as such on a main river map, and can include any structure o ...
in this area, but the ethnonym is probably older.


Qin dynasty

The Qin deposed the King of Minyue, establishing instead a paramilitary province there called Minzhong Commandery. Minyue was a ''de facto'' kingdom until one of the emperors of the
Qin dynasty The Qin dynasty ( ; zh, c=秦朝, p=Qín cháo, w=), or Ch'in dynasty in Wade–Giles romanization ( zh, c=, p=, w=Ch'in ch'ao), was the first dynasty of Imperial China. Named for its heartland in Qin state (modern Gansu and Shaanxi), ...
, the first unified imperial Chinese state, abolished its status.Britannica


Han dynasty

In the aftermath of the Qin dynasty's fall,
civil war A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...
broke out between two warlords,
Xiang Yu Xiang Yu (, –202 BC), born Xiang Ji (), was the Hegemon-King (Chinese: 霸王, ''Bà Wáng'') of Western Chu during the Chu–Han Contention period (206–202 BC) of China. A noble of the Chu state, Xiang Yu rebelled against the Qin dyna ...
and
Liu Bang Emperor Gaozu of Han (256 – 1 June 195 BC), born Liu Bang () with courtesy name Ji (季), was the founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty, reigning in 202–195 BC. His temple name was "Taizu" while his posthumous name was Empe ...
. The Minyue king Wuzhu sent his troops to fight with Liu and his gamble paid off. Liu was victorious and founded the
Han dynasty The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and a warr ...
. In 202 BC, he restored Minyue's status as a
tributary A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drai ...
independent kingdom. Thus Wuzhu was allowed to construct his fortified city in Fuzhou as well as a few locations in the
Wuyi Mountains The Wuyi Mountains or Wuyishan (; formerly known as Bohea Hills in early Western documents) are a mountain range located in the prefecture of Nanping, in northern Fujian province near the border with Jiangxi province, China. The highest peak in ...
, which have been excavated in recent years. His kingdom extended beyond the borders of contemporary Fujian into eastern
Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
, eastern
Jiangxi Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north int ...
, and southern
Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , Chinese postal romanization, also romanized as Chekiang) is an East China, eastern, coastal Provinces of China, province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable citie ...
. After Wuzhu's death, Minyue maintained its militant tradition and launched several expeditions against its neighboring kingdoms in
Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
,
Jiangxi Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north int ...
, and
Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , Chinese postal romanization, also romanized as Chekiang) is an East China, eastern, coastal Provinces of China, province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable citie ...
, primarily in the 2nd century BC. This was stopped by the
Han dynasty The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and a warr ...
as it expanded southward. The Han emperor eventually decided to get rid of the potential threat by launching a military campaign against Minyue. Large forces approached Minyue simultaneously from four directions via land and sea in 111 BC. The rulers in Fuzhou surrendered to avoid a futile fight and destruction and the first kingdom in Fujian history came to an abrupt end. Fujian was part of the much larger
Yang Province Yangzhou, Yangchow or Yang Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China mentioned in historical texts such as the ''Tribute of Yu'', '' Erya'' and '' Rites of Zhou''. Name There are four different theories regarding the origin of t ...
(Yangzhou), whose provincial capital was designated in Liyang (歷陽; present-day He County, Anhui). The
Han dynasty The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and a warr ...
collapsed at the end of the 2nd century AD, paving the way for the
Three Kingdoms The Three Kingdoms () from 220 to 280 AD was the tripartite division of China among the dynastic states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The Three Kingdoms period was preceded by the Eastern Han dynasty and was followed by the West ...
era. Sun Quan, the founder of the Kingdom of Wu, spent nearly 20 years subduing the Shan Yue people, the branch of the Yue living in mountains.


Jin era

The first wave of
immigration Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Commuters, tourists, a ...
of the noble class arrived in the province in the early 4th century when the
Western Jin dynasty Western may refer to: Places *Western, Nebraska, a village in the US *Western, New York, a town in the US * Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western world, countries that i ...
collapsed and the north was torn apart by invasions by nomadic peoples from the north, as well as a civil war. These immigrants were primarily from eight families in central China: Nevertheless, isolation from nearby areas owing to rugged terrain contributed to Fujian's relatively undeveloped economy and level of development, despite major population boosts from northern China during the "barbarian" invasions. The population density in Fujian remained low compared to the rest of China. Only two commanderies and sixteen counties were established by the Western Jin dynasty. Like other southern provinces such as
Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
, Guangxi,
Guizhou Guizhou (; formerly Kweichow) is a landlocked province in the southwest region of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Guiyang, in the center of the province. Guizhou borders the autonomous region of Guangxi to the ...
, and
Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the C ...
, Fujian often served as a destination for exiled prisoners and dissidents at that time. During the
Southern and Northern Dynasties The Northern and Southern dynasties () was a period of political division in the history of China that lasted from 420 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Eastern Jin dynasty. It is sometimes considered as ...
era, the
Southern Dynasties The Northern and Southern dynasties () was a period of political division in the history of China that lasted from 420 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Eastern Jin dynasty. It is sometimes considered as ...
(
Liu Song Song, known as Liu Song (), Former Song (前宋) or Song of (the) Southern Dynasty (南朝宋) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. ...
, Southern Qi, Liang ( Western Liang), and Chen) reigned south of the
Yangtze River The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ; ) is the longest list of rivers of Asia, river in Asia, the list of rivers by length, third-longest in the world, and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It rises at Jari Hill in th ...
, including Fujian.


