Essex County is a
county in the northeastern part of the
U.S. state
In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its sove ...
of
Massachusetts
Massachusetts (Massachusett: ''Muhsachuweesut Massachusett_writing_systems.html" ;"title="nowiki/> məhswatʃəwiːsət.html" ;"title="Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət">Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət'' En ...
. At the
2020 census, the total population was 809,829, making it the third-most populous county in the state, and the
eightieth-most populous in the country. It is part of the
Greater Boston
Greater Boston is the metropolitan region of New England encompassing the municipality of Boston (the capital of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England) and its surrounding areas. The region forms the northern a ...
area (the
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
–
Cambridge
Cambridge ( ) is a College town, university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cam ...
–
Newton, MA–
NH Metropolitan Statistical Area
In the United States, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the area. Such regions are neither legally incorporated as a city or tow ...
). The largest city in Essex County is
Lynn. The county was named after the
English county of
Essex
Essex () is a county in the East of England. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, and Grea ...
. It has two traditional
county seat
A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is in use in Canada, China, Hungary, Romania, Taiwan, and the United States. The equivalent term shire town is used in the US st ...
s:
Salem and
Lawrence
Lawrence may refer to:
Education Colleges and universities
* Lawrence Technological University, a university in Southfield, Michigan, United States
* Lawrence University, a liberal arts university in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States
Preparator ...
. Prior to the dissolution of the county government in 1999, Salem had jurisdiction over the Southern Essex District, and Lawrence had jurisdiction over the Northern Essex District, but currently these cities do not function as seats of government. However, the county and the districts remain as administrative regions recognized by various governmental agencies, which gathered vital statistics or disposed of judicial case loads under these geographic subdivisions, and are required to keep the records based on them. The county has been designated the
Essex National Heritage Area by the
National Park Service
The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government within the U.S. Department of the Interior that manages all national parks, most national monuments, and other natural, historical, and recreational propert ...
.
History
The county was created by the General Court of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony on May 10, 1643, when it was ordered "that the whole
plantation within this jurisdiction be divided into four
sheires". Named after the
county in England, Essex then comprised the towns of
Salem,
Lynn,
Wenham,
Ipswich,
Rowley,
Newbury,
Gloucester
Gloucester ( ) is a cathedral city and the county town of Gloucestershire in the South West of England. Gloucester lies on the River Severn, between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the west, east of Monmouth and east ...
, and
Andover. In 1680,
Haverhill,
Amesbury and
Salisbury
Salisbury ( ) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately from Southampton and from Bath.
Salisbury is in the southeast of ...
, located north of the
Merrimack River, were annexed to Essex County. These communities had been part of Massachusetts'
colonial-era Norfolk County. The remaining four towns within colonial Norfolk County, which included
Exeter and what is now
Portsmouth, were transferred to what became
Rockingham County in the
Province of New Hampshire. The Massachusetts-based settlements were then subdivided over the centuries to produce Essex County's modern composition of cities and towns.
Essex County is where
Elbridge Gerry (who was born and raised in
Marblehead) created a legislative district in 1812 that gave rise to the word ''
gerrymandering
In representative democracies, gerrymandering (, originally ) is the political manipulation of electoral district boundaries with the intent to create undue advantage for a party, group, or socioeconomic class within the constituency. The m ...
''.
Due to a confluence of floods, hurricanes, and severe winter storms, Essex County has had more disaster declarations than most other U.S. counties, from 1964 to 2016.
Law and government
From the founding of the Republican Party until the New Deal, Essex County was a Republican stronghold in presidential elections. Since 1936, it has trended Democratic, with
Dwight Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 and
Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 being the only Republicans to carry the county since.
Like several other
Massachusetts counties, Essex County exists today only as a historical geographic region, and has no county government. All former county functions were assumed by state agencies in 1999. The sheriff (currently
Kevin Coppinger) and some other regional officials with specific duties are still elected locally to perform duties within the county region, but there is no county council, commissioner, or county employees. Communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services.
Geography
Essex County is roughly diamond-shaped and occupies the northeastern corner of the state of Massachusetts.
According to the
U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (41%) is water.
Essex County is adjacent to
Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Rockingham County is a county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. At the 2020 census, the population was 314,176, making it New Hampshire's second-most populous county. The county seat is Brentwood. Rockingham County is part of the Boston-Ca ...
to the north, the
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...
