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Benjamin Franklin Norris Jr. (March 5, 1870 – October 25, 1902) was an American journalist and novelist during the Progressive Era, whose fiction was predominantly in the naturalist genre. His notable works include '' McTeague: A Story of San Francisco'' (1899), '' The Octopus: A Story of California'' (1901) and '' The Pit'' (1903).


Life

Norris was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1870. His father, Benjamin, was a self-made Chicago businessman and his mother, Gertrude Glorvina Doggett, had a stage career. In 1884 the family moved to San Francisco where Benjamin went into real estate. In 1887, after the death of his brother and a brief stay in London, young Norris went to
Académie Julian The Académie Julian () was a private art school for painting and sculpture founded in Paris, France, in 1867 by French painter and teacher Rodolphe Julian (1839–1907) that was active from 1868 through 1968. It remained famous for the number ...
in Paris where he studied painting for two years and was exposed to the naturalist novels of Émile Zola. Between 1890 and 1894 he attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he became acquainted with the ideas of human evolution of Darwin and Spencer that are reflected in his later writings. His stories appeared in the undergraduate magazine at Berkeley and in the ''San Francisco Wave''. After his parents' divorce he went east and spent a year in the English Department of Harvard University. There he met Lewis E. Gates, who encouraged his writing. He worked as a news correspondent in South Africa (1895–96) for the '' San Francisco Chronicle'', and then as editorial assistant for the ''San Francisco Wave'' (1896–97). He worked for ''
McClure's Magazine ''McClure's'' or ''McClure's Magazine'' (1893–1929) was an American illustrated monthly periodical popular at the turn of the 20th century. The magazine is credited with having started the tradition of muckraking journalism ( investigative, wat ...
'' as a war correspondent in Cuba during the Spanish–American War in 1898. He joined the New York City publishing firm of Doubleday & Page in 1899. During his time at the University of California, Berkeley, Norris was a brother in the Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta and was an originator of the
Skull & Keys Skull & Keys is a men's honor society at the University of California, Berkeley. The organization was started by Theta Nu Epsilon. Much of the society's practices, members, and traditions are kept secret. Skull & Keys is the first of several colleg ...
society. Because of his involvement with a prank during the Class Day Exercises in 1893, the annual alumni dinner held by each Phi Gamma Delta chapter still bears his name. In 1900 Frank Norris married Jeannette Black. They had a child in 1902. Norris died in San Francisco on October 25, 1902, of peritonitis from a ruptured
appendix Appendix, or its plural form appendices, may refer to: __NOTOC__ In documents * Addendum, an addition made to a document by its author after its initial printing or publication * Bibliography, a systematic list of books and other works * Index (pu ...
. This left ''
The Epic of the Wheat ''The Epic of the Wheat'' was a planned trilogy by American author Frank Norris. Two of the three works were published, but the third was not written at the time of Norris' death. Following his 1899 success '' McTeague'', Norris formulated his ide ...
'' trilogy unfinished. He was only 32. He is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California.
Charles Gilman Norris Charles Gilman Norris (April 23, 1881 – July 25, 1945) was an American novelist. A native of Chicago, Norris worked as a journalist for some years before finding success as a novelist and playwright. His first book was ''The Amateur'' (1916). ...
, the author's younger brother, became a well regarded novelist and editor. C. G. Norris was also the husband of the prolific novelist Kathleen Norris. The
Bancroft Library The Bancroft Library in the center of the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, is the university's primary special-collections library. It was acquired from its founder, Hubert Howe Bancroft, in 1905, with the proviso that it retai ...
of the University of California, Berkeley, houses the archives of all three writers.


