Fanaa ( ') in
Sufism
Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism.
Practitioners of Sufism are r ...
is the "passing away" or "annihilation" (of the
self
In philosophy, the self is an individual's own being, knowledge, and values, and the relationship between these attributes.
The first-person perspective distinguishes selfhood from personal identity. Whereas "identity" is (literally) same ...
).
[Harmless, William. ''Mystics''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008] Fana means "to die before one dies", a concept highlighted by famous notable Persian mystics such as
Rumi.
There is controversy around what Fana exactly is, with some Sufis defining it as the absolute annihilation of the human ego before God, whereby the self becomes an instrument of God's plan in the world (
Baqaa).
[Yaran, Cafer. Muslim religious experiences. Alister Hardy Religious Experience Research Centre, 2004.]
Other Sufis also interpret it as breaking down of the individual ego and a recognition of the fundamental unity of God, creation, and the individual self. However, persons having entered this enlightened state are said to obtain absolute awareness of an intrinsic unity (
Tawhid
''Tawhid'' () is the concept of monotheism in Islam, it is the religion's central and single most important concept upon which a Muslim's entire religious adherence rests. It unequivocally holds that God is indivisibly one (''ahad'') and s ...
) between
God
In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith. In polytheistic belief systems, a god is "a spirit or being believed to have created, or for controlling some part of the un ...
and all that exists, including the individual themselves. This second interpretation has sometimes been decried by religious and political authorities as heretical, famously in the execution of
Mansur al-Hallaj.
Views
Similar to other Sufi doctrines, Fana is based on first-party Islamic teachings. Specifically, the
Quran
The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...
says:
Fana as Vision
Mystics such as
Al-Junayd al-Baghdadi,
Al-Ghazali
Al-Ghazali ( – 19 December 1111), archaically Latinized as Algazelus, was a Shafi'i Sunni Muslim scholar and polymath. He is known as one of the most prominent and influential jurisconsults, legal theoreticians, muftis, philosophers, the ...
and
Al-Sarraj maintained that this ultimate goal of Sufism was the vision (mushahadah) of the divine.
[Mat, Ismail. " nThe Concept of Fana'in Sufism." Islāmiyyāt 2 (1978).]
Fana was defined by
Abu Nasr as-Sarraj thus:
Al-Hujwiri states the following:
So according to these early Sufis, Fana was interpreted as a recognition of the will of God, or the abandonment of being conscious of ones self, replacing this with contemplation on God alone.
However, according to Al-Hujwiri, vision of the divine can not occur without hard work on the part of the seeker. Such vision is combined with "ilm al-yaqin", or knowledge of certainty. This station leads to "ayn al-yaqin" (vision of certainty) and then the station of "
ma'rifah" (
gnosis
Gnosis is the common Greek noun for knowledge ( γνῶσις, ''gnōsis'', f.). The term was used among various Hellenistic religions and philosophies in the Greco-Roman world. It is best known for its implication within Gnosticism, where ...
), until one arrives at haqq al-yaqin (reality of certainty), the stage of the friends of God (
Wali Allah). This stage of haqq al-yaqin is what Al-Ghazali expressed as fana' kulli and fana fi al-tawhid.
For Al-Ghazali, as with Al-Junayd before him, this meant recognition of God as the sole agent of the Universe.
However Fana fi al-Tawhid does not mean 'fusion', 'identification', 'incarnation' etc.
Rather, for Al-Ghazali, God could not be known through speculation in the manner of the philosophers, nor through the claims of union brought by al-Bistami and al-Hallaj, rather God could be known through his self-unveiling (khasf) through the personal process of observation (mushahadah).
Al-Sarraj condemned the idea of incarnation and fusion (the unionist interpretation below):
This visionary interpretation has been qualified by some thinkers as a "moderate form of Islamic mysticism", whereas the next interpretation is considered an "extravagant form of mysticism".
Fana as union
Another interpretation is that of Fana as being united with the One or the Truth.
The two famous exponents of this who contended that fana is total union (ittihad) were
Al-Bistami and
Al-Hallaj.
The interpretation of Fana ascribed to
Rumi is as follows:
In his book, Ain-ul-Faqr, Sultan Bahoo gives his interpretation of Fana:
Hossein Nasr holds that this interpretation is the highest spiritual truth.
Similar concepts in eastern religions
The idea of ''fanāʾ'' in Sufism has been compared to
Samadhi
Statue of a meditating Rishikesh.html" ;"title="Shiva, Rishikesh">Shiva, Rishikesh
''Samādhi'' (Pali and ), in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, is a state of meditative consciousness. In many Indian religious traditions, the cultivati ...
in Hinduism and Buddhism.
[Clinton Bennett, Charles M. Ramsey ''South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny'' A&C Black page 23]
Others compared ''fanāʾ'' to the Buddhistic concept of ''
Śūnyatā
''Śūnyatā'' ( ; ; ), translated most often as "emptiness", "Emptiness, vacuity", and sometimes "voidness", or "nothingness" is an Indian philosophical concept. In Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, and Indian philosophy, other Indian philosophi ...
'' "emptiness of all things" beyond reality. In contrast, according to Sufism, the reality behind the world is not emptiness, but God. However, if ''fana'' refers to the realization of no-self, then it bears strong resemblance to
Anattā
In Buddhism, the term ''anattā'' () or ''anātman'' () is the doctrine of "no-self" – that no unchanging, permanent self or essence can be found in any phenomenon. While often interpreted as a doctrine denying the existence of a self, ''ana ...
, the Buddhist view of no-self. In this regard, some scholars have noted a distinction between Western and Eastern Sufism, the former focusing on love and the latter of emptiness, possible influences by Christian and Buddhist thoughts respectively.
[Scott, D. (1995). Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons. Numen, 42(2), 144]
See also
*
Baqaa
*
Yaqeen
References
{{Authority control
Sufism
Mysticism