(specifically the
Gulf of Maine and
Massachusetts Bay
Massachusetts Bay is a bay on the Gulf of Maine that forms part of the central coastline of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Description
The bay extends from Cape Ann on the north to Plymouth Harbor on the south, a distance of about . Its ...
) to the east,
Suffolk County to the south,
Middlesex County to the west and a very small portion of
Hillsborough County, New Hampshire to the far north west in
Methuen. All county land is incorporated into towns or cities.
Essex County includes the
North Shore,
Cape Ann, and the lower portions of the
Merrimack Valley.
Transportation
These routes pass through Essex County:
* , in Methuen and Andover
* , about five miles from the coast, through Newburyport
* , from Andover to Salisbury through Lawrence and Haverhill
* , between I-95 and Route 1A, close to the coast
* , along the coast
* , in Beverly and Essex
* , in Methuen and Andover
* , in Peabody and Danvers
* , from Middleton to Beverly
* , from Methuen to Beverly
* , in Saugus
* , from Saugus to Beverly
* , in Haverhill
* , from Methuen to Salisbury through Lawrence and Haverhill
* , from Methuen to Newburyport through Haverhill
* , from Lawrence to Marblehead through Middleton
* , from Andover to Haverhill
* , from Beverly to Gloucester
* , at the tip of Cape Ann
* , Lynnfield through Cape Ann
* , from Lynnfield to Marblehead
* , in Lynn
* , from Andover to Gloucester
* , in Amesbury
* , in Methuen
* , in Salisbury
The
Lawrence Municipal Airport and
Beverly Municipal Airport are regional airports within the county; the nearest commercial airports are
Logan Airport in Boston and
Manchester-Boston Regional Airport in Manchester, NH.
The MBTA commuter rail has two lines operating in Essex County: the
Haverhill Line
The Haverhill Line (formerly named the Haverhill/Reading Line) is a branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail system, running north from downtown Boston, Massachusetts through the cities and towns of
Malden, Melrose, Wakefield, Reading, Wilmington, And ...
and the
Newburyport Line, both of which go toward Boston. Close to Boston, MBTA buses also exist. The
MVRTA is a bus company that connects cities within the
Merrimack Valley portion of Essex County.
National protected areas
Because of Essex County's rich history, which includes 17th century colonial history, maritime history spanning its existence, and leadership in the expansions of the textile industry in the 19th century, the entire county has been designated the Essex National Heritage Area by the
National Park Service
The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government within the U.S. Department of the Interior that manages all national parks, most national monuments, and other natural, historical, and recreational propert ...
.
The following areas of national significance have also been preserved:
*
Parker River National Wildlife Refuge
*
Salem Maritime National Historic Site
The Salem Maritime National Historic Site is a National Historic Site consisting of 12 historic structures, one replica tall-ship, and about 9 acres (36,000 m2) of land along the waterfront of Salem Harbor in Salem, Massachusetts. Salem Maritim ...
*
Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site
*
Thacher Island National Wildlife Refuge
Demographics
As of the
2010 United States Census
The United States census of 2010 was the twenty-third United States national census. National Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2010. The census was taken via mail-in citizen self-reporting, with enumerators servi ...
, there were 743,159 people, 285,956 households, and 188,005 families residing in the county.
The population density was . There were 306,754 housing units at an average density of .
The racial makeup of the county was 81.9% White, 3.8% Black or African American, 3.1% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 8.2% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 16.5% of the population.
In terms of ancestry, 23.3% were
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, 17.1% were
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
, 12.6% were
English, 6.1% were
German, and 3.6% were
American.
Of the 285,956 households, 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.3% were non-families, and 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.14. The median age was 40.4 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $64,153 and the median income for a family was $81,173. Males had a median income of $58,258 versus $44,265 for females. The per capita income for the county was $33,828. About 7.7% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the
poverty line
The poverty threshold, poverty limit, poverty line or breadline is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country. The poverty line is usually calculated by estimating the total cost of one year's worth of necessities for t ...
, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.
Demographic breakdown by town
Income
The ranking of unincorporated communities that are included on the list are reflective if the census designated locations and villages were included as cities or towns. Data is from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.
Politics
Education
Essex County is home to numerous libraries and schools, both public and private.
