The ''Acta Triumphorum'' or ''Triumphalia'', better known as the ''Fasti Triumphales'', or Triumphal Fasti, is a calendar of

Roman magistrate The Roman magistrates () were elected officials in ancient Rome. During the period of the Roman Kingdom, the King of Rome was the principal executive magistrate.Abbott, 8 His power, in practice, was absolute. He was the chief priest, lawgive ...

s honoured with a celebratory procession known as a ''triumphus'', or triumph, in recognition of an important military victory, from the earliest period down to 19 BC. Together with the related '' Fasti Capitolini'' and other, similar inscriptions found at Rome and elsewhere, they form part of a chronology referred to by various names, including the ''Fasti Annales'' or ''Historici'', ''Fasti Consulares'', or Consular Fasti, and frequently just the ''fasti''.''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', 2nd Ed., pp. 429, 430 ("Fasti"). The ''Triumphales'' were originally engraved on marble tablets, which decorated one of the structures in the

Roman forum A forum (Latin: ''forum'', "public place outdoors", : ''fora''; English : either ''fora'' or ''forums'') was a public square in a municipium, or any civitas, of Ancient Rome reserved primarily for the vending of goods; i.e., a marketplace, alon ...

. They were discovered in a fragmentary state as the portion of the forum where they were located was being cleared to provide building material for St. Peter's Basilica in 1546. Recognized by scholars as an important source of information on Roman history, they were taken to the

Palazzo dei Conservatori The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; ; ), between the Roman Forum, Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome. The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn (mythology), Saturn. The wo ...

on the nearby

Capitoline Hill The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; ; ), between the Roman Forum, Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome. The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn (mythology), Saturn. The wo ...

, and reconstructed. As part of the collection of the

Capitoline Museums The Capitoline Museums () are a group of art and archaeology, archaeological museums in Piazza del Campidoglio, on top of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, Italy. The historic seats of the museums are Palazzo dei Conservatori and Palazzo Nuovo, facing ...

, the ''Fasti Triumphales'' are one of the most important sources for Roman chronology.Lanciani, ''New Tales of Old Rome'', pp. 68–72.Sandys, ''Latin Epigraphy'', p. 167.

History

The ''Fasti Triumphales'' were probably engraved in 18 BC, in order to adorn the Arch of Augustus, which had recently been constructed in the forum. They were contemporary with the ''Fasti Capitolini'', or Capitoline Fasti, a list of the chief magistrates at Rome from at least the beginning of the

Republic A republic, based on the Latin phrase ''res publica'' ('public affair' or 'people's affair'), is a State (polity), state in which Power (social and political), political power rests with the public (people), typically through their Representat ...

down to the same period as the ''Triumphales''. Alternately, they may have been built into the wall of the Regia, an ancient building that was reconstructed in 36 BC, which was the official residence of the Pontifex Maximus, and the site where the ''Annales Maximi'', official records of Roman history from at least the fifth century BC down to the second, were stored. The ''Fasti Capitolini'' were most likely on the west and south sides of the Regia, and the ''Triumphales'' may have occupied part of the south wall. Both lists were discovered by the scholars

Onofrio Panvinio Onofrio Panvinio (; 23 February 1529 – 27 April 1568) was an Italian Augustinian friar, historian and antiquary who was the librarian to Cardinal Alessandro Farnese. Life and work Panvinio was born in Verona. At the age of eleven, he ...

and Pirro Ligorio, as they observed the demolition of ancient structures in the forum by a local company of quarrymen working to obtain building material for St. Peter's Basilica. Some of the stone would be reused in the structure, while other portions would be used to make cement. Recognizing the value of the inscriptions, the two ordered the sinking of new trenches, in hopes of recovering additional fragments. In all, they rescued thirty pieces of the ''Fasti Capitolini'', and twenty-six of the ''Triumphales'', which they brought to the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the instructions of

Cardinal Cardinal or The Cardinal most commonly refers to * Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds **''Cardinalis'', genus of three species in the family Cardinalidae ***Northern cardinal, ''Cardinalis cardinalis'', the common cardinal of ...

