Fredericton (; ) is the capital city of the
Canadian province of
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (french: Nouveau-Brunswick, , locally ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both English and ...
. The city is situated in the west-central portion of the province along the
Saint John River, which flows west to east as it bisects the city. The river is the dominant natural feature of the area. One of the main urban centres in New Brunswick, the city had a population of 63,116 and a metropolitan population of 108,610 in the
2021 Canadian Census
The 2021 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population with a reference date of May 11, 2021. It follows the 2016 Canadian census, which recorded a population of 35,151,728. The overall response rate was 98%, which is sl ...
.
It is the third-largest city in the province after
Moncton and
Saint John.
An important cultural, artistic, and educational centre for the province, Fredericton is home to two universities, the
New Brunswick College of Craft and Design, and cultural institutions such as the
Beaverbrook Art Gallery, the
Fredericton Region Museum, and
The Playhouse, a performing arts venue. The city hosts the annual
Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival, attracting regional and international
jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a m ...
,
blues,
rock, and
world
In its most general sense, the term "world" refers to the totality of entities, to the whole of reality or to everything that is. The nature of the world has been conceptualized differently in different fields. Some conceptions see the worl ...
artists. Fredericton is also an important and vibrant centre point for the region's top visual artists; many of New Brunswick's notable artists live and work there today. Fredericton has also been home to some great historical Canadian painters as well, including
Goodridge Roberts, and
Molly and
Bruno Bobak.
As a provincial capital, its economy is tied to the public sector; however, the city also contains a growing IT and commercial sector. The city has the highest percentage of residents with post-secondary education in the province and the highest per capita income of any city in New Brunswick.
History
There is archaeological evidence of a camp in the area 12,000 years ago, and
Maliseets farmed several kilometres upriver.
Colonists from the
Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France ( fro, Reaume de France; frm, Royaulme de France; french: link=yes, Royaume de France) is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period. ...
in the late 1600s built
Fort Nashwaak
Fort Nashwaak (also known as Fort Naxoat, Fort St. Joseph) was the capital of Acadia and is now a National Historic Site of Canada in present-day Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. It was located strategically up the Saint John River and clos ...
on the north side of the Saint John River, as the capital of
Acadia
Acadia (french: link=no, Acadie) was a colony of New France in northeastern North America which included parts of what are now the Maritime provinces, the Gaspé Peninsula and Maine to the Kennebec River. During much of the 17th and earl ...
. It withstood a British attack in 1696, but the capital was later moved to
Port Royale.
In 1713 Acadians escaping the British takeover of
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland".
Most of the population are native Eng ...
settled the site, naming it Pointe Ste-Anne. It was destroyed in 1758 when the population of about 83 were exiled during the
expulsion of the Acadians.
It was in 1783, when
United Empire Loyalists arrived from New England, that the history of modern Fredericton began. The following year New Brunswick was partitioned from
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland".
Most of the population are native Eng ...
and became its own colony. Pointe-Ste-Anne was renamed "Fredericstown", after
Frederick, second son of King
George III
George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...
. It became the capital of the new colony, being considered to have a better defensive position than larger
Saint John.
The streets were laid out in the typical grid pattern of the time, with the names reflecting loyalist tendencies: Charlotte, Brunswick, George, King, and Queen.
In 1785 it became the shire town of
York County. In 1790 the
New Brunswick Legislative Building was constructed. As a centre of government, it attracted educational institutions, with King's College (now the
University of New Brunswick
The University of New Brunswick (UNB) is a public university with two primary campuses in Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick. It is the oldest English-language university in Canada, and among the oldest public universities in North Amer ...
) being the first English-language university in Canada, and religious institutions, with
Christ Church Cathedral being built as the seat of the Anglican
Diocese of Fredericton in 1853.
It was a British garrison town from 1784 to 1869, and the military compound is preserved as a National Historic Site of Canada.
With the
New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program in the 1960s, county councils were abolished, and government services were centralized provincially in Fredericton, increasing jobs and population.
Geography
The Saint John River runs through Fredericton, with most of the city's post-war suburban development occurring on the gently sloping hills on either side of the river (although the downtown core is flat and lies low to the river).
