Ferrari Dino Engine
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The Ferrari Dino engine is a line of mechanically similar V6 and V8 engines produced by
Ferrari Ferrari S.p.A. (; ) is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded in 1939 by Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988), the company built Auto Avio Costruzioni 815, its first car in 1940, adopted its current name in 1945, and be ...
for about 40 years from the late 1950s into the early 2000s. The idea for the engine came from Alfredo "Dino" Ferrari, who was the son of
Enzo Ferrari Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari (; ; 18 February 1898 – 14 August 1988) was an Italian racing driver and entrepreneur, the founder of Scuderia Ferrari in Grand Prix motor racing, and subsequently of the Ferrari automobile marque. Under h ...
. Dino suggested to Enzo Ferrari the development of a V6 engine for F2 at the end of 1955. Soon afterwards, Alfredo fell gravely ill, and he was diagnosed with
muscular dystrophy Muscular dystrophies (MD) are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of rare neuromuscular diseases that cause progressive weakness and breakdown of skeletal muscles over time. The disorders differ as to which muscles are primarily affe ...
. While hospitalized, he discussed technical details about the engine with a recently hired engineer named
Vittorio Jano Vittorio Jano (; 22 April 1891 – 13 March 1965) was an Italian automobile designer of Hungarian descent from the 1920s through 1960s. Jano was born ''Viktor János'' in San Giorgio Canavese, in Piedmont, to Hungarian immigrants, who ar ...
. Dino would never live to see the engine; he died on June 30, 1956, at the age of 24. The Dino V6 was Ferrari's first V6 engine. The Dino V8 engine was introduced later; the latter used a flat-plane
crankshaft A crankshaft is a mechanical component used in a reciprocating engine, piston engine to convert the reciprocating motion into rotational motion. The crankshaft is a rotating Shaft (mechanical engineering), shaft containing one or more crankpins, ...
configuration.


V6

The production Dino V6 began as a discussion between Vittorio Jano and Enzo and Dino Ferrari about the ideal 1.5 L engine for use in the 1957
Formula Two Formula Two (F2) is a type of Open-wheel car, open-wheel formula racing category first codified in 1948. It was replaced in 1985 by Formula 3000, but revived by the FIA from 2009 FIA Formula Two Championship season, 2009 to 2012 FIA Formula Two C ...
auto racing Auto racing (also known as car racing, motor racing, or automobile racing) is a motorsport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. In North America, the term is commonly used to describe all forms of automobile sport including non ...
series. Jano, formerly of
Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. () is an Italian carmaker known for its sports-oriented vehicles, strong auto racing heritage, and iconic design. Headquartered in Turin, Italy, it is a subsidiary of Stellantis Europe and one of 14 brands of mu ...
and
Lancia Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. () is an Italian car manufacturer and a subsidiary of Stellantis Europe, which is the European subsidiary of Stellantis. The present legal entity of Lancia was formed in January 2007 when its corporate parent reorganise ...
, pressed for a conventional 60° V6 but the Ferraris were open-minded.


60°

Jano's 60° design incorporated some of his ideas from the
Lancia Aurelia The Lancia Aurelia is a car manufactured and marketed by the Italy, Italian company, Lancia, from 1950 to the summer of 1958 — over a course of six ''series.'' Configurations included a 4-door Saloon (car), saloon/sedan, 2-door GT coupé ...
, and were used in a number of
Formula One Formula One (F1) is the highest class of worldwide racing for open-wheel single-seater formula Auto racing, racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been one ...
, Formula Two, and Grand Prix cars from 1959 through the early 1960s. Appearing in 1958, it used a bore and stroke for and produced in the 196 S. A larger version was also produced, the Dino 246 S. These engines continued in the 1962 Ferrari 196 SP and 286 SP. The latter had a bore and stroke of for and .