Alessandro Farnese. The lists were then reconstructed by Ligorio and

Michelangelo Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6March 147518February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was inspir ...

. With additional excavations, the number of fragments of the ''Triumphales'' has grown to thirty-eight. The known portions of the fasti were published in the first volume of the ''

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw ...

'' in 1863, and together with the ''Capitolini'', they form part of the collection of the

, where they are displayed in the ''Sala dei Fasti'', the Salon of the Fasti.''CIL'', I. p. 341.; 1893, 80; 1904, 113, 196; 1930, 60; 1940, 61.

The Triumphal Fasti list all of the magistrates who celebrated a triumph from the legendary founding of the city by

Romulus Romulus (, ) was the legendary founder and first king of Rome. Various traditions attribute the establishment of many of Rome's oldest legal, political, religious, and social institutions to Romulus and his contemporaries. Although many of th ...

down to 19 BC. The earliest entries record triumphs by the Roman kings. The Fasti also include entries for magistrates who received an ovation, or "lesser triumph". They were evidently carved on four

pilaster In architecture, a pilaster is both a load-bearing section of thickened wall or column integrated into a wall, and a purely decorative element in classical architecture which gives the appearance of a supporting column and articulates an ext ...

s, each eleven feet tall. The first covered the years down to 302 BC, the second to 222, the third to 129, and the last to the end.Sandys, ''Latin Epigraphy'', p. 170. Each entry gives the full name of the magistrate who triumphed, beginning with his

praenomen The praenomen (; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Ancient Rome, Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the ...

(normally abbreviated),

nomen gentilicium The (; or simply ) was a hereditary name borne by the peoples of Roman Italy and later by the citizens of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. It was originally the name of one's (family or clan) by Patrilineality, patrilineal descent. Howeve ...

filiation Filiation is the legal term for the recognized legal status of the relationship between family members, or more specifically the legal relationship between parent and child. As described by the Government of Quebec: Filiation is the relationship ...

, and cognomina (if any). Following these names are the magistracy or promagistracy held, the names of the defeated enemies or conquered territories, and the date that the triumph was celebrated. Roman numerals indicate those individuals who held the magistracy in question multiple times, or who received multiple triumphs. Each entry also has the year of the triumph indicated in the right margin. The years given in the ''Triumphales'' are one year earlier than those of the Varronian chronology. There are several gaps in the ''Fasti Triumphales''. The first occurs following the second triumph attributed to Romulus, and presumably would have included further triumphs attributed to Romulus, or to

Tullus Hostilius Tullus Hostilius (; r. 672–640 BC) was the legendary third king of Rome. He succeeded Numa Pompilius and was succeeded by Ancus Marcius. Unlike his predecessor, Tullus was known as a warlike king who, according to the Roman historian Livy, b ...

, the third King of Rome. Major gaps occur from 437 to 369 BC, from 291 to 282, 222 to 197, 187 to 178, 81 to 62, and 54 to 45. The missing sections include three of the triumphs of Camillus, the entire period of the

Second Punic War The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of Punic Wars, three wars fought between Ancient Carthage, Carthage and Roman Republic, Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For ...

, and all but the last triumph celebrated by Caesar. Shorter gaps occur from 502 to 496, 494 to 486, 329 to 326, 263 to 260, 191 to 189, 104 to 98, and 34 to 29 BC.

Transcription

The following table lists the entries from the surviving portions of the ''Fasti Triumphales''. The columns on the left give the years according to the Varronian chronology, which begins one year earlier than the years given in the ''Triumphales''. The years AUC from the original inscription are given in the column on the right.

Reading the fasti

Portions of names and text in square brackets have been interpolated. Periods (full stops) have been supplied for abbreviations. An em-dash is used for missing or unknown filiations or other abbreviated

praenomina The praenomen (; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Ancient Rome, Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the ...