At an altitude of about above sea level, Fredericton is nestled in the Pennsylvanian Basin. It differs markedly from the geologically older parts of the province. There are prominently two distinct areas in the region that are divided around the area of Wilsey Road, in the east end of the city. In the west side, the bedrock underneath the earth is topographically dominant, whereas the other is controlled by
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological Epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was fina ...
and recent deposits leading to the rivers (resulting in the area being shallow and wide). Fredericton and its surroundings are rich in water resources, which, coupled with highly arable soil, make the Fredericton region ideal for agriculture. The Saint John River and one of its major tributaries, the
Nashwaak River
The Nashwaak River, located in west-central New Brunswick, Canada, is a tributary of the Saint John River. It is 113 kilometres long. The river rises from Nashwaak Lake (southeast of the village of Juniper) and flows south and east through un ...
, come together in Fredericton. The uninhabited parts of the city are heavily forested.
Climate
Fredericton has a
humid continental climate
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freez ...
(
Dfb) with short, warm summers and long, cold winters. On average, Fredericton receives approximately of precipitation per year.
Demographics
In the
2021 Census of Population conducted by
Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada (StatCan; french: Statistique Canada), formed in 1971, is the agency of the Government of Canada commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and cultu ...
, Fredericton had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
At the
census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Fredericton CMA had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
The
2021 census reported that
immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 7,790 persons or 12.6% of the total population of Fredericton. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were United Kingdom (765 persons or 9.8%), China (645 persons or 8.3%), United States of America (570 persons or 7.3%), Syria (505 persons or 6.5%), Philippines (500 persons or 6.4%), India (460 persons or 5.9%), Egypt (300 persons or 3.9%), Iran (245 persons or 3.1%), Lebanon (205 persons or 2.6%), and Democratic Republic of the Congo (180 persons or 2.3%).
Ethnicity
Fredericton's population is predominantly
European Canadian.
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original people ...
make up over 4% of the population and visible minorities make up approximately 10 percent, and include, in descending order of population,
Chinese Canadians
, native_name =
, native_name_lang =
, image = Chinese Canadian population by province.svg
, image_caption = Chinese Canadians as percent of population by province / territory
, pop = 1,715,7704.63% of the ...
,
Black Canadians
Black Canadians (also known as Caribbean-Canadians or Afro-Canadians) are people of full or partial sub-Saharan African descent who are citizens or permanent residents of Canada. The majority of Black Canadians are of Caribbean origin, though ...
,
South Asian Canadians
South Asian Canadians are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the Indian subcontinent, which includes the nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and the Maldives.
The term South Asian ...
,
Arab Canadians
Arab Canadians (french: Arabo-Canadiens) come from all of the countries of the Arab world. According to the 2021 Census, there were 694,015 Canadians, or 1.87%, who claimed Arab ancestry. According to the 2011 Census there were 380,620 Canadia ...
, and refugees from the
Syrian Civil War.
Language
English is spoken as a
mother tongue by 83.7% of residents. Other mother tongues are French (7.8%),
Chinese language
Chinese (, especially when referring to written Chinese) is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in Greater China. About 1.3 billion people (or approximately 16% of the ...
s (2.1%), Arabic (1.7%), and Russian (0.6%).
Religion
According to the
2021 census, religious groups in Fredericton included:
*
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global popula ...
(32,295 persons or 52.2%)
*
Irreligion
Irreligion or nonreligion is the absence or rejection of religion, or indifference to it. Irreligion takes many forms, ranging from the casual and unaware to full-fledged philosophies such as atheism and agnosticism, secular humanism and ...
(25,150 persons or 40.7%)
*
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the ...
(2,305 persons or 3.7%)
*
Hinduism
Hinduism () is an Indian religion or '' dharma'', a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global p ...
(820 persons or 1.3%)
*
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
(225 persons or 0.4%)
*
Sikhism
Sikhism (), also known as Sikhi ( pa, ਸਿੱਖੀ ', , from pa, ਸਿੱਖ, lit=disciple', 'seeker', or 'learner, translit=Sikh, label=none),''Sikhism'' (commonly known as ''Sikhī'') originated from the word ''Sikh'', which comes fro ...
(190 persons or 0.3%)
*
Judaism
Judaism ( he, ''Yahăḏūṯ'') is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. It has its roots as an organized religion in th ...
(160 persons or 0.3%)
*
Indigenous Spirituality (15 persons or <0.1%)
*Other (670 persons or 1.1%)
Those who declare a religion are predominantly Protestant. Fredericton has a
synagogue, a
mosque
A mosque (; from ar, مَسْجِد, masjid, ; literally "place of ritual prostration"), also called masjid, is a place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are usually covered buildings, but can be any place where prayers ( sujud) are performed, ...
