Eyes are the round holes that are a characteristic feature of

Swiss-type cheese Swiss-type cheeses, also known as Alpine cheeses, are a group of hard or semi-hard cheeses with a distinct character, whose origins lie in the Alps of Europe, although they are now eaten and imitated in most cheesemaking parts of the world. Their ...

(e.g.

Emmentaler cheese Emmental, Emmentaler, or Emmenthal is a yellow, medium-hard cheese that originated in the area around Emmental, in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is classified as a Swiss-type or Alpine cheese. Emmental was first mentioned in written reco ...

) and some Dutch-type cheeses. The eyes are bubbles of

carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is t ...

gas. The gas is produced by various species of

bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were am ...

in the cheese.

Swiss cheese

In Swiss-type cheeses, the eyes form as a result of the activity of propionic acid

(''

propionibacteria ''Propionibacterium'' is a gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped genus of bacteria named for their unique metabolism: They are able to synthesize propionic acid by using unusual transcarboxylase enzymes. Its members are primarily facultative par ...

''), notably ''

Propionibacterium freudenreichii ''Propionibacterium freudenreichii'' is a gram-positive, non-motile bacterium that plays an important role in the creation of Emmental cheese, and to some extent, Jarlsberg cheese, Leerdammer and Maasdam cheese. Its concentration in Swiss-ty ...

'' subsp. ''shermanii''.P.L.H. McSweeney, ''Biochemistry of Cheese Ripening: Introduction and Overview'', in: Fox, p. 349 These bacteria transform

lactic acid Lactic acid is an organic acid. It has a molecular formula . It is white in the solid state and it is miscible with water. When in the dissolved state, it forms a colorless solution. Production includes both artificial synthesis as well as nat ...

into

propionic acid Propionic acid (, from the Greek words πρῶτος : ''prōtos'', meaning "first", and πίων : ''píōn'', meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H. It is a li ...

and carbon dioxide, according to the formula: :3

Lactate Lactate may refer to: * Lactation, the secretion of milk from the mammary glands * Lactate, the conjugate base of lactic acid Lactic acid is an organic acid. It has a molecular formula . It is white in the solid state and it is miscible with w ...

→ 2

Propionate Propionic acid (, from the Greek words πρῶτος : ''prōtos'', meaning "first", and πίων : ''píōn'', meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H. It is a liqu ...

Acetate An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base (e.g. alkaline, earthy, metallic, nonmetallic or radical base). "Acetate" also describes the conjugate base or ion (specifically, the negatively charged ion called ...

+ CO₂ + H₂OT. Beresford, A. Williams; ''The Microbiology of Cheese Ripening'', in: Fox, p. 303 The CO₂ so produced accumulates at weak points in the

curd Curd is obtained by coagulating milk in a sequential process called curdling. It can be a final dairy product or the first stage in cheesemaking. The coagulation can be caused by adding rennet or any edible acidic substance such as l ...

, where it forms the bubbles that become the cheese's eyes. Not all CO₂ is so trapped: in an cheese, about 20 L CO₂ remain in the eyes, while 60 L remain dissolved in the cheese mass and 40 L are lost from the cheese.

Dutch cheese

In Dutch-type cheeses, the CO₂ that forms the eyes results from the metabolisation of

citrate Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)2. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the ...

by citrate-positive ("Cit+") strains of

lactococci ''Lactococcus'' is a genus of lactic acid bacteria that were formerly included in the genus ''Streptococcus'' Group N1. They are known as homofermenters meaning that they produce a single product, lactic acid in this case, as the major or only pr ...

Bibliography

*Polychroniadou, A. (2001). ''Eyes in cheese: a concise review.'' '' Milchwissenschaft'' 56, 74–77.

References

Footnotes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eyes (Cheese) Cheese Carbon dioxide Food chemistry Food science