Sui and Tang dynasties

During the Sui and Tang eras a large influx of migrants settled in Fujian. During the Sui dynasty, Fujian was again part of
Yang Province Yangzhou, Yangchow or Yang Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China mentioned in historical texts such as the ''Tribute of Yu'', '' Erya'' and '' Rites of Zhou''. Name There are four different theories regarding the origin of t ...
. During the Tang, Fujian was part of the larger
Jiangnan East Circuit The Tang dynasty of China administered territory using a hierarchical system of three descending divisions: circuits (''dào'' 道), prefectures (''zhōu'' 州), and counties (''xiàn'' 縣). Prefectures have been called ''jùn'' (郡) as well ...
, whose capital was at Suzhou. Modern-day Fujian was composed of around 5 prefectures and 25 counties. The Tang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China, which contributed to a boom in Fujian's culture and economy. Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang dynasty saw several political upheavals in the Chinese heartland, prompting even larger waves of northerners to immigrate to the northern part of Fujian.


Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms

As the Tang dynasty ended, China was torn apart in the period of the
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (), from 907 to 979, was an era of political upheaval and division in 10th-century Imperial China. Five dynastic states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concu ...
. During this time, a second major wave of immigration arrived in the safe haven of Fujian, led by General Wang, who set up an independent Kingdom of Min with its capital in Fuzhou. After the death of the founding king, however, the kingdom suffered from internal strife, and was soon absorbed by
Southern Tang Southern Tang () was a state in Southern China that existed during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, which proclaimed itself to be the successor of the former Tang dynasty. The capital was located at Nanjing in present-day Jiangsu Province. ...
, another southern kingdom. Parts of northern Fujian were conquered by the Wuyue Kingdom to the north as well, including the Min capital Fuzhou. Quanzhou city was blooming into a seaport under the reign of the Min Kingdom and was the largest seaport in the world. For a long period its population was also greater than Fuzhou. ''
Qingyuan Jiedushi ''Qingyuan Jiedushi'' () (i.e., the ''Jiedushi'' of Qingyuan Circuit) was a military/governance administrative unit ( circuit) late in China's Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, later renamed to ''Pinghai Jiedushi'' (). It was an office cre ...
'' was a military/governance office created in 949 by
Southern Tang Southern Tang () was a state in Southern China that existed during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, which proclaimed itself to be the successor of the former Tang dynasty. The capital was located at Nanjing in present-day Jiangsu Province. ...
's second emperor Li Jing for the warlord Liu Congxiao, who nominally submitted to him but controlled Quan (, in modern Quanzhou, Fujian) and Zhang (, in modern
Zhangzhou Zhangzhou (), alternately romanized as Changchow, is a prefecture-level city in Fujian Province, China. The prefecture around the city proper comprises the southeast corner of the province, facing the Taiwan Strait and surrounding the prefect ...
, Fujian) Prefectures in ''de facto'' independence from the Southern Tang state.''
Zizhi Tongjian ''Zizhi Tongjian'' () is a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography, published in 1084 AD during the Northern Song (960–1127), Northern Song dynasty in the form of a chronicle recording Chinese history from 403 BC to 959&n ...
'', vol. 288.
(Zhang Prefecture was, at times during the circuit's existence, also known as Nan Prefecture ().)'' History of Song'', vol. 483. Starting in 960, in addition to being nominally submissive to Southern Tang, Qingyuan Circuit was also nominally submissive to
Song A song is a musical composition intended to be performed by the human voice. This is often done at distinct and fixed pitches (melodies) using patterns of sound and silence. Songs contain various forms, such as those including the repetit ...
, which had itself become Southern Tang's nominal overlord.''
Xu Zizhi Tongjian ''Xu Zizhi Tongjian'' (續資治通鑑; "Continuation to ''Zizhi Tongjian''") was a book chronicling Chinese history of the Song dynasty between 960 and 1279 and the Yuan dynasty between 1279 and 1370. Credited to Bi Yuan (畢沅; 1730–1797), a ...
'', vol. 1.
After Liu's death, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adoptive son Liu Shaozi, who was then overthrown by the officers
Zhang Hansi Zhang Hansi (張漢思) was a military officer of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Min (Ten Kingdoms), Min. After Min's fall, he served under Liu Congxiao, who controlled Qingyuan Jiedushi, Qingyuan Circuit (headquartered in ...
and Chen Hongjin. Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took over. In 978, with Song's determination to unify Chinese lands in full order, Chen decided that he could not stay ''de facto'' independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song's Emperor Taizong, ending Qingyuan Circuit as a ''de facto'' independent entity.''Xu Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 9.


Song dynasty

The area was reorganized into the
Fujian Circuit Fujian Circuit, also translated as Fujian Province, was one of the major circuits during the Tang and Song dynasties of imperial China. Its administrative area corresponds to roughly the modern Chinese province of Fujian. History The Tang-era ...
in 985, which was the first time the name "Fujian" was used for an administrative region.