Career

Frank Norris's work often includes depictions of suffering caused by corrupt and greedy turn-of-the-century corporate
monopolies A monopoly (from Greek el, μόνος, mónos, single, alone, label=none and el, πωλεῖν, pōleîn, to sell, label=none), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situation where a speci ...
. In ''The Octopus: A California Story'', the Pacific and Southwest Railroad is implicated in the suffering and deaths of a number of ranchers in Southern California. At the end of the novel, after a bloody shootout between farmers and railroad agents at one of the ranches (named Los Muertos), readers are encouraged to take a "larger view" that sees that "through the welter of blood at the irrigating ditch ... the great harvest of Los Muertos rolled like a flood from the Sierras to the Himalayas to feed thousands of starving scarecrows on the barren plains of India". Though free-wheeling market capitalism causes the deaths of many of the characters in the novel, this "larger view always ... discovers the Truth that will, in the end, prevail, and all things, surely, inevitably, resistlessly work together for good". The novel '' Vandover and the Brute'', written in the 1890s, but not published until after his death, is about three college friends preparing to become successful, and the ruin of one due to a degenerate lifestyle. In addition to Zola's, Norris's writing has been compared to that of
Stephen Crane Stephen Crane (November 1, 1871 – June 5, 1900) was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism an ...
, Theodore Dreiser, and
Edith Wharton Edith Wharton (; born Edith Newbold Jones; January 24, 1862 – August 11, 1937) was an American novelist, short story writer, and interior designer. Wharton drew upon her insider's knowledge of the upper-class New York "aristocracy" to portray ...
.


Critical reception

Although some of his novels remain highly admired, aspects of Norris's work have not fared well with literary critics in the late 20th and early 21st century. As Donald Pizer writes "Frank Norris's racism, which included the most vicious anti-Semitic portrayals in any major work of American literature, has long been an embarrassment to admirers of the vigor and intensity of his best fiction and has also contributed to the decline of his reputation during the past several generations." Other scholars have confirmed Norris's
antisemitism Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism. Antis ...
. Norris's work is often seen as strongly influenced by the
scientific racism Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscience, pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racism (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or racial superiority.. "Few tragedies ...
of the late 19th century, such as that espoused by his professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Joseph LeConte. Along with his contemporary
Jack London John Griffith Chaney (January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916), better known as Jack London, was an American novelist, journalist and activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to ...
, Norris is seen as "reconstructing American identity as a biological category of Anglo-Saxon masculinity." In Norris's work, critics have seen evidence of racism,
antisemitism Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism. Antis ...
, and contempt for immigrants and the working poor, all of whom are seen as the losers in a Social-Darwinist struggle for existence.


Legacy

* Norris's novel ''The Pit'' was adapted for the theater by Channing Pollock in four acts. Produced by William A. Brady, the play premiered at New York's Lyric Theatre on February 10, 1904. A film adaptation of ''The Pit'' was produced in 1917, by William A. Brady's Picture Plays Inc. * Norris's short story "A Deal in Wheat" (1903) and the novel ''The Pit'' were the basis for the 1909
D.W. Griffith David Wark Griffith (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was an American film director. Considered one of the most influential figures in the history of the motion picture, he pioneered many aspects of film editing and expanded the art of the n ...
film ''
A Corner in Wheat ''A Corner in Wheat'' is a 1909 American short silent film which tells of a greedy tycoon who tries to corner the world market on wheat, destroying the lives of the people who can no longer afford to buy bread. It was directed by D. W. Griffit ...
''. * Norris's ''Moran of the Lady Letty'' was adapted by Monte M. Katterjohn in 1922. Directed by George Melford,
the film The Film is a 2005 Indian thriller film directed by Junaid Memon also produced along with Amitabh Bhattacharya. The film stars Mahima Chaudhry, Khalid Siddiqui, Ananya Khare, Chahat Khanna, Ravi Gossain, Vaibhav Jhalani and Vivek Madan in l ...
starred
Rudolph Valentino Rodolfo Pietro Filiberto Raffaello Guglielmi di Valentina d'Antonguolla (May 6, 1895 – August 23, 1926), known professionally as Rudolph Valentino and nicknamed The Latin Lover, was an Italian actor based in the United States who starred ...
and Dorothy Dalton. * Norris's ''
McTeague ''McTeague: A Story of San Francisco'', otherwise known as simply ''McTeague'', is a novel by Frank Norris, first published in 1899. It tells the story of a couple's courtship and marriage, and their subsequent descent into poverty and violence ...
'' has been filmed twice. The best known version is the 1924 film entitled '' Greed'' directed by Erich von Stroheim. An earlier adaptation, '' Life's Whirlpool'', was produced in 1915 by the World Film Corporation, starring
Fania Marinoff Fania Marinoff (russian: Фаня Маринов; yi, פאַניאַ מאַרינאָוו) (March 20, 1890 – November 17, 1971) was a Russian-born American actress. Life Marinoff was born in Odessa, Russia, on March 20, 1890. She was bo ...
and
Holbrook Blinn Holbrook Blinn was an American stage and film actor. Early years Blinn was the son of Civil War veteran Col. Charles Blinn and actress Nellie Holbrook-Blinn. He was born in San Francisco and attended Stanford University before he began a career ...
. * In 1962 the Frank Norris Cabin was designated a
National Historic Landmark A National Historic Landmark (NHL) is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Only some 2,500 (~3%) of over 90,000 places listed ...
. * An opera by William Bolcom, based loosely on his 1899 novel, ''McTeague'', was premiered by Chicago's Lyric Opera in 1992. The work is in two acts, with libretto by Arnold Weinstein and Robert Altman. The Lyric Opera's presentation featured Ben Heppner in the title role and Catherine Malfitano as Trina, the dentist's wife. * In 2008, the Library of America selected Norris's newspaper article "Hunting Human Game" for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American True Crime. * An alley-way in San Francisco is named for him (Frank Norris Place). It runs from Polk St. to Larkin St. and is located parallel to and in between Pine St. and Bush St. in the city's Lower Nob Hill district. * A tavern on San Francisco's Polk Street, near Frank Norris Place, is named McTeague's Saloon in honor of Norris's novel ''McTeague'' (1899). The interior and exterior are decorated with objects and imagery associated with the novel. * The popular writing quip, "I hate writing, but love having written" is credited to a letter of writing advice written by Norris, published posthumously in 1915.