. Other missing text is indicated with an ellipsis in brackets, .. This table uses modern conventions for distinguishing between I and J, and between U and V. Otherwise, the names and notes are given as spelled in the fasti. Archaic Roman spellings, such as ''Aimilius'' for ''Aemilius'', have been preserved. A guide to reading Roman dates and a list of the peoples and places referred to in the Fasti follow the table.

Magistracies

* cos. =

consul Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states thro ...

* pro cos. =

proconsul A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a Roman consul, consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority. In the Roman Republic, military ...

* pr. =

praetor ''Praetor'' ( , ), also ''pretor'', was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to disch ...

* pro pr. = propraetor * dict. = dictator * IIIvir r. p. c. = '' triumvir rei publicae constituendae'', triumvir to restore the Republic * imp. = ''imperator'', originally a title bestowed on a victorious general by his soldiers, later assumed as part of the style of the

emperors The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/ grand empress dowager), or a woman who rule ...

Praenomina

The following praenomina appear in the ''Fasti Triumphales''. All but a few were regularly abbreviated. A few uncommon praenomina found in the ''Fasti Capitolini'' do not appear in the ''Fasti Triumphales''. * A. = Aulus * Agrippa (not abbreviated) * Ancus (not abbreviated) * Ap. = Appius * C. = Gaius * Cn. = Gnaeus * K. = Kaeso or Caeso * L. = Lucius * M. = Marcus * M'. = Manius * N. = Numerius * P. = Publius * Q. = Quintus * Ser. = Servius * Sex. = Sextus * Sp. = Spurius * T. = Titus * Ti. = Tiberius * Volusus (not abbreviated)

First tablet

Second tablet

Third tablet

Fourth tablet

Dates

The Romans dated events counting back from certain days in each month: the Kalends, marking the beginning of each month; the Ides, occurring on the fifteenth of March, May, Quintilis (July), and October, and the thirteenth of all other months; and the Nones, occurring on the seventh day of March, May, Quintilis, and October, and the fifth of all other months. Perhaps because these dates were remnants of the old lunar calendar, the Romans counted inclusively, so that the first ''day'' of the month was reckoned the first day ''before'' the Kalends. The last day of the previous month was ''ante diem ii. Kalendas'', or ''pridie Kalendas'', and the day before that was ''ante diem iii. Kalendas''. As a highly inflected language,

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

uses different cases depending on whether an event occurs ''on'' or ''from'' a day (ablative: ''Kalendis, Nonis, Idibus''), or ''before'' a day (accusative: ''Kalendas, Nonas, Idus''), but in each case the day is feminine and plural. The name of the month to which the day belonged is treated as an adjective modifying the day, and is therefore also feminine, plural, and either ablative or accusative. A few triumphs occurred in Interkalaris, or

Mercedonius Mercedonius (Latin for "Work Month"),. also known as Mercedinus, Interkalaris or Intercalaris (), was the intercalary month of the Roman calendar. The resulting leap year was either 377 or 378 days long. It theoretically occurred every two (or occ ...

, an intercalary month used prior to Caesar's calendar reforms in 46 BC, and inserted following February in some years. Some of the dates in the ''Fasti Triumphales'' refer to specific religious festivals; for instance several triumphs were held ''Quirinalibus'', "on the Quirinalia", and at least one was held on the

Terminalia Terminalia may refer to: * Terminalia (festival) Terminalia () was an ancient Roman festival in honour of the god Terminus, who presided over boundaries. His statue was merely a stone or post stuck in the ground to distinguish between propert ...