Vietnam

Many Chinese migrated from Fujian's major ports to Vietnam's
Red River Delta The Red River Delta or Hong River Delta ( vi, Châu thổ sông Hồng) is the flat low-lying plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries merging with the Thái Bình River in northern Vietnam. ''Hồng'' (紅) is a Sino-Vietnamese word ...
. The settlers then created Trần port and Vân Đồn. Fujian and Guangdong Chinese moved to the Vân Đồn coastal port to engage in commerce. During the and Trần dynasties, many Chinese ethnic groups with the surname Trần (陳) migrated to Vietnam from what is now Fujian or Guangxi. They settled along the coast of Vietnam and the capital's southeastern area. The Vietnamese Trần clan traces their ancestry to Trần Tự Minh (227 BC). He was a Qin General during the Warring state period who belonged to the indigenous Mân, a Baiyue ethnic group of Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Tự Minh also served under King An Dương Vương of Âu Lạc kingdom in resisting Qin (state), Qin's conquest of Âu Lạc. Their genealogy also included Trần Tự Viễn (582 - 637) of Giao Châu and Trần Tự An (1010 - 1077) of Đại Việt. Near the end of the 11th century the descendants of a fisherman named Trần Kinh, whose hometown was in Tức Mạc village in Đại Việt (Modern day Vietnam), would marry the royal Lý clan, which was then founded the Vietnam Tran Dynasty in the year 1225. In Vietnam, the Trần served as officials. The surnames are found in the Trần and Lý dynasty Imperial exam records. Chinese ethnic groups are recorded in Trần and Lý dynasty records of officials. Clothing, food, and languages were fused with the local Vietnamese in Vân Đồn District, Vân Đồn district where the Chinese ethnic groups had moved after leaving their home province of what is now Fujian, Guangxi, and Guangdong. In 1172, Fujian was attacked by Pi-she-ye pirates from Taiwan or the Visayas, Philippines.


Yuan dynasty

After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty, Fujian became part of Jiangzhe province, whose capital was at Hangzhou. From 1357 to 1366 Muslims in Quanzhou participated in the Ispah Rebellion, advancing northward and even capturing Putian and Fuzhou before the rebellion was crushed by the Yuan. Afterward, Quanzhou city lost foreign interest in trading and its formerly welcoming international image as the foreigners were all massacred or deported. Yuan dynasty General Chen Youding, who had put down the Ispah Rebellion, continued to rule over the Fujian area even after the outbreak of the Red Turban Rebellion. Forces loyal to the eventual Ming dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor) defeated Chen in 1367.


Ming dynasty

After the establishment of the Ming dynasty, Fujian became a province, with its capital at Fuzhou. In the early Ming era, Fuzhou Changle was the staging area and supply depot of Zheng He's Treasure voyages, naval expeditions. Further development was severely hampered by the Hai jin, sea trade ban, and the area was superseded by nearby ports of Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai despite the lifting of the ban in 1550. Large-scale piracy by Wokou was eventually wiped out by the Chinese military. An account of the Ming dynasty Fujian was written by No In (Lu Ren ). The Iloilo#History, Pisheya appear in Quanzhou Ming era records.


Qing dynasty

The late Ming and early Qing dynasty symbolized an era of a large influx of refugees and another 20 years of sea trade ban under the Kangxi Emperor, a measure intended to counter the Kingdom of Tungning, refuge Ming government of Koxinga in the island of Taiwan. The sea ban implemented by the Qing forced many people to evacuate the coast to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This has led to the myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". Incoming refugees did not translate into a major labor force, owing to their re-migration into prosperous regions of
Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
. In 1683, the Qing dynasty conquered Taiwan in the Battle of Penghu and annexed it into the Fujian province, as Taiwan Prefecture. Many more Han Chinese then settled in Taiwan. Today, most Taiwanese are descendants of Hokkien people from Southern Fujian. Fujian and Taiwan were originally treated as one province (Fujian-Taiwan-Province), but starting in 1885, they split into two separate provinces. In the 1890s, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan via the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War. In 1905-1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the Open Door Policy. Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respects the Open Door principles and does not violate China's territorial integrity.


Republic of China

The Xinhai revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty and brought the province into the rule of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China. Fujian briefly established the independent Fujian People's Government in 1933. It was re-controlled by the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China in 1934. Fujian came under a Japanese sea blockade during World War II.


People's Republic of China

After the
Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and forces of the Chinese Communist Party, continuing intermittently since 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949 with a Communist victory on m ...
, the People's Republic of China unified the country and took over most of Fujian, excluding the Kinmen, Quemoy and Matsu Islands. In its early days, Fujian's development was relatively slow in comparison to other coastal provinces due to potential conflicts with Kuomintang-controlled Taiwan. Today, the province has the highest forest coverage rate while enjoying a high growth rate in the economy. The GDP per capita in Fujian is ranked 4-6th place among provinces of China in recent years. Development has been accompanied by a large influx of population from the overpopulated areas to Fujian's north and west, and much of the farmland and forest, as well as cultural heritage sites such as the temples of king Wuzhu, have given way to ubiquitous high-rise buildings. Fujian faces challenges to sustain development while at the same time preserving Fujian's natural and cultural heritage.


