Identify the symptoms of a stroke using the FAST method

FAST is an

acronym An acronym is a type of abbreviation consisting of a phrase whose only pronounced elements are the initial letters or initial sounds of words inside that phrase. Acronyms are often spelled with the initial Letter (alphabet), letter of each wor ...

used as a

mnemonic device A mnemonic device ( ), memory trick or memory device is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory, often by associating the information with something that is easier to remember. It makes use of e ...

to help early recognition and detection of the signs and symptoms of a

stroke Stroke is a medical condition in which poor cerebral circulation, blood flow to a part of the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: brain ischemia, ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and intracranial hemorrhage, hemor ...

. The acronym stands for Facial drooping, Arm (or leg) weakness, Speech difficulties and Time to call emergency services. *F - Facial drooping - A section of the face, usually only on one side, that is drooping and hard to move. This can be recognized by a crooked smile, or difficulty preventing saliva from leaking at a corner of the mouth. *A - Arm (or leg) weakness - Inability to raise one's arm fully, or the inability to hold or squeeze something (such as someone's hand), or a new reduction in strength of an arm or leg when raising/supporting an extra weight (such as new difficulty of carrying/lifting a typical object, or raising one's body from squatting/sitting position). *S - Speech difficulties - An inability or difficulty to understand or produce speech, slurred speech, or having difficulty repeating even a basic sentence such as "The sky is blue". *T - Time - If any of the symptoms above are showing, time is of the essence;

emergency medical services Emergency medical services (EMS), also known as ambulance services, pre-hospital care or paramedic services, are emergency services that provide urgent pre-hospital treatment and stabilisation for serious illness and injuries and transport to d ...

should be called and/or the person taken to a hospital immediately if possible. It is also important to note the time the symptoms first started appearing and pass on this information ("Time is brain").

History

The FAST acronym was developed in the UK in 1998 by a group of stroke physicians, ambulance personnel, and an

emergency department An emergency department (ED), also known as an accident and emergency department (A&E), emergency room (ER), emergency ward (EW) or casualty department, is a medical treatment facility specializing in emergency medicine, the Acute (medicine), ...

physician and was designed to be an integral part of a training package for ambulance staff. The acronym was created to expedite administration of intravenous

tissue plasminogen activator Tissue-type plasminogen activator, short name tPA, is a protein that facilitates the breakdown of blood clots. It acts as an enzyme to convert plasminogen into its active form plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown. It is a s ...

to patients within 3 hours of acute stroke symptom onset. The instruments at this time with most evidence of validity were the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS) and the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS). Studies using FAST have demonstrated variable diagnostic accuracy of strokes by

paramedic A paramedic is a healthcare professional trained in the medical model, whose main role has historically been to respond to emergency calls for medical help outside of a hospital. Paramedics work as part of the emergency medical services (EMS), ...

s and

emergency medical technician An emergency medical technician (often, more simply, EMT) is a medical professional that provides emergency medical services. EMTs are most commonly found serving on ambulances and in fire departments in the US and Canada, as full-time and som ...

s with positive predictive values between 64% and 77%. The alternative acronym BE-FAST has shown promise by capturing >95% of ischemic strokes; however, adding coordination and

diplopia Diplopia is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced in relation to each other. Also called double vision, it is a loss of visual focus under regular conditions, and is often voluntary. However, when occ ...

assessment did not improve stroke detection in the prehospital setting.

Alternative versions

BE-FAST has shown promise and is currently being studied as an alternative method to the FAST acronym. *B - balance degradation - increase in difficulty of maintaining balance while walking (especially when using stairs or changing direction), or standing (especially when standing on one foot); now needing assistance using a hand on something such as a hand-rail or cane. *E - eyesight degradation within a continuous period of consciousness (less than 12 hours), such as greater difficulty focusing on detail of an object or discerning low-contrast detail. The other components are as for the classic FAST mnemonic. * F - Face * A - Arm * S - Speech * T - Time NEWFAST (c) is an additional stroke identification tool available for use. Copyrighted by Deborah Stabell Tran in 2017, (and created in 2016) as part of a DNP project, it was created to identify all types of strokes - anterior or posterior ischemic, and hemorrhagic strokes. It gives more definition to testing dizziness and balance, hallmark signs of posterior strokes. NEWFAST also addresses the sudden onset of a severe headache and vomiting that often accompany bleeds in the head. *NEW - means a NEW onset of symptoms (generally within the past 24 hours, but a sudden onset in general). *N - Nausea/Vomiting - sudden onset *E - Eyes - Double vision, field cut, neglect (can't see or notice what is going on, on one side of the body), and/or nystagmus (eyes involuntarily shifting back and forth) *W - Walking - If you suddenly can not walk due to dizziness, or your try to walk and you shift to one side. *F - Facial droop - one side of the face is droopy *A - Arm Weakness - especially one side being weak *S - Speech - slurred, confused, and/or absent speech *T - Terrible Headache/Dizziness (often described as thunderclap headache or dizziness regardless of position of body - sitting, standing, or laying down) FASTER is used by Beaumont Health. * F - Face - Facial drooping or numbness on one side of the face * A - Arms - Arm weakness on one side of the body * S - Stability - Inability to maintain balance and stay steady on one's feet; dizziness * T - Talking - Slurred speech, inability to respond coherently, or other speech difficulty * E - Eyes - Changes in vision, including seeing double, or partial or complete blindness in one or both eyes * R - React - Call emergency services immediately if you see any of these symptoms, even if symptoms go away

References

{{Medical mnemonics Management of stroke Medical diagnosis Medical mnemonics Mnemonic acronyms