School districts
School districts include:
K-12:
*
Amesbury School District
*
Andover School District
*
Beverly School District
*
Danvers School District
*
Georgetown School District
*
Gloucester School District
*
Hamilton-Wenham School District
*
Haverhill School District
*
Ipswich School District
*
Lawrence School District
*
Lynn School District
*
Lynnfield School District
*
Manchester Essex Regional School District
*
Marblehead School District
*
Methuen School District
*
Newburyport School District
*
North Andover School District
*
Peabody School District
*
Pentucket School District
*
Rockport School District
*
Salem School District
*
Saugus School District
*
Swampscott School District - Covers PK-12 except in Nahant, where it covers grades 7-12 only
*
Triton School District
Secondary:
*
Masconomet School District
Elementary:
*
Boxford School District
*
Middleton School District
*
Nahant School District
*
Topsfield School District
Secondary education
Public schools
*
Amesbury High School serves
Amesbury and
South Hampton, New Hampshire
*
Andover High School
*
Beverly High School
* Danvers High School
*
Georgetown High School
*
Gloucester High School
*
Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School
Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School (HWRHS) is a public high school in South Hamilton, Massachusetts, United States. It is the only high school in the Hamilton-Wenham Regional School District, which has its administrative offices in Wenham, Mass ...
*
Haverhill High School
*
Ipswich High School
*
Lawrence High School
*
Lynn Classical High School
*
Lynn English High School
* Lynnfield High School
*
Manchester Essex Regional High School
*
Marblehead High School
*
Masconomet Regional High School, serves
Topsfield,
Boxford and
Middleton
*
Methuen High School
*
Newburyport High School
*
North Andover High School
*
Northshore Academy
*
Peabody Veterans Memorial High School
Peabody Veterans Memorial High School (PVMHS), also known as Peabody High School, is a comprehensive and competitive public high school in Peabody, Massachusetts, United States. It is the only comprehensive public high school in the Peabody Schoo ...
*
Pentucket Regional High School, serves
Groveland,
Merrimac and
West Newbury
West Newbury is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Situated on the Merrimack River, its population was 4,500 at the 2020 census.
History
Originally inhabited by Agawam or Naumkeag peoples, West Newbury was settled by Eng ...
*
Rockport High School
Rockport High School is a public high school in Rockport, Massachusetts.
History
Rockport has had four different high school buildings. The Old Rockport High School was built in 1865 and now serves as the Rockport Community Center. The second ...
*
Salem High School
*
Saugus High School
* Swampscott High School, serves
Swampscott
Swampscott () is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, located up the coast from Boston in an area known as the North Shore. The population was 15,111 as of the 2020 United States Census. A former summer resort on Massachusetts Ba ...
and
Nahant
*
Triton Regional High School, serves
Newbury,
Rowley and
Salisbury
Salisbury ( ) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately from Southampton and from Bath.
Salisbury is in the southeast of ...
*
Walnut Square Elementary School, in
Haverhill is known for its history and clocktower.
Technical schools
Private schools
Higher education
Libraries
* Merrimack Valley Library Consortium - Northern Essex and Middlesex County Libraries
* North of Boston Library Exchange - Southern Essex and Middlesex County Libraries
Economy
Employment
As of 2015, the county had total employment of 282,412.
[ The largest employer in the county is Massachusetts General Hospital, with over 5,000 employees.
]
Banking
Based on deposits in the county, the five largest banks are TD Bank, N.A., Salem Five Cents Bank
Salem Five (also known as Salem Five Cents Savings Bank or Salem Five Bank) is a traditional American mutual savings bank founded in 1855. The bank provides financial services including private banking,
checking, deposit, and savings accounts. ...
, Institution for Savings, Bank of America, and Eastern Bank
Eastern Bank is a bank based in Boston, Massachusetts. Before de-mutualizing in 2020, it was the oldest and largest mutual bank in the United States and the largest community bank in Massachusetts. With 95 branches, Eastern had a 3.2% market sh ...
.
Essex National Heritage Area
On November 12, 1996, Essex National Heritage Area (ENHA) was authorized by Congress. The heritage area consists of all of Essex County, MA a area between the Atlantic Coast and the Merrimack Valley. The area includes 34 cities and towns; two National Historic Sites (Salem Maritime National Historic Site and Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site); and thousands of historic sites and districts that illuminate colonial settlement, the development of the shoe and textile industries, and the growth and decline of the maritime industries, including fishing, privateering, and the China trade. The Essex National Heritage Area is one of 49 heritage areas designated by Congress, affiliated with the National Park Service.