Works

Fiction * (1892). ''Yvernelle''. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. * (1898). ''Moran of the "Lady Letty": A Story of Adventure Off the California Coast''. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co. * (1899). ''
McTeague ''McTeague: A Story of San Francisco'', otherwise known as simply ''McTeague'', is a novel by Frank Norris, first published in 1899. It tells the story of a couple's courtship and marriage, and their subsequent descent into poverty and violence ...
: A Story of San Francisco''. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co. * (1899). ''Blix''. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co. * (1900). '' A Man's Woman''. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co. * (1901). '' The Octopus: A Story of California''. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. * (1903). '' The Pit: A Story of Chicago''. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. * (1903). ''
A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the New and Old West ''A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the New and Old West'' is a collection of short stories written by the American author Frank Norris. It was published posthumously in 1903 by Doubleday, Page & Company and composed primarily of recently publi ...
''. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. * (1906). ''The Joyous Miracle''. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. * (1909). '' The Third Circle''. New York: John Lane Company. * (1914). '' Vandover and the Brute''. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company.Wyatt, Edith
"Vandover and the Brute."
In ''Great Companions'', D. Appleton & Company, 1917.
* (1931). ''Frank Norris of "The Wave." Stories & Sketches From the San Francisco Weekly, 1893 to 1897''. San Francisco: The Westgate Press. * (1998). ''The Best Short Stories of Frank Norris''. New York: Ironweed Press Inc. Short Stories * (1907)
"A Lost Story."
In: ''The Spinners' Book of Fiction''. San Francisco and New York: Paul Elder and Company. * (1909)
"The Passing of Cock-Eye Blacklock."
In: ''California Story Book''. San Francisco: Pub. by the English Club of the University of California. * (1910)
"San Francisco's Old Chinatown."
In: ''Pathway to Western Literature''. Stockton, Cal.: Nettie E. Gaines. Non-fiction * (1898). ''The Surrender of Santiago''. Unknown * (1903). ''The Responsibilities of the Novelist''. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. * (1986). ''Frank Norris: Collected Letters''. San Francisco: The Book Club of California. * (1996). ''The Apprenticeship Writings of Frank Norris 1896–1898''. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. Selected articles
"The True Reward of the Novelist,"
''The World's Work'', Vol. II, May/October 1901.
"Mr. Kipling's Kim,"
''The World's Work'', Vol. II, May/October 1901 (unsigned)
"The Need of a Literary Conscience,"
''The World's Work'', Vol. III, November 1901/April 1902.
"The Frontier Gone at Last,"
''The World's Work'', Vol. III, November 1901/April 1902.
"The Novel with a 'Purpose',"
''The World's Work'', Vol. IV, May/October 1902.
"A Neglected Epic,"
''The World's Work'', Vol. V, November 1902/April 1903. Translations * "Fifi," by Léon Faran, ''The Wave'', Vol. XVI, No. 4, January 23, 1897. * "Not Guilty," by Marcel l'Heureux, ''The Wave'', Vol. XVI, No. 25, June 19, 1897. * "Story of a Wall," by Pierre Loti, ''The Wave'', Vol. XVI, No. 35, August 28, 1897. * "An Elopement," by Ferdinand Bloch, ''The Wave'', Vol. XVI, No. 52, December 25, 1897. Collected works * ''The Complete Works of Frank Norris''. New York: P.F. Collier Sons Publishers, 1898–1903 (4 Vols.) * ''Complete Works of Frank Norris''. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1903 (7 Vols.) * ''The Collected Works of Frank Norris''. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1928 (10 Vols.) * ''Norris: Novels and Essays''. New York: Library of America, 1986. *''A Novelist in the Making: A Collection of Student Themes, and the Novels Blix and Vandover and the Brute.'' Harvard University Press, 1970