. The following table gives the inflected forms of the months used in the fasti: :Nominative (m. s.) * Januarius * Februarius * Interkalaris * Martius * Aprilis * Maius * Junius * Quintilis * Sextilis * September * October * November * December :Accusative (f. pl.) * Januarias * Februarias * Interkalares * Martias * Apriles * Maias * Junias * Quintiles * Sextiles * Septembres * Octobres * Novembres * Decembres :Ablative (f. pl.) * Januariis * Februariis * Interkalaribus * Martiis * Aprilibus * Maiis * Juniis * Quintilibus * Sextilibus * Septembribus * Octobribus * Novembribus * Decembribus Thus, a date abbreviated "iii. Non. Oct." represents ''ante diem tertium Nonas Octobres'', i.e. the third day before the Nones of October, or October 5, while "Idib. Dec." represents ''Idibus Decembribus'', occurring precisely ''on'' the Ides of December, or December 13, and "pridie K. Quint." would be ''pridie Kalendas Quintiles'', or the last day of June. After the death of Caesar, the month of Quintilis officially became ''Julius'' (accusative feminine plural ''Julias'', ablative ''Juliis''), and in 8 BC, Sextilis became ''Augustus'' (accusative feminine plural ''Augustas'', ablative ''Augustis''), but the latter month does not appear in the Triumphal Fasti, which end in 19 BC.

Peoples and places

All of the people and places mentioned in the ''Fasti Triumphales'' occur in the ablative case: ''de Samnitibus'' means, roughly, "(he triumphed) over the Samnites"; ''pro cos. ex Hispania'' means "proconsul of (literally ''out of'' or ''from'') Spain". In this list, the first form is the one appearing in the fasti, and the second is the nominative, or uninflected form. The suffix ''-que'', usually abbreviated ''-q.'', means "and", combining the preceding words with the one to which it is attached; ''de Veientibus Sabineisque'' means "over the Veientes ''and'' the Sabines".

Peoples

* Aequeis = Aequi (Aequians) * Aetoleis = Aetoli (Aetolians) * Allobrogibus =

Allobroges The Allobroges (Gaulish language, Gaulish: *''Allobrogis'', 'foreigner, exiled'; ) were a Gauls, Gallic people dwelling in a large territory between the Rhône river and the Alps during the Iron Age Europe, Iron Age and the Roman period. The Allob ...

* Anagneis =

Anagni Anagni () is an ancient town and ''comune'' in the province of Frosinone, Lazio, in the hills east-southeast of Rome. It is a historical and artistic centre of the Latin Valley. Geography Overview Anagni still maintains the appearance of a s ...

* Antemnatibus = Antemnates * Antiatibus = Antiates * Apuaneis = Apuani * Apuleis = Apuli (Apulians) * Arverneis = Arverni * Asculaneis = Asculani * Aurunceis = Aurunci * Baliaribus = Baleares * Boieis =

Boii The Boii (Latin language, Latin plural, singular ''Boius''; ) were a Celts, Celtic tribe of the later Iron Age, attested at various times in Cisalpine Gaul (present-day Northern Italy), Pannonia (present-day Austria and Hungary), present-day Ba ...

* Bruttieis = Bruttii (Bruttians) * Caenensibus = Caeninenses * Caleneis = Caleni * Campaneis = Campani (Campanians) * Celtibereis = Celtiberi (Celtiberians) * Contrubrieis = Contrubri (Contrubrian Gauls) * Corseis = Corsi (Corsicans) * Cossurensibus = Cossurienses * Delmateis =

Dalmatae The Dalmatae, alternatively Delmatae, during the Roman period, were a group of Illyrian tribes in Dalmatia, contemporary southern Croatia and western Bosnia and Herzegovina. The region of Dalmatia takes its name from the tribe. The Delmatae ap ...

(Dalmatians) * Eleatibus = Eleates * Etrusceis = Etrusci (Etruscans) * Falisceis =

Falisci The Falisci were an Italic peoples, Italic tribe who lived in what is now northern Lazio, on the Etruscan side of the Tiber River. They spoke an Italic languages, Italic language, Faliscan language, Faliscan, closely related to Latin. Origina ...

