Explosion protection is used to protect all sorts of buildings and civil engineering infrastructure against internal and external

explosion An explosion is a rapid expansion in volume associated with an extreme outward release of energy, usually with the generation of high temperatures and release of high-pressure gases. Supersonic explosions created by high explosives are known ...

s or

deflagration Deflagration (Lat: ''de + flagrare'', "to burn down") is subsonic combustion in which a pre-mixed flame propagates through a mixture of fuel and oxidizer. Deflagrations can only occur in pre-mixed fuels. Most fires found in daily life are diffu ...

s. It was widely believed until recently that a building subject to an explosive attack had a chance to remain standing only if it possessed some extraordinary resistive capacity. This belief rested on the assumption that the specific impulse or the

time integral In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that describes displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data. The process of finding integrals is called integration. Along with d ...

of pressure, which is a dominant characteristic of the blast load, is fully beyond control.

Techniques

Avoidance

Avoidance makes it impossible for an explosion or deflagration to occur, for instance by means of suppressing the heat and the pressure needed for an explosion using an aluminum mesh structure such as eXess, by means of consistent displacement of the O₂ necessary for an explosion or deflagration to take place, by means of

padding Padding is thin cushioned material sometimes added to clothes. Padding may also be referred to as batting when used as a layer in lining quilts or as a packaging or stuffing material. When padding is used in clothes, it is often done in an attempt ...

gas (f. i. CO₂ or N₂), or, by means of keeping the concentration of flammable content of an atmosphere consistently below or above the

explosive limit Mixtures of dispersed combustible materials (such as gaseous or vaporised fuels, and some dusts) and oxygen in the air will burn only if the fuel concentration lies within well-defined lower and upper bounds determined experimentally, referred to a ...

, or by means of consistent elimination of ignition sources.

Constructional

Constructional explosion protection aims at pre-defined, limited or zero damage that results from applied protective techniques in combination with reinforcement of the equipment or structures that must be expected to become subject to internal explosion pressure and flying debris or external violent impact.

Method selection

The technology of protection can range in price dramatically but where the type of device is rational to use, is typically from the least to the most expensive solution: explosion doors and vents (dependent on quantities and common denominators); inerting: explosion suppression; isolation – or combinations of same. To focus on the most cost effective, doors typically have lower release pressure capabilities; are not susceptible to

fatigue Fatigue describes a state of tiredness that does not resolve with rest or sleep. In general usage, fatigue is synonymous with extreme tiredness or exhaustion that normally follows prolonged physical or mental activity. When it does not resolve ...

failures or subject to changing release pressures with changes in temperature, as "rupture membrane" types are; capable of leak tight service; service temperatures of up to 2,000 °F; and can be more cost effective in small quantities.

Rupture Rupture may refer to: General * Rupture (engineering), a failure of tough ductile materials loaded in tension Anatomy and medicine * Abdominal hernia, formerly referred to as "a rupture" * Achilles tendon rupture * Rupture of membranes, a "wate ...

membrane type vents can provide a leak tight seal more readily in most cases; have a relatively broad tolerance on their release pressure and are more readily incorporated into systems with discharge ducts. FractureClipPanel

There are several fundamental considerations in the review of a system handling potentially explosive dusts, gases or a mixture of the two. Dependent upon the design basis being used, often National Fire Protection Association Guideline 68, the definition of these may vary somewhat. To facilitate providing the reader with an appreciation of the issues rather than a design primer, the following have been limited to the major ones only.

Database combustion and explosion characteristics of dusts

The database GESTIS-DUST-EX comprises important combustion and explosion characteristics of more than 7,000 dust samples from nearly all sectors of industry. It serves as a basis for the safe handling of combustible dusts and for the planning of preventive and protective measures against dust explosions in dust-generating and processing plants. The GESTIS-DUST-EX database is produced and maintained by the

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance The Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (German: ''Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung'', ''IFA'') is a German institute located in Sankt Augustin near Bonn and ...

. It was elaborated in co-operation with other institutions and companies. The database is available free of charge to be used for

occupational safety and health Occupational safety and health (OSH), also commonly referred to as occupational health and safety (OHS), occupational health, or occupational safety, is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at wor ...

purposes.Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance: GESTIS-DUST-EX
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References