The Essex National Heritage Commission is a non-profit organization chartered to promote tourism and cultural awareness of the area, connecting people to the places of Essex County, MA. The Commission's mission is to promote and preserve the historic, cultural and natural resources of the ENHA by rallying community support around saving the character of the area. This is accomplished through the commission's projects and programs, which include Partnership Grant Program, Explorers membership program, photo safaris, and the annual September weekend event Trails & Sails,Trails & Sails
/ref> as well as other important regional partnership building projects like the Essex Heritage Scenic Byway, and the Border to Boston trail.
Communities
The towns and cities of Essex County are listed below.
Cities
* Amesbury
* Beverly
* Gloucester
Gloucester ( ) is a cathedral city and the county town of Gloucestershire in the South West of England. Gloucester lies on the River Severn, between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the west, east of Monmouth and east ...
* Haverhill
* Lawrence
Lawrence may refer to:
Education Colleges and universities
* Lawrence Technological University, a university in Southfield, Michigan, United States
* Lawrence University, a liberal arts university in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States
Preparator ...
(traditional county seat)
* Lynn
* Methuen
* Newburyport
* Peabody
* Salem (traditional county seat)
Towns
* Andover
* Boxford
* Danvers (Salem Village)
* Essex
Essex () is a county in the East of England. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, and Grea ...
* Georgetown
* Groveland
* Hamilton
* Ipswich
* Lynnfield
* Manchester-by-the-Sea
* Marblehead
* Merrimac
* Middleton
* Nahant
* Newbury
* North Andover
* Rockport
* Rowley
* Salisbury
Salisbury ( ) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately from Southampton and from Bath.
Salisbury is in the southeast of ...
* Saugus
* Swampscott
Swampscott () is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, located up the coast from Boston in an area known as the North Shore. The population was 15,111 as of the 2020 United States Census. A former summer resort on Massachusetts Ba ...
* Topsfield
* Wenham
* West Newbury
West Newbury is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Situated on the Merrimack River, its population was 4,500 at the 2020 census.
History
Originally inhabited by Agawam or Naumkeag peoples, West Newbury was settled by Eng ...
Census-designated places
* Andover
* Boxford
*Essex
Essex () is a county in the East of England. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, and Grea ...
* Ipswich
* Rockport
* Rowley
*Salisbury
Salisbury ( ) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately from Southampton and from Bath.
Salisbury is in the southeast of ...
* Topsfield
Other villages
*Annisquam Annisquam is a waterfront village in the Gloucester, Massachusetts, city of Gloucester, on the North Shore (Massachusetts), North Shore of Massachusetts. It is a few miles across Cape Ann from downtown Gloucester.
History
The name "Annisquam" come ...
* Ballardvale
* Beverly Farms
* Bradford
* Byfield
* Clifton
* Magnolia
* Merrimacport
* Rocks Village
* Plum Island
See also
* List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income
* Essex Junto
The Essex Junto was a powerful group of New England Federalist Party lawyers, merchants, and politicians, so called because many in the original group were from Essex County, Massachusetts.
Origins and definition
The term was coined as an inv ...
* Tinker's Island
* Lovecraft Country
* Registry of Deeds (Massachusetts)
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts
Notes
References
*
*
*
*
*Hurd, Duane Hamilton. History of Essex County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many Pioneers and Prominent Men
Volume 1
Volume 2
Published 1888 by J.W. Lewis and Co.
* Newhall, James Robinson
''The Essex Memorial, for 1836: Embracing a Register of the County''
Published 1836.
* Lewis, Alonzo and James Robinson Newhall
History of Lynn, Essex County, Massachusetts: Including Lynnfield,Saugus, Swampscott and Nahant
Published 1865 by John L. Shorey 13 Washington St. Lynn.
* Perley, Sidney
''The Essex Antiquarian''
Volume 1 1897Volume 3 1899Volume 6 1902Volume 8 1904
* Various
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
External links
Registries
* Located in Salem, Massachusetts.
* Located in Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Maps
*
Other sites
* Official website.
* Official website.
*
Essex County Sheriff's Department
{{Authority control
1643 establishments in Massachusetts
1999 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Counties in Greater Boston
Massachusetts counties
Populated places disestablished in 1999
Populated places established in 1643