(Faliscans) * Galleis = Galli (Gauls) * Germaneis =

Germani The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who lived in Northern Europe in Classical antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. In modern scholarship, they typically include not only the Roman-era ''Germani'' who lived in both ''Germania'' and parts of ...

* Geteis =

Getae The Getae or Getai ( or , also Getans) were a large nation who inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania, throughout much of Classical Antiquity. The main source of informa ...

* Herniceis = Hernici (Hernicians) * Hispaneis = Hispani * Histreis = Histri (Istrians) * Iapudibus =

Iapydes The Iapodes (or Iapydes, Japodes; ; ) were an ancient people who dwelt north of and inland from the Liburnians, off the Adriatic coast and eastwards of the Istrian peninsula. They occupied the interior of the country between the ''Colapis'' (Kupa ...

* Illurieis = Illyri (Illyrians) * Insubribus = Insubres (Insubrian Gauls) * Judaeeis = Judaei (Jews) * Karneis = Carni * Latineis = Latini (Latins) * Lavinieis = Lavinii (should be Lanuvii) * Liguribus =

Ligures The Ligures or Ligurians were an ancient people after whom Liguria, a region of present-day Northern Italy, north-western Italy, is named. Because of the strong Celts, Celtic influences on their language and culture, they were also known in anti ...

(Ligurians) * Lucaneis = Lucani (Lucanians) * Lusitaneis =

Lusitani The Lusitanians were an Indo-European languages, Indo-European-speaking people living in the far west of the Iberian Peninsula, in present-day central Portugal and Extremadura and Castilla y Leon of Spain. It is uncertain whether the Lusitanians ...

(Lusitanians) * Macedonibus = Macedones (Macedonians) * Marseis =

Marsi The Marsi were an Italic people of ancient Italy, whose chief centre was Marruvium, on the eastern shore of Lake Fucinus (which was drained in the time of Claudius). The area in which they lived is now called Marsica. They originally spoke a l ...

(Marsians) * Medullineis = Medullini * Messapieis =

Messapii The Messapians were an Iapygians, Iapygian tribe who inhabited Salento in classical antiquity. Two other Iapygian tribes, the Peucetians and the Daunians, inhabited central and northern Apulia respectively. All three tribes spoke the Messapian la ...

(Messapians) * Nequinatibus = Nequinates * Numideis = Numidi (Numidians) * Palaeopolitaneis = Palaeopolitani (Palaeopolitans) * Partheis = Parthi (Parthians) * Parthineis = Parthi (Parthians) * Pedaneis = Pedani * Peicentibus =

Picentes The Picentes or Piceni or Picentini were an ancient Italic peoples, Italic people who lived from the 9th to the 3rd century BC in the area between the Foglia and Aterno rivers, bordered to the west by the Apennines and to the east by the Adriatic ...

(Picentines) * Poeneis = Punici (Carthaginians) * Privernatibus = Privernates * Regineis = Rhegini * Sabineis =

Sabini The Sabines (, , , ; ) were an Italic people who lived in the central Apennine Mountains (see Sabina) of the ancient Italian Peninsula, also inhabiting Latium north of the Anio before the founding of Rome. The Sabines divided into ...

(Sabines) * Sallentineis =

Sallentini The Messapians were an Iapygian tribe who inhabited Salento in classical antiquity. Two other Iapygian tribes, the Peucetians and the Daunians, inhabited central and northern Apulia respectively. All three tribes spoke the Messapian language, ...

* Salluveis = Saluvii * Samnitibus =

Samnites The Samnites () were an ancient Italic peoples, Italic people who lived in Samnium, which is located in modern inland Abruzzo, Molise, and Campania in south-central Italy. An Oscan language, Oscan-speaking Osci, people, who originated as an offsh ...

* Sardeis = Sardi (Sardinians) * Sassinatibus = Sassinates * Satricaneis = Satricani * Scordisteis =

Scordisci The Scordisci (; ) were an Iron Age cultural group who emerged after the Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe, and who were centered in the territory of present-day Serbia, at the confluence of the Savus (Sava), Dravus (Drava), Margus (Morav ...