References


Further reading

* Åhnebrink, Lars (1961). ''The Beginnings of Naturalism in American Fiction: A Study of the Works of Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, and Frank Norris''. New York: Russell & Russell. * Anderson, Grace E. (1933). ''A Dictionary of Characters in the Novels of Frank Norris''. University of Kansas. * Armes, William Dallam (1902). "Concerning the Work of the Late Frank Norris," ''Sunset'', Vol. X, pp. 165–167. * Bechter, Leslie G. (1939). ''Frank Norris: his Place in the Development of the American Novel''. State University of Iowa. * Bixler, Paul H. (1934). "Frank Norris's Literary Reputation," ''American Literature'', Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 109–121. * Borus, Daniel H. (1989). ''Writing Realism: Howells, James, and Norris in the Mass Market''. University of North Carolina Press. * Boyd, Jennifer (1993). ''Frank Norris: Spatial Form and Narrative Time''. New York: Peter Lang Pub. Incorporated. * Brooks, Van Wyck (1952). "Frank Norris and Jack London." In: ''The Confident Years: 1885–1915''. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. * Brown, Deming Bronson (1942). ''The Development of the Use of Symbolism in the Novels of Frank Norris''. (M.A. Thesis), University of Washington. * Cargill, Oscar (1941). ''Intellectual America''. New York: The Macmillan Company. * Clarke, Robert Montgomery (1932). ''Contemporary American Novelists: Frank Norris''. (M. A. Thesis), Stanford University. * Clift, Denison Hailey (1907)
"The Artist in Frank Norris,"
'' The Pacific Monthly'', Vol. XVII, pp. 313–322. * Cooper, Frederic Taber (1899). "Frank Norris, Realist," ''The Bookman'', Vol. 10, pp. 234–238. * Cooper, Frederic Taber (1911)
"Frank Norris."
In: ''Some American Story Tellers''. New York: Henry Holt & Company, pp. 295–330. * Cowley, Malcolm (1947). "'Not Men': A Natural History of American Naturalism," ''Kenyon Review'', Vol. IX, pp. 414–435. * Crane, Warren Eugene (1939). ''The Life and Works of Frank Norris as a Reflection of Historical and Literary Trends between 1890 and 1902''. (M.A. Thesis), University of Washington. * Davison, Richard Allan (1981). "Frank Norris and the Arts of Social Criticism," ''American Literary Realism, 1870–1910'', Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 77–89. * Dillingham, William B. (1969). ''Frank Norris: Instinct and Art''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. * Dobie, Charles Caldwell (1928). "Frank Norris, or, up from Culture," ''The American Mercury'', Vol. 13, pp. 412–424. * East, Harry M. Jr. (1912)
"A Lesson from Frank Norris,"
''Overland monthly,'' Vol. 60, pp. 633–634. * Frohock, Wilbur Merrill (1968). ''Frank Norris''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. * Garland, Hamlin (1903)
"The Work of Frank Norris,"
''The Critic'', Vol. XLII, pp. 216–218. * Ghodes, Clarence Louis Frank (1951)
"The Facts of Life ''versus'' Pleasant Reading."
In: ''The Literature of the American People''. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, pp. 737–762. * Goodrich, Arthur (1902)
"Frank Norris,"
''Current Literature'', Vol. XXXIII, p. 764. * Goodrich, Arthur (1903)
"Norris, the Man,"
''Current Literature'', Vol. XXXIV, p. 105. * Goldsmith, Arnold Smith (1953). ''Free Will, Determinism and Social Responsibility in the Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Frank Norris and Henry James''. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of Wisconsin. * Goldsmith, Arnold Smith (1958). "The Development of Frank Norris's Philosophy." In: ''Studies in Honor of John Wilcox''. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. * Graham, Don (1978). ''The Fiction of Frank Norris: The Aesthetic Context''. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. * Grattan, C. Hartley (1929). "Frank Norris," ''The Bookman'', Vol. 69, pp. 506–510. * Harrison, Robert (1941). ''The Writings of Frank Norris as Viewed by his Contemporaries''. (M.A. Thesis), Ohio University. * Hart, James D. (1970). ''A Novelist in the Making: Frank Norris''. Harvard University Press. * Hill, Marion V. (1954). ''A Study of Thematic Forces in the Novels of Frank Norris''. (M.A. Thesis), Bownling Green State University. * Hill, John Stanley (1960). ''Frank Norris's Heroines''. University of Wisconsin. * Hochman, Barbara (1988). ''The Art of Frank Norris, Storyteller''. University of Missouri Press * Howells, William Dean (1965)
"Frank Norris (1870–1902)."