Geography

The province is mostly mountainous and is traditionally said to be "eight parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland" (). The northwest is higher in altitude, with the
Wuyi Mountains The Wuyi Mountains or Wuyishan (; formerly known as Bohea Hills in early Western documents) are a mountain range located in the prefecture of Nanping, in northern Fujian province near the border with Jiangxi province, China. The highest peak in ...
forming the border between Fujian and
Jiangxi Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north int ...
. It is the most forested provincial-level administrative region in China, with a 62.96% forest coverage rate in 2009. Fujian's highest point is Mount Huanggang in the Wuyi Mountains, with an altitude of . Fujian faces East China Sea to the east, South China Sea to the south, and the
Taiwan Strait The Taiwan Strait is a -wide strait separating the island of Taiwan and continental Asia. The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea to the north. The narrowest part is wide. The Taiwan Strait is itself a ...
to the southeast. The coastline is rugged and has many bays and islands. Major islands include Quemoy (also known as Kinmen, controlled by the Republic of China), Haitan Island, and Nanri Island. Meizhou Island occupies a central place in the cult of the goddess Mazu (goddess), Matsu, the patron deity of Chinese sailors. The Min River (Fujian), Min River and its tributaries cut through much of northern and central Fujian. Other rivers include the Jin River (Fujian), Jin and the Jiulong River, Jiulong. Due to its uneven topography, Fujian has many cliffs and rapids. Fujian is separated from Taiwan by the -wide Taiwan Strait. Some of the small islands in the Taiwan Strait are also part of the province. The islands of Kinmen and Matsu Islands, Matsu are under the administration of the Republic of China. Fujian contains several Fault (geology), faults, the result of a collision between the Eurasian Plate, Asiatic Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. The Changle-Naoao and Longan-Jinjiang fault zones in this area have annual displacement rates of 3–5 mm. They could cause major earthquakes in the future. Fujian has a subtropical climate, with mild winters. In January, the coastal regions average around while the hills average . In the summer, temperatures are high, and the province is threatened by typhoons coming in from the Pacific Ocean, Pacific. Average annual precipitation (meteorology), precipitation is .


Transportation


Roads

, there are of highways in Fujian, including of expressways. The top infrastructure projects in recent years have been the Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway (US$624 million) and the Sanmingshi-Fuzhou expressway (US$1.40 billion). The Five-year plans of the People's Republic of China, 12th Five-Year Plan, covering the period from 2011 to 2015, aims to double the length of the province's expressways to .


Railways

Due to Fujian's mountainous terrain and traditional reliance on maritime transportation, railways came to the province comparatively late. The first rail links to neighboring
Jiangxi Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north int ...
,
Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
, and
Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , Chinese postal romanization, also romanized as Chekiang) is an East China, eastern, coastal Provinces of China, province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable citie ...
Province, opened respectively, in 1959, 2000, and 2009. As of October 2013, Fujian has four rail links with Jiangxi to the northwest: the Yingtan–Xiamen Railway (opened 1957), the Hengfeng–Nanping Railway (1998), Ganzhou–Longyan Railway (2005) and the high-speed Xiangtang–Putian Railway (2013). Fujian's lone rail link to Guangdong to the west, the Zhangping–Longchuan Railway (2000), will be joined with the high-speed Xiamen–Shenzhen Railway, Xiamen–Shenzhen Railway (Xiashen Line) in late 2013. The Xiashen Line forms the southernmost section of China's Southeast Coast High-Speed Rail Corridor. The Wenzhou–Fuzhou Railway, Wenzhou–Fuzhou and Fuzhou–Xiamen Railway, Fuzhou–Xiamen sections of this corridor entered operation in 2009 and link Fujian with Zhejiang with trains running at speeds of up to . Within Fujian, coastal and interior cities are linked by the Nanping–Fuzhou Railway, Nanping–Fuzhou (1959), Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo Railway, Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo (2007) and Longyan–Xiamen Railways, (2012). To attract Taiwanese investment, the province intends to increase its rail length by 50 percent to .


Air

The major airports are Fuzhou Changle International Airport, Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport, Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport, Nanping Wuyishan Airport, Longyan Guanzhishan Airport and Sanming Shaxian Airport. Xiamen is capable of handling 15.75 million passengers as of 2011. Fuzhou is capable of handling 6.5 million passengers annually with a cargo capacity of more than 200,000 tons. The airport offers direct links to 45 destinations including international routes to Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Hong Kong.


Administrative divisions

The People's Republic of China controls most of the province and divides it into nine prefecture-level divisions: all Prefecture-level city, prefecture-level cities (including a Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China, sub-provincial city): All of the prefecture-level cities except Nanping, Sanming, and Longyan are found along the coast. These nine prefecture-level cities are subdivided into 85 county-level divisions (28 District of China, districts, 13 county-level cities, and 44 County (People's Republic of China), counties). Those are in turn divided into 1,107 Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level, township-level divisions (605 town of China, towns, 328 Townships of the People's Republic of China, townships, 18 ethnic townships, and 156 Subdistricts of China, subdistricts). The People's Republic of China claims five of the six townships of Kinmen, Kinmen County, Republic of China (Taiwan) as a county of the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou. The PRC claims Wuqiu, Kinmen, Wuqiu Township, Kinmen County, Republic of China (Taiwan) as part of Xiuyu District of the prefecture-level city of Putian. Finally, the PRC claims Lienchiang County (Matsu Islands), Republic of China (Taiwan) as a township of its Lianjiang County, which is part of the prefecture-level city of Fuzhou. Together, these three groups of islands make up Fujian Province, Republic of China, the Republic of China's Fujian Province.


Urban areas


Politics


List of provincial-level leaders


CCP Party Secretaries

#Zhang Dingcheng (): 1949-1954 #Ye Fei (): 1954-1958 #Jiang Yizhen (): 1958-1970 #Han Xianchu (): 1971-1973  #Liao Zhigao (): 1974-1982 #Xiang Nan (): 1982-1986  #Chen Guangyi (): 1986-1993  #Jia Qinglin (): 1993-1996  #Chen Mingyi (): 1996-2000  #Song Defu (): 2000-2004 #Lu Zhangong (): 2004-2009  #Sun Chunlan (): 2009-2012 #You Quan (): 2012-2017 #Yu Weiguo (): 2017-2020 #Yin Li (politician), Yin Li (): 2020-2022 #Zhou Zuyi (): 2022-present