* Scytheis = Scythi (Scythians) * Siculeis = Siculi (Sicels) * Sidicineis = Sidicini * Soraneis =

Sorani Central Kurdish, also known as Sorani Kurdish, is a Kurdish dialect or a language spoken in Iraq, mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan in western Iran. Central Kurdish is one of the ...

* Stoeneis = Stoeni * Tarentineis = Tarentines * Tarquiniensibus = Tarquinienses * Thraecibus = Thraci (Thracians) * Tiburtibus = Tiburtines * Tusceis = Tusci (Etruscans) * Veientibus = Veientes * Veliterneis = Veliterni * Vocontieis =

Vocontii The Vocontii (Gaulish: *''Uocontioi''; Ancient Greek, Greek: Οὐοκόντιοι, Οὐοκοντίων) were a Gauls, Gallic people dwelling on the western foothills of the Alps during the La Tène culture, Iron Age and the Roman period. The Vo ...

* Volsceis =

Volsci The Volsci (, , ) were an Italic tribe, well known in the history of the first century of the Roman Republic. At the time they inhabited the partly hilly, partly marshy district of the south of Latium, bounded by the Aurunci and Samnites on the ...

(Volscians) * Volsonibus = Volsinienses * Vulcientibus = Vulcientes * Vulsiniensibus = Volsinienses

Places

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

Albania Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to ...

* Alpibus = Alpes (the Alps) *

Armenia Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to ...

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

Cappadocia Cappadocia (; , from ) is a historical region in Central Anatolia region, Turkey. It is largely in the provinces of Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Sivas and Niğde. Today, the touristic Cappadocia Region is located in Nevşehir ...

* Cephallenia *

Cilicia Cilicia () is a geographical region in southern Anatolia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Cilicia has a population ranging over six million, concentrated mostly at the Cilician plain (). The region inclu ...

* Clastidium *

Corsica Corsica ( , , ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the Regions of France, 18 regions of France. It is the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of the Metro ...

* Creta Insula *

Hispania Hispania was the Ancient Rome, Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two Roman province, provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divide ...

* Illurico = Illyricum * Hispania Celtiberia * Gallia *

Hispania Citerior Hispania Citerior (English: "Hither Iberia", or "Nearer Iberia") was a Roman province in Hispania during the Roman Republic. It was on the eastern coast of Iberia down to the town of Cartago Nova, today's Cartagena in the autonomous community of ...

Hispania Ulterior Hispania Ulterior (English: "Further Hispania", or occasionally "Thither Hispania") was a Roman province located in Hispania (on the Iberian Peninsula) during the Roman Republic, roughly located in Baetica and in the Guadalquivir valley of moder ...

* Judaea *

Lusitania Lusitania (; ) was an ancient Iberian Roman province encompassing most of modern-day Portugal (south of the Douro River) and a large portion of western Spain (the present Extremadura and Province of Salamanca). Romans named the region after th ...

* Macedonia * Monte Albano = Mons Albanus (Mount Albanus) *

Paphlagonia Paphlagonia (; , modern translit. ''Paflagonía''; ) was an ancient region on the Black Sea coast of north-central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia to the west and Pontus (region), Pontus to the east, and separated from Phrygia (later, Galatia ...

* Ponto = Pontus *

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; ; ) is the Mediterranean islands#By area, second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the Regions of Italy, twenty regions of Italy. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, north of Tunisia an ...

* Sicilia (Sicily) *

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

* Tauro monte = Montes Tauri (Taurus Mountains) * Thraecia (Thrace)

Persons

* rege Antiocho =

Antiochus III the Great Antiochus III the Great (; , ; 3 July 187 BC) was the sixth ruler of the Seleucid Empire, reigning from 223 to 187 BC. He ruled over the region of Syria and large parts of the rest of West Asia towards the end of the 3rd century BC. Rising to th ...