, a
Hindu temple
A Hindu temple, or ''mandir'' or ''koil'' in Indian languages, is a house, seat and body of divinity for Hindus. It is a structure designed to bring human beings and gods together through worship, sacrifice, and devotion.; Quote: "The Hin ...
, a
Unitarian fellowship, and a
Shambhala Buddhist meditation centre.
Economy
The
Government of New Brunswick
The Government of New Brunswick (french: Gouvernement du Nouveau-Brunswick) refers to the provincial government of the province of New Brunswick. Its powers and structure are set out in the Constitution Act, 1867.
The Province of New Brunswick is ...
and the universities are the primary employers. The policies of centralizing provincial government functions during the 1960s led to an expansion of the population.
The 1960s also saw an expansion of the
University of New Brunswick
The University of New Brunswick (UNB) is a public university with two primary campuses in Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick. It is the oldest English-language university in Canada, and among the oldest public universities in North Amer ...
due to increased post-war university enrolment, as well as the construction of
Saint Thomas University. The Law School, now the
University of New Brunswick Faculty of Law moved from Saint John to the Fredericton area.
The city has been investing actively in IT infrastructure. The City of Fredericton won the "Judges Innovation Award" at the 2004 Canadian Information Productivity Awards due to their "Fred-eZone" free municipality wide
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi () is a family of wireless network protocols, based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, which are commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by radio waves ...
initiative. This and other innovations by the city's utelco, e-Novations, led
Intel
Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. It is the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer by revenue, and is one of the developers of the x86 ser ...
to do a case study on their successes. Fred-eZone spans much of the city's downtown and parts of surrounding residential areas, as well as peripheral commercial areas such as Fredericton's Regent Mall. In 2008 and 2009 the Intelligent Community Forum selected Fredericton as a Top 7 Intelligent Community, based partly on the city's work in the IT sector.
Arts and culture
The
Playhouse is the main venue for Theatre New Brunswick, the province's largest professional theatre company.
Festivals include the
Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival, the
New Brunswick Summer Music Festival, the
Silver Wave Film Festival and
Symphony New Brunswick.
Fredericton has a long literary tradition, having been home to
Jonathan Odell,
Charles G. D. Roberts,
Bliss Carman, and
Francis Sherman. Writers living in Fredericton include
Raymond Fraser,
Herb Curtis,
David Adams Richards,
Mark Anthony Jarman, and
Gerard Beirne.
Fredericton's beloved fountain "Freddy the Nude Dude", officially known as "Putto with Fish" sits outside
City Hall
In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre (in the UK or Australia), guildhall, or a municipal building (in the Philippines), is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality. It usually houses ...
at 397 Queen St. "Freddy the Nude Dude" was donated to the city b
Mayor George Edward Fentey in 1885.
The statue depicts a nude
Cherub and is a beloved fixture of downtown Fredericton. The famed statue has had some trouble since its historic arrival in 1885. In January 2013, "Freddy the Nude Dude" was taken south to Alabama for a replication of the original statue after 128 winters worth of damage. The original Freddy is kept safely inside
City Hall
In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre (in the UK or Australia), guildhall, or a municipal building (in the Philippines), is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality. It usually houses ...
where it is protected from further weather damage.
Architecture
Styles range from
Victorian to modern. There are 12
National Historic Sites of Canada.
Museums and historic buildings
*
Beaverbrook Art Gallery
*
New Brunswick Legislative Building
*
Old Government House Old Government House may refer to:
* Old Government House, Parramatta, Australia
* Old Government House, Queensland, Australia
* Old Government House, South Australia, Australia
* Old Government House, Hobart, Australia
* Old Government House, Fre ...
*
Fredericton Region Museum
*
Christ Church Cathedral
*
New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame
*
Science East
*
Sir Howard Douglas Hall (Old Arts Building)
*
William Brydone Jack Observatory
*
St. Anne's Chapel
*
Fort Nashwaak
Fort Nashwaak (also known as Fort Naxoat, Fort St. Joseph) was the capital of Acadia and is now a National Historic Site of Canada in present-day Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. It was located strategically up the Saint John River and clos ...
*
Fredericton City Hall
The Fredericton City Hall is the meeting place of the Fredericton City Council in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. The three-storey building was constructed between 1875 and 1876 by architects McKean and Fairweather and built by H. B. Crosby ...