65°

Ferrari designers began work on the first Dino V6 engine in 1956 and the engine was running by the end of the year.Fitzgerald, Merritt and Thompson, Ferrari The Sports and Gran Turismo Cars, Chapter 8, pp. 129–130 The engine displaced . This engine was installed in the Dino 156 F2 car and was first raced in the Grand Prix of Naples in April 1957, where it finished in third place behind two Lancia-Ferrari V8 Formula One cars. The result of the trio's creativity was the world's only 65° V6 engine. The extra 5° between
cylinder bank The engine configuration describes the fundamental operating principles by which internal combustion engines are categorized. Piston engines are often categorized by their cylinder layout, valves and camshafts. Wankel engines are often categoriz ...
s gave Ferrari the straight intakes he wanted. As this engine was not a true V6 but had a separate
crankpin A crankpin or crank pin, also known as a rod bearing journal, is a mechanical device in an engine which connects the crankshaft to the connecting rod for each cylinder. It has a cylindrical surface, to allow the crankpin to rotate relative to th ...
for every
connecting rod A connecting rod, also called a 'con rod', is the part of a reciprocating engine, piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together with the crank (mechanism), crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the p ...
, the crankpins were offset by 55 degrees within every pair of cylinders. This ensured an even
firing order The firing order of an internal combustion engine is the sequence of ignition for the cylinders. In a spark ignition (e.g. gasoline/petrol) engine, the firing order corresponds to the order in which the spark plugs are operated. In a diesel engi ...
for the complete engine as well as an even distance between firing pulses per cylinder bank. Thus the engine was as smoothly running as a conventional 60-degree V6, but had greatly enhanced potential for the design of harmonically balanced
exhaust manifold In automotive engineering, an exhaust manifold collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into one pipe. The word ''manifold'' comes from the Old English word ''manigfeald'' (from the Anglo-Saxon ''manig'' anyand ''feald'' old and ref ...
s, giving much better performance. Although the Dino V6 was discontinued with the introduction of the V8 engine in the Dino 308 GT4, the 65° design continues to this day: It reappeared on Ferrari's 1992
456 __NOTOC__ Year 456 ( CDLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Avitus without colleague (or, less frequently, year 1209 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination ...
V12. The engine used in the 246 S produced with
dual overhead camshaft An overhead camshaft (OHC) engine is a piston engine in which the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with earlier overhead valve engines (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combusti ...
s pushing two valves per cylinder. The
rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout In automotive design, an RMR, or rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout is one in which the rear wheels are driven by an engine placed with its center of gravity in front of the rear axle, and thus right behind the passenger compartment. N ...
1961 Ferrari 246 SP used this same engine, as did the 246 P F1. A bigger displacement engine () with was used for the 1959 Dino 296 S. The 65° Dino V6 continued in racing after 1962, and made its way to the street as well. The 60° unit was no longer being developed after the SP-series. Ferrari needed to have the engine in 500 production vehicles to homologate it for racing use. The company worked with
Fiat Fiat Automobiles S.p.A., commonly known as simply Fiat ( , ; ), is an Italian automobile manufacturer. It became a part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles in 2014 and, in 2021, became a subsidiary of Stellantis through its Italian division, Stellant ...
to develop a
sports car A sports car is a type of automobile that is designed with an emphasis on dynamic performance, such as Automobile handling, handling, acceleration, top speed, the thrill of driving, and Auto racing, racing capability. Sports cars originated in ...
to house it, and the
front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout A front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (FR), also called Système Panhard is a powertrain layout with an engine in front and rear-wheel-drive, connected via a drive shaft. This arrangement, with the engine straddling the front axle, was the t ...
Fiat Dino project was born. In competition, the 1965 Dino 166 P used a tiny version of the 65° unit. Both bore and stroke were different from the earlier engine at and output was impressive at . Bore was up to for the version found that same year in the Dino 206 SP as well as the 1966 Dino 206 S. In 1968, Ferrari debuted its own Dino 206 GT, the company's first
mid-engined In automotive engineering, a mid-engine layout describes the placement of an automobile engine in front of the rear-wheel axles, but behind the front axle. History The mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive format can be considered the original layout of ...
road car. It used the 2.0 L engine from the 206 S transversely-mounted between the rear wheels. In compared with racing 206 S version the engine of road 206 GT was detuned to . After producing just 152 cars, Ferrari bumped the bore and stroke up from to for . This increased power to at 7600 rpm and at 5500 rpm, but the
engine block In an internal combustion engine, the engine block is the structure that contains the cylinders and other components. The engine block in an early automotive engine consisted of just the cylinder block, to which a separate crankcase was attach ...
was now made of
cast iron Cast iron is a class of iron–carbon alloys with a carbon content of more than 2% and silicon content around 1–3%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloying elements determine the form in which its car ...
rather than aluminium. The same V6 engine was handed off to
Lancia Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. () is an Italian car manufacturer and a subsidiary of Stellantis Europe, which is the European subsidiary of Stellantis. The present legal entity of Lancia was formed in January 2007 when its corporate parent reorganise ...
for use in its WRC-champ Stratos in the early 1970s, but Ferrari's Dino had moved on to 8 cylinders. Applications: * 2.0 L ** 1966–1969 Fiat Dino ** 1967–1969 Dino 206 GT * 2.4 L ** 1969–1973 Fiat Dino ** 1969–1974 Dino 246 GT and GTS ** 1973–1975
Lancia Stratos The Lancia Stratos HF (''Tipo 829''), known as Lancia Stratos, is a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout, rear mid-engined sports car designed for rallying, made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. It was highly successful in competition, win ...