* rege Arvernorum Betuito = Bituitus, King of the Arverni * rege Genfio =

Gentius Gentius (, ''Génthios''; 181–168 BC) was an Illyrian king who belonged to the Labeatan dynasty. He ruled in 181–168 BC, being the last attested Illyrian king. He was the son of Pleuratus III, a king who kept positive relations with Rome. ...

, King of the Ardiaei ("Genfio" an error) * rege Jugurtha = Jugurtha, King of

Numidia Numidia was the ancient kingdom of the Numidians in northwest Africa, initially comprising the territory that now makes up Algeria, but later expanding across what is today known as Tunisia and Libya. The polity was originally divided between ...

* rege Mithridate IV =

Mithridates VI of Pontus Mithridates or Mithradates VI Eupator (; 135–63 BC) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus in northern Anatolia from 120 to 63 BC, and one of the Roman Republic's most formidable and determined opponents. He was an effective, ambitious, and r ...

("IV" an error) * rege Perse =

Perseus of Macedon Perseus (; – 166 BC) was king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon from 179 until 168BC. He is widely regarded as the last List of kings of Macedonia, king of Macedonia and the last ruler from th ...

* rege Philippo =

Philip V of Macedon Philip V (; 238–179 BC) was king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by the Social War (220–217 BC), Social War in Greece (220-217 BC) ...

* rege Pyrrho =

Pyrrhus of Epirus Pyrrhus ( ; ; 319/318–272 BC) was a Greeks, Greek king and wikt:statesman, statesman of the Hellenistic period.Plutarch. ''Parallel Lives'',Pyrrhus... He was king of the Molossians, of the royal Aeacidae, Aeacid house, and later he became ki ...

* rege Siculorum Hierone = Hiero II of Syracuse ("King of the

Sicels The Sicels ( ; or ''Siculī'') were an Indo-European tribe who inhabited eastern Sicily, their namesake, during the Iron Age. They spoke the Siculian language. After the defeat of the Sicels at the Battle of Nomae in 450 BC and the death of ...

") * Viridomaro =

Viridomarus Viridomarus (or Britomartus as translations vary; died 222 BC) was a Gauls, Gallic military leader of the Gaesatae. In 222 BC he was hired by the Insubres who were fighting the Roman Republic, Romans. Viridomarus led a mercenary army against a Rom ...

, a Gallic chieftain

Things

* classe Poenica = ''classis Poenica'', the Carthaginian navy * pacem = ''pax'', peace * pirateis = ''piratae'', pirates

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; ; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th ce ...

''et alii'', ''

'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). * René Cagnat ''et alii'', ''

L'Année épigraphique ''L'Année épigraphique'' (''The Epigraphic Year'', standard abbreviation ''AE'') is a French publication on epigraphy (i.e the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing). It was set up by René Cagnat, as holder of the chair of 'Epigraphy a ...

'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). * Rodolfo Lanciani, ''New Tales of Old Rome'', Macmillan & Company, London (1901). *

John Edwin Sandys Sir John Edwin Sandys ( "Sands"; 19 May 1844 – 6 July 1922) was an English classical scholar. Life Born in Leicester, England on 19 May 1844, Sandys was the 4th son of Rev. Timothy Sandys (1803–1871) and Rebecca Swain (1800–1853). Livin ...

: ''Latin Epigraphy: an Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions'', Cambridge University Press (1919). * ''

Oxford Classical Dictionary The ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'' (''OCD'') is generally considered "the best one-volume dictionary on antiquity," an encyclopædic work in English consisting of articles relating to classical antiquity and its civilizations. It was first pub ...

'', N. G. L. Hammond and H. H. Scullard, eds., Clarendon Press, Oxford (Second Edition, 1970). {{Ancient Rome topics + Ancient timelines Latin inscriptions Fasti Capitolini Roman calendar