*
Marysville Cotton Mill
*
Centennial Building
Sports
There are no professional sports teams in Fredericton, although both universities have extensive athletic programs. The
UNB Reds play in the
Atlantic University Sport conference of
U Sports
U Sports (stylized as U SPORTS) is the national sport governing body of university sport in Canada, comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country. Its equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is the ...
and
St. Thomas Tommies play in the
Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association conference of the
Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association for most sports, although their women's hockey team, cross-country teams, and track & field teams play in the Atlantic University Sports conference of U Sports.
Fredericton's high schools compete in a variety of sports in the
New Brunswick Interscholastic Athletic Association.
UNB's men's hockey team are 8 time National Champions, and the highest attended sporting events in the city.
The Junior A hockey team is the
Fredericton Red Wings. The former
Fredericton Express
The Fredericton Express were a professional ice hockey team based in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. They played in the American Hockey League between 1981 and 1988. The Express were affiliated with the Quebec Nordiques and Vancouver Canucks ...
and
Fredericton Canadiens were
American Hockey League
The American Hockey League (AHL) is a professional ice hockey league based in the United States and Canada that serves as the primary developmental league for the National Hockey League (NHL). Since the 2010–11 season, every team in the lea ...
teams.
Each summer the Fredericton Loyalists host the
New Brunswick Timber team which competes in the
Rugby Canada Super League.
Parks and recreation
* Carleton Park, part of the Northside Riverfront Trail, includes a boat launching area. The park, which was once the site of
Alexander "Boss" Gibson's rail yard.
* The Green, along the north and south banks of the Saint John River, a walking and biking trail.
* Killarney Lake Park, a lakeside park with a beach and picnic spots as well as an extensive network of nature trails.
* Odell Park, features preserved forested areas, trails, spaces for picnics and gatherings, and the
Fredericton Botanic Garden .st
* Officers' Square is a venue for outdoor concerts and has an outdoor skating rink in the winter.
* Queen Square Park, in the heart of Downtown Fredericton.
* Reading Park ( ) is a passive use park incorporating an open meadow, and a walking trail through an old-growth forest. The park's
old-growth forest is one of the city's last remaining habitats for the
pileated woodpecker.
* Wilmot Park - a recreational park downtown.
Trail system
Fredericton has a network of 25 trails totalling more than on both sides of the Saint John and Nashwaak Rivers. Many of the city trails are
rail trails that follow old railway lines. These include the
Fredericton Railway Bridge that spans across the Saint John River. The rail trail system in Fredericton is part of the
Sentier NB Trail system and some of these trails are also part of the larger
Trans-Canada Trail network.
Government
Fredericton has a
non-partisan and
Mayor–council government
The mayor–council government system is a system of local government that has a mayor who is directly elected by the voters serve as chief executive, and a separately elected legislative city council. It is one of the two most common forms of l ...
. The mayor and council serve four-year terms with elections in May. The city is divided into 12
wards, (six on each side of the river, one councillor per ward.
The city includes the provincial ridings of
Fredericton North,
Fredericton-Grand Lake,
Fredericton West-Hanwell,
Oromocto-Lincoln-Fredericton,
New Maryland-Sunbury and
Fredericton South, which in 2014 elected the first-ever MLA for the
Green Party of New Brunswick
The Green Party of New Brunswick (french: Parti vert du Nouveau-Brunswick) was formed in November 2008 to run in provincial elections. It is a registered Green political party in New Brunswick, Canada. A founding convention was held on Novembe ...
, party leader
David Coon
David Charles Coon (born 28 October 1956 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the 2014 provincial election to represent the provincial electoral district of Fredericton ...
.
Federally, the city forms most of the riding of
Fredericton.
Education and research
The
Anglophone West School District and the District Scolaire Francophone Sud (District 1) run schools including
Fredericton High School,
École des Bâtisseurs, and the
École Sainte-Anne.
Leo Hayes High School is a
public–private partnership
A public–private partnership (PPP, 3P, or P3) is a long-term arrangement between a government and private sector institutions.Hodge, G. A and Greve, C. (2007), Public–Private Partnerships: An International Performance Review, Public Adminis ...
There are two universities, the
UNB, and
St. Thomas, the province's only Catholic university.
Colleges include the
New Brunswick College of Craft and Design, the
New Brunswick Community College
New Brunswick Community College (NBCC) is a community college located throughout various locations in New Brunswick, Canada including Moncton, Miramichi, Fredericton (its head office), Saint John, St. Andrews, and Woodstock.
New Brunswick Com ...