V8


2.9

The Dino V8, now bored to and the stroke remained at 71 mm (2.80 in), replaced the V6 in the next line of street Dinos to be produced by Ferrari, the 1973 GT4 and 1975 GTB "308" cars. Although the model name suggests 3.0 L, the V8 displaced only which rounds down to 2.9 L and was another
DOHC An overhead camshaft (OHC) engine is a piston engine in which the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with earlier overhead valve engines (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combus ...
2-valve design. Applications: * 1973–1976 308 GT4 (branded "Dino") ''F106AL'' * 1976–1980 308 GT4 (branded "Ferrari") ''F106AL'' * 1975–1980 308 GTB ''F106AB'' * 1977–1980 308 GTS ''F106AB''


Fuel injection

The 1980 "i" models added
fuel injection Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of a fuel injector. This article focuses on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and Wankel rotary engines. All c ...
to the existing engine. Applications: * 1980–1982 Mondial 8 ''F106B'' * 1980–1982 308 GTBi & GTSi ''F106BB''


Quattrovalvole

4 valves per cylinder were added for the 1982 308 and Mondial ''Quattrovalvole'' (or QV), bringing power back up to the pre- FI high of . A very unusual Dino Quattrovalvole was used in the Lancia Thema 8·32. It was based on the 308 QV's engine, but used a cross-plane
crankshaft A crankshaft is a mechanical component used in a reciprocating engine, piston engine to convert the reciprocating motion into rotational motion. The crankshaft is a rotating Shaft (mechanical engineering), shaft containing one or more crankpins, ...
rather than the Ferrari-type flat-plane. The engine was constructed by
Ducati Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A () is an Italian motorcycle manufacturing company headquartered in Bologna, Italy. History Barely a month after the official liberation of Italy in 1944, SIATA announced its intention to sell this engine, called ...
rather than Ferrari, and was produced from 1986 through 1991. The Quattrovalvole was also used by Lancia for their attempt at the
World Sportscar Championship The World Sportscar Championship was the world Endurance racing (motorsport), endurance racing series run for sports car racing, sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), from 1953 World Sportscar Championship, 1953 t ...
with the LC2. The engine was
twin-turbo Twin-turbo is a type of turbo layout in which two turbochargers are used to compress the intake fuel/air mixture (or intake air, in the case of a direct-injection engine). The most common layout features two identical or mirrored turbochargers in ...
charged and destroked to 2.65 litres, but produced in qualifying trim. The engine was later increased to 3.0 litres and increased power output to . Applications: * 1982–1985 308 GTB QV & GTS QV ''F105AB'' * 1982–1985 Mondial QV ''F105A'' * 1986–1991 Lancia Thema 8·32 ''F105L'' * 1983–1991 Lancia LC2


2.0

These small V8 variants were chiefly intended for the domestic market, where cars with engines larger than two-litre incurred in an almost doubled 38%
value added tax A value-added tax (VAT or goods and services tax (GST), general consumption tax (GCT)) is a consumption tax that is levied on the value added at each stage of a product's production and distribution. VAT is similar to, and is often compared wi ...
. In 1975 the company introduced the Dino 208 GT4. The bore was reduced from but the stroke remained at . Output was reduced as well, from . Applications: * 1975–1976 208 GT4 (branded "Dino") ''F106C'' * 1976–1980 208 GT4 (branded "Ferrari") ''F106C'' * 1980–1982 208 GTB ''F106CB'' * 1980–1982 208 GTS ''F106CB''