Chairpersons of Fujian People's Congress

#Liao Zhigao (): 1979-1982 #Hu Hong (): 1982-1985 #Cheng Xu (): 1985-1993 #Chen Guangyi (): 1993-1994 #Jia Qinglin (): 1994-1998 # Yuan Qitong (): 1998-2002 #Song Defu (): 2002-2005 #Lu Zhangong (): 2005-2010 #Sun Chunlan (): 2010-2013 #You Quan (): 2013-2018 #Yu Weiguo (): 2018-2021 #Yin Li (politician), Yin Li (): 2021-present


Governors

#Zhang Dingcheng (): 1949-1954 #Ye Fei (): 1954-1959 #Jiang Yizhen (): 1959 #Wu Hongxiang (): acting: 1960-1962 #Jiang Yizhen (): 1962 #Wei Jinshui (): 1962-1967 #Han Xianchu (): 1967-1973 #Liao Zhigao (): 1974-1979 #Ma Xingyuan (politician), Ma Xingyuan (): 1979-1983 #Hu Ping (politician), Hu Ping (): 1983-1987 #Wang Zhaoguo (): 1987–1990  #Jia Qinglin (): 1990–1994  #Chen Mingyi (): 1994–1996  #He Guoqiang (): 1996–1999  #Xi Jinping (): 1999–2002  #Lu Zhangong (): 2002–2004 #Huang Xiaojing (): 2004–2011 #Su Shulin (): 2011–2015 #Yu Weiguo (): 2015–2018 #Tang Dengjie (): 2018–2020 #Wang Ning (politician, born 1961), Wang Ning (): 2020–2021 #Zhao Long (): 2021–present


Economy

Fujian is one of the more affluent provinces with many industries spanning tea production, clothing, and sports manufacturers such as Anta Sports, Anta, 361 Degrees, Xtep, Peak Sport Products and Septwolves (clothing), Septwolves. Many foreign firms have operations in Fujian. They include Boeing, Dell, GE, Kodak, Nokia, Siemens, Swire, TDK, and Panasonic. As of 2021, Fujian's Gross domestic product#Nominal%20GDP%20and%20adjustments%20to%20GDP, nominal GDP was CNY 4.88 trillion (US$ 768 billion), List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP, ranking 8th in GDP nationwide and appearing in the world's top 20 List of country subdivisions by GDP over 200 billion USD, largest sub-national economies with its Purchasing power parity, GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) being over US$1.19 trillion. Along with its coastal neighbours
Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , Chinese postal romanization, also romanized as Chekiang) is an East China, eastern, coastal Provinces of China, province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable citie ...
and
Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
, Fujian's GDP per capita is above the national average, at CN¥117,500 (approx.US$18,217 in GDP (nominal), nominal value and US$28,658 in Purchasing power parity, Purchasing Power Parity), the second highest GDP per capita of all Chinese provinces after
Jiangsu Jiangsu (; ; pinyin: Jiāngsū, alternatively romanized as Kiangsu or Chiangsu) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the leading provinces in finance, education, technology, and tourism, with its ca ...
. As of 2021, Fujian's Gross domestic product#Nominal%20GDP%20and%20adjustments%20to%20GDP, nominal GDP exceeded that of Poland with a GDP of US$ 674 billion, the List of countries by GDP (nominal), 21st largest in the world. In terms of agricultural land, Fujian is hilly and farmland is sparse. Rice is the main crop, supplemented by sweet potatoes and wheat and barley. Cash crops include sugar cane and rapeseed. Fujian leads the provinces of China in longan production, and is also a major producer of lychees and tea. Seafood is another important product, with shellfish production especially prominent. Because of its geographic location with Taiwan, Fujian has been considered the battlefield frontline in a potential war between mainland China and Taiwan. Hence, it received much less investment from the Chinese central government and developed much slower than the rest of China before 1978. Since 1978, when China opened to the world, Fujian has received significant investment from overseas Fujianese around the world, Taiwanese and foreign investment. Minnan Golden Triangle which includes Xiamen, Quanzhou, and
Zhangzhou Zhangzhou (), alternately romanized as Changchow, is a prefecture-level city in Fujian Province, China. The prefecture around the city proper comprises the southeast corner of the province, facing the Taiwan Strait and surrounding the prefect ...
accounts for 40 percent of the GDP of Fujian province. Fujian province will be the major economic beneficiary of the opening up of Three Links, direct transport with Taiwan which commenced on December 15, 2008. This includes direct flights from Taiwan to major Fujian cities such as Xiamen and Fuzhou. In addition, ports in Xiamen, Quanzhou, and Fuzhou will upgrade their port infrastructure for increased economic trade with Taiwan. Fujian is the host of China International Fair for Investment and Trade annually. It is held in Xiamen to promote foreign investment for all of China.