, and the
Maritime College of Forest Technology.
For-profit universities include
University of Fredericton and
Yorkville University.
The
Hugh John Flemming Forestry Centre researches in forestry management. Fredericton's Provincial Research Organization specializes in aquaculture, mining, manufacturing, energy and the environment.
Transportation
Air service is provided out of the
Fredericton International Airport
Fredericton International Airport is an airport in Lincoln, New Brunswick, Canada, southeast of Fredericton.
The airport is classified as an international airport by Transport Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). ...
.
Fredericton Transit provides bus service, though not on Sundays.
Fredericton started installing bicycle lanes in July 2008.
Passenger rail service ended in the 1960s, and freight in 1996. All railway tracks have been abandoned and removed.
Fredericton is served by the
Maritime Bus fleet which provides connections to points throughout Eastern Canada.
The
Trans-Canada Highway
The Trans-Canada Highway (Canadian French, French: ; abbreviated as the TCH or T-Can) is a transcontinental federal–provincial highway system that travels through all ten provinces of Canada, from the Pacific Ocean on the west coast to the A ...
passes along the southern municipal boundary. Routes
7 and
8 (the latter being a former alignment of the Trans-Canada) also pass through the city. Two highway bridges, the
Westmorland Street Bridge The Westmorland Street Bridge is a bridge crossing the Saint John River in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. Opened on 19 September 1981, the Westmorland Street Bridge is an extension of Westmorland Street in Fredericton's central business dis ...
and the
Princess Margaret Bridge
The Princess Margaret Bridge, sometimes called the Princess Margaret Rose Bridge or shortened to just PMB, is a two-lane highway bridge crossing the Saint John River at Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. It is named after Queen Elizabeth II' ...
, cross the Saint John River. Those bridges feed into controlled-access roads (Routes 8 and
105 serving the city's north side).
Gallery
File:Princess Margaret Bridge At Sunrise.jpg, Princess Margaret Bridge
The Princess Margaret Bridge, sometimes called the Princess Margaret Rose Bridge or shortened to just PMB, is a two-lane highway bridge crossing the Saint John River at Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. It is named after Queen Elizabeth II' ...
File:Nashwaak River trail.JPG, The Nashwaak River Trail
File:Fredericton - Galerie d'art Beaverbrook 2.JPG, The Beaverbrook Art Gallery
File:Tintamarre Fredericton.JPG, Celebration of Acadian culture in Fredericton
File:Fredericton - Queen's Square 3.JPG, Queen Square Park
File:New Brunswick Legislative Building (6838973457).jpg, The New Brunswick Legislative Building
File:MarysvillePlaceMarysvilleNB2014.jpg, Marysville Place houses a number of offices for the provincial government.
File:Downtown Fredericton.jpg, Downtown Fredericton
File:Fredericton Transit New Brunswick Canada Bus 4936.JPG, Fredericton Transit bus with bike rack
Notes
References
Further reading
* Dallison, Robert L. "A Tour of Boss Gibson's Marysville: A Nineteenth Century Mill Town." Fredericton Heritage Trust, 1991.
* Hachey, Philip Osmond "The geology and ground water of the Fredericton district." UNB Thesis, 1955.
* McIntyre, Glen, Bruce Oliver and Bob Watson, "A Valuable and Important Place - Fredericton's Loyalist Origins 1783." A Fredericton Historical Research Project, 1983.
See also
*
People from Fredericton
A person ( : people) is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property ...
*
Gangnam-gu
Gangnam District ( ; , ) is one of the 25 local government districts which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. Gangnam translates to "South of the ( Han) River". Gangnam District is the third largest district in Seoul, with an area of ...
, South Korea: partner city
*
Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire (IODE), the first chapter of which was formed in Fredericton on 15 January 1900
*
List of cities in Canada
*
Fredericton Public Library
*
Nashwaaksis
*
Media in Fredericton
*
The Playhouse
*
Dr. Everett Chalmers Regional Hospital
*
Douglas
Douglas may refer to:
People
* Douglas (given name)
* Douglas (surname)
Animals
*Douglas (parrot), macaw that starred as the parrot ''Rosalinda'' in Pippi Longstocking
* Douglas the camel, a camel in the Confederate Army in the American Civil ...
*
Hanwell
*
Marysville
*
Nashwaaksis
External links
*
{{Authority control
Cities in New Brunswick
Former colonial capitals in Canada
Greater Fredericton
Populated places established in 1785
New Brunswick populated places on the Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)