Turbocharged

1982 saw the introduction of the 208 Turbo. The 208 Turbo featured , more than the
fuel injected Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of a fuel injector. This article focuses on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and Wankel rotary engines. All co ...
308 from the previous year. Except for the non-intercooled 208 Turbo engine, all the forced induction F1 and road engines from 1980 to 1989 were designed and developed by Nicola Materazzi due to his experience in fuels, engines, combustion, turbo and Comprex that had accumulated in his career (
Mobil Mobil Oil Corporation, now known as just Mobil, is a petroleum brand owned and operated by American oil and gas corporation ExxonMobil, formerly known as Exxon, which took its current name after history of ExxonMobil#merger, it and Mobil merge ...
,
Lancia Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. () is an Italian car manufacturer and a subsidiary of Stellantis Europe, which is the European subsidiary of Stellantis. The present legal entity of Lancia was formed in January 2007 when its corporate parent reorganise ...
,
Osella Osella is an Italian racing car manufacturer and former Formula One team. They participated in 132 List of Formula One Grands Prix, Grands Prix between 1980 and 1990. They achieved two points finishes and scored five world championship points. ...
). Applications: * 1982–1985 208 GTB Turbo ''F106D'' * 1982–1985 208 GTS Turbo ''F106D'' * 1986–1989 GTB Turbo ''F106N'' * 1986–1989 GTS Turbo ''F106N'' Museo Casa Enzo Ferrari"> File:1982 Ferrari F106 D - 52037262237.jpg File:1982 Ferrari F106 D.jpg


288 GTO

The
turbo In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (also known as a turbo or a turbosupercharger) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake air, forcing more air into the ...
also served as a development platform for the forthcoming 1984 288 GTO
sports car A sports car is a type of automobile that is designed with an emphasis on dynamic performance, such as Automobile handling, handling, acceleration, top speed, the thrill of driving, and Auto racing, racing capability. Sports cars originated in ...
. That famous Ferrari was meant for
Group B Group B was a set of regulations for Grand tourer, grand touring (GT) cars used in sports car racing and rallying introduced in 1982 by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Although permitted to enter a GT class of the World S ...
racing, with a version of the 308's engine (bore was down by to meet the regulations of the class). With IHI
twin-turbo Twin-turbo is a type of turbo layout in which two turbochargers are used to compress the intake fuel/air mixture (or intake air, in the case of a direct-injection engine). The most common layout features two identical or mirrored turbochargers in ...
chargers, a Behr
intercooler An intercooler is a heat exchanger used to cool a gas after compression. Often found in turbocharged engines, intercoolers are also used in air compressors, air conditioners, refrigeration and gas turbines. Internal combustion engines Mo ...
, and Weber- Marelli
fuel injection Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of a fuel injector. This article focuses on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and Wankel rotary engines. All c ...
, the GTO boasted from Dino's engine. Applications: * 1984–1985 Ferrari 288 GTO (Designer: Nicola Materazzi)


3.2

The 1985 328 and 3.2 Mondial used a bored and stroked 3.0 ''QV'' V8 to version called the ''Tipo F105CB''. That
naturally aspirated A naturally aspirated engine, also known as a normally aspirated engine, and abbreviated to N/A or NA, is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not have forced induction through a turboc ...
engine boasted . Applications: * 1985–1989 328 GTB & GTS * 1985–1989 3.2 Mondial


F117

Two prototype Ferrari 408 4RMs from 1987 and 1988 used a 90° rear and longitudinally mounted 4.0 litre (3,999.7 cc) V8 that produces at 6,250 rpm and of torque at 4500 rpm. The engine has a compression ratio of 9.8: 1 and a bore and stroke of 93 mm and 73.6 mm respectively, bringing total displacement to 3 999.66 cm³ (4.0 L). The engine also features double overhead camshafts with four valves per cylinder, as well as Weber-Marelli fuel injection and dry sump lubrication. A transverse mounted transaxle version of the engine called the F117A was built and tested by Ferrari as a possible option for the upcoming 348 but was decided against due to Ferrari's preference for smaller displacement high revving engines. A twin turbocharged version was also reportedly tested, producing at 6800 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm.