Economic and Technological Development Zones

*Dongshan Economic and Technology Development Zone * Fuzhou Economic & Technical Development Zone * Fuzhou Free Trade Zone * Fuzhou Hi-Tech Park * Fuzhou Taiwan Merchant Investment Area * Jimei District, Jimei Taiwan Merchant Investment Area * Meizhou Island National Tourist Holiday Resort * Wuyi Mountain National Tourist Holiday Resort * Xiamen Export Processing Zone * Xiamen Free Trade Zone * Xiamen Haicang Economic and Technological Development Zone * Xiamen Torch New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone (Chinese version) *Xinglin Taiwan Merchant Investment Area


Demographics

As of 1832, the province was described as having an estimated "population of fourteen millions." Fujianese who are legally classified as Han Chinese make up 98% of the population. Various Min Chinese speakers make up the largest subgroups classified as Han Chinese in Fujian such as Hoklo people, Fuzhou people, Fuzhounese people, Putian people and Fuzhou Tanka. Hakka people, Hakka, a Han Chinese people with their own distinct identity, live in the central and southwestern parts of Fujian. The She (ethnic group), She, scattered over mountainous regions in the north, is the largest List of Chinese ethnic groups, minority ethnic group of the province. Many ethnic Chinese around the world, especially in Southeast Asia, trace their ancestries to the Fujianese branches of Hoklo people and Teochew people. Descendants of Southern Min speaking emigrants make up the predominant majority ethnic Chinese populations of Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, Brunei, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines. While Eastern Min speaking people, especially Fuzhou people, Fuzhounese people, are one of the major sources of China immigrants in the United States, especially since the 1990s.


Religion

The predominant religions in Fujian are Chinese folk religions, Taoism, Taoist traditions, and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 31.31% of the population believes and is involved in Chinese ancestral religion, while 3.5% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 65.19% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese salvationist religions, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims. In 2010, there are 115.978 Muslims in Fujian


Culture

Because of its mountainous nature and waves of migration from central China and assimilation of numerous foreign ethnic groups such as maritime traders in the course of history, Fujian is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse places in China. Local dialects can become unintelligible within , and the regional cultures and ethnic composition can be completely different from each other as well. This is reflected in the expression that "if you drive five miles in Fujian the culture changes, and if you drive ten miles, the language does".French, Howard W.
Uniting China to Speak Mandarin, the One Official Language: Easier Said Than Done
." ''The New York Times''. July 10, 2005. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
Most varieties spoken in Fujian are assigned to a broad Min Chinese, Min category. Recent classifications subdivide Min into * Eastern Min (the former Northern group), including the
Fuzhou dialect Fuzhou (; , Fuzhounese: Hokchew, ''Hók-ciŭ''), alternately romanized as Foochow, is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province, China. Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute ...
* Northern Min, spoken in inland northern areas * Pu-Xian Min, Pu-Xian, spoken in central coastal areas * Central Min, spoken in the west of the province * Shao-Jiang Min, Shao-Jiang, spoken in the northwest * Southern Min, including the Amoy dialect and Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese The seventh subdivision of Min, Qiong Wen, is not spoken in Fujian. Hakka Chinese, Hakka, another subdivision of spoken Chinese, is spoken around Longyan by the
Hakka people The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas are a Han Chinese subgroup whose ancestral homes are chiefly in the Hakka-speaking provincial areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhej ...
who live there. As is true of other provinces, the official language in Fujian is Standard Chinese, Mandarin, which is used for communication between people of different localities, although native Fujian peoples still converse in their native languages and dialects respectively. Several regions of Fujian have their own form of Chinese opera. Min opera is popular around Fuzhou; Gaojiaxi around Jinjiang City, Jinjiang and Quanzhou; Xiangju (Fujian), Xiangju around
Zhangzhou Zhangzhou (), alternately romanized as Changchow, is a prefecture-level city in Fujian Province, China. The prefecture around the city proper comprises the southeast corner of the province, facing the Taiwan Strait and surrounding the prefect ...
; Fujian Nanqu throughout the south, and Puxianxi around Putian and Xianyou County. Fujian cuisine, with an emphasis on seafood, is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. It is composed of traditions from various regions, including Fuzhou cuisine and Min Nan cuisine. The most prestigious dish is Fotiaoqiang (literally "Buddha jumps over the wall"), a complex dish making use of many ingredients, including shark fin, sea cucumber (food), sea cucumber, abalone and Shaoxing wine (a type of Chinese alcoholic beverage). Many well-known teas originate from Fujian, including oolong, Wuyi Yancha, Lapsang souchong and Fuzhou jasmine tea. Indeed, the tea processing techniques for three major classes of tea, namely, oolong, white tea, and black tea were all developed in the province. Fujian tea ceremony is an elaborate way of preparing and serving tea. The English word "tea" is borrowed from
Hokkien The Hokkien () variety of Chinese is a Southern Min language native to and originating from the Minnan region, where it is widely spoken in the south-eastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China. It is one of the national languages ...
of the Min Nan languages. Standard Chinese, Mandarin and Standard Cantonese, Cantonese pronounce the word ''chá''. Nanyin is a popular form of music of Fujian. Fuzhou bodiless lacquer ware, a noted type of lacquer ware, is noted for using a body of clay and/or plaster to form its shape; the body later removed. Fuzhou is also known for Shoushan stone carvings.