In: ''Criticism and Fiction''. New York University Press, pp. 276–282. * Hussman, Lawrence E. (1998). ''Harbingers of a Century: The Novels of Frank Norris''. New York: Peter Lang Pub Inc. * Johnson, George W. (1961). "Frank Norris and Romance," ''American Literature'', Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 52–63. * Kaplan, Charles (1952). ''Frank Norris and the Craft of Fiction''. (Ph.D. Dissertation), Northwestern University. * Kusler, Gerald E. (1950). ''The Evolution of Frank Norris''. (M.A. Thesis), State University of Iowa. * Kwiat, Joseph J. (1953). "The Newspaper Experience: Crane, Norris and Dreiser," ''Nineteenth Century Fiction'', Vol. VIII, pp. 99–117. * Letizia, Louise M. (1950). ''Frank Norris: A Study in Contrasts and Contradictions''. (M.A. Thesis), University of Pittsburgh. * Logue, Charles William (1949). ''Frank Norris: A Study in Romantic Realism''. (M.A. Thesis), St. John University. * Marchand, Ernest (1942). ''Frank Norris: A Study''. Oxford University Press. * Matthews, Margaret Moore (1937). ''Frank Norris: Pioneer Realist''. (M.A. Thesis), University of South Carolina. * McCormick, Paul S. (1931). ''Frank Norris and the American Epic''. (M.A. Thesis), Columbia University. * McElrath, Joseph R. (1978). "Frank Norris: A Biographical Essay," ''American Literary Realism, 1870–1910'', Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 219–234. * McElrath, Joseph R. Jr. (1988). ''Frank Norris and the Wave: A Bibliography''. New York: Garland Pub. * McElrath, Joseph R. Jr. (1992). ''Frank Norris: A Descriptive Bibliography''. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. * McElrath, Joseph R. Jr. (1993). "Frank Norris' 'The Puppets and the Puppy': LeContean Idealism or Naturalistic Skepticism?," ''American Literary Realism, 1870–1910'', Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 50–59. * McElrath, Joseph R. Jr., and Crisler, Jesse S. (2006). ''Frank Norris: A Life''. University of Illinois Press (the definitive biography of Norris) * McElrath, Joseph R. Jr., and Crisler, Jesse S. (2013). ''Frank Norris Remembered''. University of Alabama Press. * McGinn, Richard Joseph (1954). ''The Characterization of Women in the Novels of Frank Norris''. (M.A Thesis), Columbia University. * Mitchell, Marvin O'Neill (1953). ''A Study of Realistic and Romantic Elements in the Fiction of E. W. Howe, Joseph Kirkland, Hamlin Garland and Harold Frederic and Frank Norris, 1882–1902''. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of North Carolina. * Musich, Gerald Donald (1973). ''Frank Norris' Character Types''. University of Wisconsin–Madison. * Norris, Charles G. (1914)
''Frank Norris, 1870–1902''
New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. * Pallette, Drew B. (1934). ''The Theories and Practice of Frank Norris as Related to his California Background''. (M.A. Thesis), University of Southern California. * Parrington, Vernon Louis (1928). "The Development of Realism." In: ''The Reinterpretation of American Literature''. New York: Harcourt, Brace. * Patee, Fred Lewis (1937)
''The New American Literature, 1890–1930.''
New York: D. Appleton-Century Company. * Phillips, Marion B. (1922). ''Aspects of the Naturalistic Novel in America''. (M.A. Thesis), University of California. * Piper, Henry Dan (1956). "Frank Norris and Scott Fitzgerald," ''Huntington Library Quarterly'', Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 393–400. * Pizer, Donald (1958). "Romantic Individualism in Garland, Norris and Crane," ''American Quarterly'', Vol. X, No. 4, pp. 463–475. * Pizer, Donald (1966). ''The Novels of Frank Norris''. Indiana University Press. * Preston, Harriet Waters (1903)
"The Novels of Mr. Norris,"
''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. XCI, pp. 691–692. * Ramsay, Orrington Cozzens (1950). ''Frank Norris and Environment''. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of Wisconsin. * Rosa, Matthew Whiting (1929). ''Frank Norris''. (M.A. Thesis), Columbia University. * Smith, Allan Lloyd (1995). "Frank Norris: The Crisis of Representation," ''American Literary Realism, 1870–1910'', Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 74–83. * Spector, Michael Jay (1962). ''Frank Norris and Human Nature''. University of Wisconsin–Madison. * Stegner, Wallace (1965). ''The American Novel: from James Fenimore Cooper to William Faulkner''. New York: Basic Books. * Thorp, Willard (1960). ''American Writing in the Twentieth Century''. Harvard University Press. * Todd, Frank M. (1902). "Frank Norris, Student, Author and Man," ''University of California Magazine'', Vol. VIII, pp. 349–356. * Toher, Martha Dimes (1982). "'The Music of the Spheres': The Diapason in Frank Norris's Works," ''American Literary Realism, 1870–1910'', Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 166–181. * Underwood, John Curtis (1914)
"Frank Norris."
In: ''Literature and Insurgency''. New York: Mitchell Kennerley, pp. 130–178. * Walker, Franklin (1932). ''Frank Norris: A Biography''. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc.