F120A

In 1987, the F40
sports car A sports car is a type of automobile that is designed with an emphasis on dynamic performance, such as Automobile handling, handling, acceleration, top speed, the thrill of driving, and Auto racing, racing capability. Sports cars originated in ...
debuted with the ''Tipo F120A'' engine. The Dino-based engine now had a bore x
stroke Stroke is a medical condition in which poor cerebral circulation, blood flow to a part of the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: brain ischemia, ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and intracranial hemorrhage, hemor ...
of and of turbo boost for at 7000 rpm and of
torque In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational analogue of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force (also abbreviated to moment). The symbol for torque is typically \boldsymbol\tau, the lowercase Greek letter ''tau''. Wh ...
at 4000 rpm while the US designated engines, code named the ''Tipo F120 D'' were rated at . Applications: * 1987–1992 F40 (Designer: Nicola Materazzi)Museo Casa Enzo Ferrari"> File:1987 Ferrari F120 A - 52038303756.jpg File:1987 Ferrari F120 A - 52038819090.jpg File:1987 Ferrari F120 A.jpg


F120B

The ''Tipo F120 B'', used in the Ferrari F40 LM, retained the same displacement as the F120A, but the output of the IHI turbochargers was upped to and the compression ratio was increased to 8.0:1 for at 7500 rpm. Applications: *1989-1996 Ferrari F40 LM (Designer: Nicola Materazzi)


3.4

The 1989 introduction of the 348 and Mondial t saw the Dino V8 pushed to with a bore x stroke of . Power was up to in the Tipo F119D/G, and revised as the Tipo F119H with in later Ferrari 348s. Applications: * Tipo F119D & Tipo F119G ** 1989–1993 348 tb & ts ** 1989–1993 Mondial t ** 1993–1994 348 GTB, GTS & Spider * Tipo F119H ** 1994 348 GTC


3.5

The 1994 F355 included their first production 5-valve engine, and sported a longer stroke for and . This ''Tipo F129B'' was used from 1994 through 1998. It was revised as the ''Tipo F129C'', debuting in 1998 and used through 1999. Applications: * Tipo F129B ** 1994–1998 F355 GTB & GTS ** 1995–1998 F355 Spider * Tipo F129C ** 1998–1999 F355 GTB, GTS & Spider ** 1998–1999 355 F1 GTB, GTS & Spider Museo Casa Enzo Ferrari"> File:1994 Ferrari F129 B - 52038819030.jpg File:1994 Ferrari F129 B - 52038550459.jpg File:1994 Ferrari F129 B.jpg


3.6

The 1999 360 Modena retained the bore of the F355 engine and the 5-valve per cylinder layout, but increased the stroke to , to raise the displacement again to and . Modifications to the intake/exhaust and an increased 11.2:1
compression ratio The compression ratio is the ratio between the maximum and minimum volume during the compression stage of the power cycle in a piston or Wankel engine. A fundamental specification for such engines, it can be measured in two different ways. Th ...
produced for the 360 Challenge Stradale. This ''Tipo F131'' was produced from 1999 through 2004. Applications: * 1999–2004 360 Modena * 2000–2005 360 Spider * 2003 Challenge StradaleMuseo Casa Enzo Ferrari"> File:1999 Ferrari F131B - 52037262147.jpg File:1999 Ferrari F131B.jpg The Dino V8 was retired in 2004 with the introduction of the new Ferrari-Maserati F136 engine used in the
Ferrari F430 The Ferrari F430 (Type F131) is a sports car produced by the Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari from 2004 until 2009 as a successor to the Ferrari 360. The car is an update to the 360 with exterior and performance changes. It was unveiled a ...
.


V12

A new V12 engine family debuted in the 1992
456 __NOTOC__ Year 456 ( CDLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Avitus without colleague (or, less frequently, year 1209 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination ...
as the ''Tipo F116''. It featured the Dino 65° V angle with an 88 mm bore and the same 75 mm stroke as the Dino V8 found in the 348, that was produced at the time of introduction. It was then revised again as the "Tipo F133" and used in the front engined 550 (5.5 litre) and later in 575M Maranello and 612 Scaglietti (5.75 litre).


See also

*
List of Ferrari engines This is a list of internal combustion engines manufactured by Ferrari. Straight-2 Ferrari was rare among automobile manufacturers in attempting to build a Straight-twin engine, straight-2 automobile engine. The racing prototype never made it to ...


References


Bibliography

* Fitzgerald, Merritt and Thompson, ''Ferrari The Sports and Gran Turismo Cars'', Fourth Edition, 1979, {{Dino car timeline Dino Formula One engines Gasoline engines by model V6 engines V8 engines