Tourism

Fujian is home to several tourist attractions, including four UNESCO World Heritage Sites, one of the highest in China. In the capital of Fuzhou is the Yongquan Temple (Fuzhou), Yongquan Temple, a Buddhist temple built during the Tang dynasty. The
Wuyi Mountains The Wuyi Mountains or Wuyishan (; formerly known as Bohea Hills in early Western documents) are a mountain range located in the prefecture of Nanping, in northern Fujian province near the border with Jiangxi province, China. The highest peak in ...
was the first location in Fujian to be listed by UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites in 1999. They are a mountain range in the prefecture of
Nanping Nanping (), historically known as Yanping (), is a third-tier prefecture-level city in northwestern Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. It borders Ningde to the east, Sanming to the south, and the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi to ...
and contain the highest peak in Fujian, Mount Huanggang. It is famous as a natural landscape garden and a summer resort in China. The Fujian Tulou are Chinese rural dwellings unique to the Hakka in southwest Fujian. They were listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites in 2008. Gulangyu Island, Xiamen, is notable for its beaches, winding lanes, and rich architecture. The island is on China's list of National Scenic Spots and is classified as a Tourist Attraction Rating Categories of China, 5A tourist attraction by the China National Tourism Administration (CNTA). It was listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Site in 2017. Also in Xiamen is the South Putuo Temple. The Guanghua Temple (Putian), Guanghua Temple is a Buddhist temple in Putian. It was built in the penultimate year of the Chen Dynasty, Southern Chen Dynasty. Located in the northern half of the mouth of Meizhou Bay, it is about 1.8 nautical miles from the mainland and faces the Strait of Taiwan to the southeast. Covering an area of six square miles, the island is swathed in luxuriant green foliage. The coastline is indented with over 12 miles of the beach area. Another Buddhist temple, Nanshan Temple (Zhangzhou), Nanshan Temple is located in
Zhangzhou Zhangzhou (), alternately romanized as Changchow, is a prefecture-level city in Fujian Province, China. The prefecture around the city proper comprises the southeast corner of the province, facing the Taiwan Strait and surrounding the prefect ...
. Around Meizhou Islands is the Matsu (goddess), Matsu pilgrimage. The Kaiyuan Temple (Quanzhou), Kaiyuan Temple, is a Buddhist temple in West Street, Quanzhou, the largest in Fujian province with an area of ."Kaiyuan Temple". Chinaculture.org. Retrieved 31 January 2012. Although it is known as both a Hindu and Buddhist temple, on account of added Tamil-Hindu influences, the main statue in the most important hall is that of Vairocana Buddha, the main Buddha according to Huayan Buddhism. Mount Taimu is a mountain and a scenic resort in Fuding. It offers a grand view of mountains and sea and is famous for its natural scenery including granite caves, odd-shaped stones, cliffs, clear streams, cascading waterfalls, and cultural attractions such as ancient temples and cliff Inscriptions. The Danxia landform in Taining County, Taining was listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites in 2010. It is a unique type of Petrography, petrographic geomorphology found in China. Danxia landform is formed from red-coloured sandstones and Conglomerate (geology), conglomerates of largely Cretaceous age. The landforms look very much like karst topography that forms in areas underlain by limestones, but since the rocks that form danxia are sandstones and conglomerates, they have been called "pseudo-karst" landforms. They were formed by endogenous forces (including Tectonic uplift, uplift) and exogenous forces (including weathering and erosion).