External links

* * * * *
Western American Literature Journal: Frank Norris

Works by Frank Norris
at
Hathi Trust HathiTrust Digital Library is a large-scale collaborative repository of digital content from research libraries including content digitized via Google Books and the Internet Archive digitization initiatives, as well as content digitized locally ...

Guide to the Frank Norris Collection
at The Bancroft Library
Draft fragment 117 from ''The Octopus''
is part of th
Ravi D. Goel collection on Frederic Taber Cooper
at Yale's Beinecke Library. (The Bancroft Library collection includes draft fragments 7, 190 and 213 from ''The Octopus''.)

* * 5 short radio episodes ttp://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/.html "Bestial Welter"br>"Nourisher of Nations"
an

from '' The Octopus''
"Polk Street"
from ''
McTeague ''McTeague: A Story of San Francisco'', otherwise known as simply ''McTeague'', is a novel by Frank Norris, first published in 1899. It tells the story of a couple's courtship and marriage, and their subsequent descent into poverty and violence ...
'' an
"Two Voices"
from ''The Santa Cruz Venetian Carnival'' by Frank Norris. California Legacy Project. {{DEFAULTSORT:Norris, Frank 1870 births 1902 deaths American investigative journalists 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American novelists Writers from San Francisco Deaths from peritonitis Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California) University of California, Berkeley alumni Writers from California Writers from Chicago American male novelists 19th-century American male writers 20th-century American male writers Novelists from Illinois 20th-century American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers