Fauna is a
Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
* Rome, the capital city of Italy
* Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lett ...
rustic goddess said in differing ancient sources to be the wife, sister, or daughter of
Faunus (the Roman counterpart of
Pan).
Varro
Marcus Terentius Varro (; 116–27 BC) was a Roman polymath and a prolific author. He is regarded as ancient Rome's greatest scholar, and was described by Petrarch as "the third great light of Rome" (after Vergil and Cicero). He is sometimes calle ...
regarded her as the female counterpart of Faunus, and said that the ''fauni'' all had prophetic powers. She is also called Fatua or Fenta Fauna.
Name
Etymology
The name ''Fauna'' is a feminine form of Latin ''
Faunus'', the deity of the countryside. ''Faunus'' itself is generally thought to stem from
Proto-Italic
The Proto-Italic language is the ancestor of the Italic languages, most notably Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages. It is not directly attested in writing, but has been reconstructed to some degree through the comparative method. P ...
''*fawe'' or ''*fawono'', ultimately from
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo ...
''*bʰh₂u-n'' ('favourable'). Consequently,
Georges Dumézil
Georges Edmond Raoul Dumézil (4 March 189811 October 1986) was a French philologist, linguist, and religious studies scholar who specialized in comparative linguistics and mythology. He was a professor at Istanbul University, École pratique d ...
translated her name as "the Favourable."
In his conceptual approach to Roman deity, Michael Lipka sees Faunus and Fauna as an example of a characteristically Roman tendency to form gender-complementary pairs within a sphere of functionality. The male-female figures never have equal prominence, and one partner (not always the female) seems to have been modelled on the other. An
Oscan
Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian.
Oscan was spoken by a number of tribes, including t ...
dedication naming ''Fatuveís'' (= ''Fatui'',
genitive
In grammar, the genitive case ( abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can a ...
singular), found at
Aeclanum in
Irpinia
Irpinia (Modern Latin ''Hirpinia'') is a geographical and cultural region of Southern Italy. It was the inland territory of the ancient '' Hirpini'' tribe, and its extent matches approximately today's province of Avellino.
Geography
The territo ...
, indicates that the concept is
Italic. Fauna has also been dismissed as merely "an artificial construction of scholarly
casuistics."
Ancient interpretations
Varro explained the role of Faunus and Fauna as prophetic deities:
''Fauni'' are gods of the Latins
The Latins were originally an Italic tribe in ancient central Italy from Latium. As Roman power and colonization spread Latin culture during the Roman Republic.
Latins culturally "Romanized" or "Latinized" the rest of Italy, and the word Latin ...
, so that there is both a male ''Faunus'' and a female ''Fauna''; there is a tradition that they used to speak of (''fari'') future events in wooded places using the verses they call 'Saturnians', and thus they were called '' 'Fauni' '' from 'speaking' (''fando'').
Servius identifies Faunus with Fatuclus, and says his wife is Fatua or Fauna, deriving the names as Varro did from ''fari'', "to speak," "because they can foretell the future." The early Christian author
Lactantius
Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius (c. 250 – c. 325) was an early Christian author who became an advisor to Roman emperor, Constantine I, guiding his Christian religious policy in its initial stages of emergence, and a tutor to his son Cri ...
called her ''Fenta Fauna'' and said that she was both the sister and wife of Faunus; according to Lactantius, Fatua sang the ''fata'', "fates," to women as Faunus did to men.
Justin said that Fatua, the wife of Faunus, "being filled with divine spirit assiduously predicted future events as if in a madness ''(furor)''," and thus the verb for divinely inspired speech is ''fatuari''.
While several etymologists in antiquity derived the names ''Fauna'' and ''Faunus'' from ''fari'', "to speak,"
Macrobius
Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, usually referred to as Macrobius (fl. AD 400), was a Roman provincial who lived during the early fifth century, during late antiquity, the period of time corresponding to the Later Roman Empire, and when Latin was ...
regarded Fauna's name as deriving from ''faveo, favere'', "to favor, nurture," "because she nurtures all that is useful to living creatures."
[''Quod omni usui animantium favet'': ]Macrobius
Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, usually referred to as Macrobius (fl. AD 400), was a Roman provincial who lived during the early fifth century, during late antiquity, the period of time corresponding to the Later Roman Empire, and when Latin was ...
, ''Saturnalia'' 1.12.21–22, Loeb Classical Library
The Loeb Classical Library (LCL; named after James Loeb; , ) is a series of books originally published by Heinemann in London, but is currently published by Harvard University Press. The library contains important works of ancient Greek and ...
translation, Robert A. Kaster, ''Macrobius. Saturnalia Books 1–2'' (Harvard University Press, 2011), p. 147, note 253. According to Macrobius, the Books of the
Pontiffs ''(
pontificum libri)'' treated
Bona Dea, Fauna,
Ops
In ancient Roman religion, Ops or ''Opis'' (Latin: "Plenty") was a fertility deity and earth goddess of Sabine origin. Her equivalent in Greek mythology was Rhea.
Iconography
In Ops' statues and coins, she is figured sitting down, as Chthon ...
, and Fatua as names for the same goddess,
Maia.
See also
*
List of Roman deities
The Roman deities most widely known today are those the Romans identified with Greek counterparts (see ''interpretatio graeca''), integrating Greek myths, iconography, and sometimes religious practices into Roman culture, including Latin lite ...
References
Citations
General bibliography
*
{{Roman religion
Roman goddesses