Notable individuals

The province and its diaspora abroad also have a tradition of educational achievement and have produced many important scholars, statesmen, and other notable people. These include people whose ancestral home (祖籍) is Fujian (their ancestors originated from Fujian). In addition to the below list, many notable individuals of Han Chinese descent in Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere have ancestry that can be traced to Fujian. Some notable individuals include (in rough chronological order): Han, Tang, and Song dynasties *Baizhang Huaihai (720–814), an influential master of Chan Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty *Huangbo Xiyun (died 850), an influential master of Chan Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty *Chen Yan (governor), Chen Yan (849-892), Tang dynasty governor of Fujian *Liu Yong (Song dynasty), Liu Yong (987–1053), a famous poet *Cai Jing (1047–1126), government official and calligrapher who lived during the Northern Song dynasty *Li Gang (Song dynasty), Li Gang (1083–1140), Song dynasty politician and military leader (ancestral home is Shaowu) *Zhu Xi (1130–1200), Confucian philosopher *Zhen Dexiu (1178–1235), Song dynasty politician and philosopher *Yan Yu (poetry theorist), Yan Yu (1191–1241), a poetry theorist and poet of the Southern Song dynasty *Chen Wenlong (1232–1277), a scholar-general in the last years of the Southern Song dynasty *Pu Shougeng (1250–1281), a Muslim merchant and administrator in the last years of the Southern Song dynasty Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties *Chen Youding (1330–1368), Yuan dynasty military leader *Gao Bing (1350–1423), an author and poetry theorist during Ming Dynasty *Ong Sum Ping, Huang Senping (14th–15th century), royal son-in-law of Sultan Muhammad Shah of Brunei *Zhang Jing (Ming dynasty), Zhang Jing (1492–1555), Ming dynasty politician and general *Yu Dayou (1503–1579), Ming dynasty general and martial artist *Chen Di (1541–1617), Ming dynasty philologist, strategist, and traveler *Huang Daozhou (1585–1646), Ming dynasty politician, calligrapher, and scholar *Ingen (1592–1673), well-known Buddhist monk, poet, and calligrapher who lived during Ming Dynasty *Hong Chengchou (1593–1665), Ming dynasty official *Shi Lang (1621–1696), Qing dynasty admiral *Koxinga (1624–1662), Ming dynasty general who expelled the Dutch from Taiwan *Huang Shen (1687–1772), a painter during the Qing dynasty *Lin Zexu (1785–1850), Qing dynasty scholar and official *Chen Baochen (1848–1935), imperial preceptor of Qing dynasty *Zhan Shi Chai (1840s–1893), entertainer as "Chang the Chinese giant" *Wong Nai Siong, Huang Naishang (1849–1924), scholar, and revolutionary, discovered the town of Sibu in Sarawak, east Malaysia in 1901 *Lin Shu (1852–1924), translator, who introduced the western classics into Chinese. *Yan Fu (1854–1921), scholar and translator *Sa Zhenbing (1859–1952), high-ranking naval officer of Mongols, Mongolian origin *Zheng Xiaoxu (1860–1938), statesman, diplomat, and calligrapher *Qiu Jin (1875–1907), revolutionary and writer *Lin Changmin () (1876—1925), a high-rank governor in the Beiyang Government *Liang Hongzhi (1882–1946), a high-rank governor in the Beiyang Government *Lin Juemin (1887–1911), one of 72 Second Guangzhou Uprising, Revolutionary Martyrs at Huanghuagang, Guangzhou *Chen Shaokuan (1889–1969), Fleet Admiral who served as the senior commander of naval forces of the National Revolutionary Army *Huang Jun (author), Huang Jun (1890–1937), writer *Hsien Wu (1893–1959), protein scientist *Lin Yutang (1894–1976), writer *Zou Taofen (1895–1944), journalist, media entrepreneur, and political activist *Zheng Zhenduo (1898–1958), literary historian *Lu Yin (writer), Lu Yin (1899–1934), writer 20th-21st century *Bing Xin (1900–1999), writer *Shu Chun Teng (1902–1970), scientist, researcher, and lecturer *Zhang Yuzhe (1902–1986), astronomer and director of the Purple Mountain Observatory *Hu Yepin (1903–1931), writer *Lin Huiyin (1904–1955), architect and writer *Go Seigen (1914–2014), pseudonym of Go (board game), Go champion Wú Qīngyuán *Chia-Chiao Lin, Lin Jiaqiao (1916-2013), a well-known mathematician *Wang Shizhen (physician), Wang Shizhen (1916-2016), nuclear medicine physician *Sudono Salim, Liem Sioe Liong (1916–2012), a Chinese-born Indonesian businessman of Fuqing origin, founder of Salim Group *Zheng Min (1920–2022), a scholar and poet *Ray Wu (1928–2008), geneticist *Chih-Tang Sah (born 1932), well-known electronics engineer of Mongols, Mongolian origin *Chen Jingrun (1933-1996), a widely known mathematician who invented the Chen's theorem and Chen prime *Wang Wen-hsing (born 1939), writer *Liu Yingming (1940–2016), a mathematician and academician *Sun Shensu (born 1943), a geochemist and Ph.D. holder from the Columbian University (ancestral home is Fuzhou) *Chen Kaige (born 1952), film director (ancestral home is Fuzhou) *Chen Zhangliang (born 1961), a Chinese biologist, elected as vice-governor of Guangxi in 2007 *Liu Yudong (born 1970), a professional basketball player *Shi Zhiyong (weightlifter, born 1980), Shi Zhiyong (born 1980), professional weightlifter *Zhang Jingchu (born 1980), actress *Lin Dan (born 1983), professional badminton player *Jony J (born 1989), rapper and songwriter *Xu Bin (born 1989), actor and singer *Tian Houwei (born 1992), professional badminton player *Oho Ou (born 1992), actor and singer *Wang Zhelin (born 1994), professional basketball player *Qian Kun (born 1996), singer and songwriter *Zhang Yiming (born 1983), Internet entrepreneur, founder of ByteDance, TikTok's parent company. *Wang Xing (born 1979), Internet entrepreneur, founder of Meituan-Dianping. *Robin Zeng (born 1968), Tech entrepreneur, founder of Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL).


Sports

Fujian includes professional sports teams in both the Chinese Basketball Association and the China League One, Chinese League One. The representative of the province in the Chinese Basketball Association is the Fujian Sturgeons, who are based in Jinjiang, Fujian, Jinjiang, Quanzhou. The Fujian Sturgeons made their debut in the 2004–2005 season, and finished in seventh and last place in the South Division, out of the playoffs. In the 2005–2006 season, they tied for fifth, just one win away from making the playoffs. The Xiamen Blue Lions formerly represented Fujian in the Chinese Super League, before the team's closure in 2007. Today the province is represented by Fujian Tianxin F.C., who play in the China League Two, and the Fujian Broncos F.C., Fujian Broncos.


Education and research

Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2022, two major cities ranked in the top 65 cities in the world (Fuzhou 50th and Xiamen 63th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.


High schools

*Fuzhou Gezhi High School *Fuzhou No.1 Middle School *Fuzhou No.3 Middle School *Quanzhou No.5 Middle School *Xiamen Shuangshi High School *Xiamen No.1 Middle School *Xiamen Foreign Language School


Colleges and universities


National

*Xiamen University (founded 1921, also known as University of Amoy, "Project 985, 985 project", "Project 211, 211 project") (Xiamen) *Huaqiao University (Quanzhou and Xiamen)


Provincial

*Fuzhou University (founded 1958, one of "Project 211, 211 project" key Universities) (Fuzhou) *Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Fuzhou) *Fujian College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Fuzhou) *Fujian Medical University (Fuzhou) *Fujian Normal University (founded 1907) (Fuzhou) *Fujian University of Technology (Fuzhou) *Xiamen University (Xiamen) *Jimei University (Xiamen) *Xiamen University of Technology (Xiamen) *Longyan University (Longyan) *Minnan Normal University (Zhangzhou) *Minjiang University (Fuzhou) *Putian University (Putian) *Quanzhou Normal College (Quanzhou) *Wuyi University (Wuyishan)


Private

* Yang-En University (Quanzhou)


See also

* Major national historical and cultural sites (Fujian), Major national historical and cultural sites in Fujian


Notes


References


Citations


Sources

; Economic data
Economic profile for Fujian


External links

* * *
Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces
from 1821 to 1850 {{Authority control Fujian, Provinces of the People's Republic of China East China