''Erythroxylum'' (''Erythroxylon'') is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial no ...

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also refer ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek language, Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to ...

s in the family Erythroxylaceae. Many of the approximately 200 species contain the substance

cocaine Cocaine (from , from , ultimately from Quechua: ''kúka'') is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant mainly used recreationally for its euphoric effects. It is primarily obtained from the leaves of two Coca species native to South Ame ...

,Bieri S, Brachet A, Veuthey J, Christen P. Cocaine distribution in wild Erythroxylum species. ''Journal of ethnopharmacology''. 2006; 103: 439-447. and two of the species within this genus, ''

Erythroxylum coca ''Erythroxylum coca'' is one of two species of cultivated coca. Description The coca plant resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to a height of . The branches are straight, and the leaves, which have a green tint, are thin, opaque, oval, and tap ...

'' and ''

Erythroxylum novogranatense ''Erythroxylum novogranatense'' is a neotropical species of ''Erythroxylum'' (Erythroxylaceae). Cocaine is produced from the leaves. Name "Novogranatense" is derived from Latin: ''novo'' (new) and ''granatense'' (Granada). It was named by Wil ...

'', both native to

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...

, are the main commercial source of cocaine and of the mild

stimulant Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and i ...

coca tea. Another species, '' Erythroxylum vaccinifolium'' (also known as catuaba) is used as an

aphrodisiac An aphrodisiac is a substance that increases sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior. Substances range from a variety of plants, spices, foods, and synthetic chemicals. Natural aphrodisiacs like cannabis or cocain ...

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

ian drinks and

herbal medicine Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remedi ...

. ''Erythroxylum'' species are food sources for the

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ...

e of some butterflies and moths, including several ''

Morpho The morpho butterflies comprise many species of Neotropical butterfly under the genus ''Morpho''. This genus includes more than 29 accepted species and 147 accepted subspecies, found mostly in South America, Mexico, and Central America. ''Mo ...

'' species and '' Dalcera abrasa'', which has been recorded on ''E. deciduum'', and the species of '' Agrias''.

Species

Kew Kew () is a district in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Its population at the 2011 census was 11,436. Kew is the location of the Royal Botanic Gardens ("Kew Gardens"), now a World Heritage Site, which includes Kew Palace. Kew is ...

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants b ...

listed 259 species: {{Columns-list, colwidth=22em, *'' Erythroxylum acrobeles'' {{small, W.A.Gentner *'' Erythroxylum acuminatum'' {{small, Ruiz & Pav. *'' Erythroxylum acutum'' {{small, W.A.Gentner *'' Erythroxylum affine'' {{small, A.St.-Hil. *'' Erythroxylum alaternifolium'' {{small, A.Rich. *'' Erythroxylum amazonicum'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum amplifolium'' {{small, Baill. *'' Erythroxylum amplum'' {{small, Benth. *'' Erythroxylum ampullaceum'' {{small, Baker *'' Erythroxylum anceps'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum andrei'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum angelicae'' {{small, Loiola *'' Erythroxylum anguifugum'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum annamense'' {{small, Tardieu *'' Erythroxylum apiculatum'' {{small, Diogo *'' Erythroxylum areolatum'' {{small, L. *'' Erythroxylum argentinum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum armatum'' {{small, Oviedo & Borhidi *'' Erythroxylum arrojadoi'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum australe'' {{small, F.Muell. *'' Erythroxylum ayrtonianum'' {{small, Loiola & M.F.Sales *'' Erythroxylum badium'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum banaoense'' {{small, Oviedo *'' Erythroxylum bangii'' {{small, Rusby *'' Erythroxylum baracoense'' {{small, Borhidi *'' Erythroxylum barbatum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum bequaertii'' {{small, Standl. *'' Erythroxylum betulaceum'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum bezerrae'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum bicolor'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum boinense'' {{small, H.Perrier *'' Erythroxylum boivinianum'' {{small, Baill. *'' Erythroxylum bradeanum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum brennae'' {{small, D'Arcy & Schanen *'' Erythroxylum brevipes'' {{small, DC. *'' Erythroxylum buxifolium'' {{small, Lam. *'' Erythroxylum buxus'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum caatingae'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum calyptratum'' {{small, Komada & Tagane *'' Erythroxylum cambodianum'' {{small, Pierre *'' Erythroxylum campestre'' {{small, A.St.-Hil. *'' Erythroxylum campinense'' {{small, Amaral *'' Erythroxylum carajasense'' {{small, (Plowman) Costa-Lima *'' Erythroxylum carthagenense'' {{small, Jacq. *'' Erythroxylum cassinoides'' {{small, Planch. & Linden *'' Erythroxylum cataractarum'' {{small, Spruce ex Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum catharinense'' {{small, Amaral *'' Erythroxylum cincinnatum'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum citrifolium'' {{small, A.St.-Hil. *'' Erythroxylum clarense'' {{small, Borhidi *''

'' {{small, Lam. *'' Erythroxylum coelophlebium'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum cogolloi'' {{small, Jara *'' Erythroxylum columbinum'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum compressum'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum confusum'' {{small, Britton *'' Erythroxylum cordato-ovatum'' {{small, Huber *'' Erythroxylum coriaceum'' {{small, Britton & P.Wilson *'' Erythroxylum corymbosum'' {{small, Boivin ex Baill. *'' Erythroxylum couveleense'' {{small, Guillaumin *'' Erythroxylum cuneatum'' {{small, (Miq.) Kurz *'' Erythroxylum cuneifolium'' {{small, (Mart.) O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum cuspidifolium'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum daphnites'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum davidii'' {{small, D'Arcy & Schanen *'' Erythroxylum deciduum'' {{small, A.St.-Hil. *'' Erythroxylum dekindtii'' {{small, (Engl.) O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum delagoense'' {{small, Schinz *'' Erythroxylum densum'' {{small, Rusby *'' Erythroxylum dillonii'' {{small, Plowman ex Jara *'' Erythroxylum discolor'' {{small, Bojer *'' Erythroxylum distortum'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum divaricatum'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum domingense'' {{small, Oviedo *'' Erythroxylum dumosum'' {{small, Alain *'' Erythroxylum ecarinatum'' {{small, Hochr. *'' Erythroxylum elegans'' {{small, Baill. *'' Erythroxylum ellipticum'' {{small, R.Br. ex Benth. *'' Erythroxylum emarginatum'' {{small, Thonn. *'' Erythroxylum engleri'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum ferrugineum'' {{small, Cav. *'' Erythroxylum fimbriatum'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum firmum'' {{small, Baker *'' Erythroxylum fischeri'' {{small, Engl. *'' Erythroxylum flavicans'' {{small, Borhidi *'' Erythroxylum foetidum'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum frangulifolium'' {{small, A.St.-Hil. *'' Erythroxylum gaudichaudii'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum gentryi'' {{small, Jara *'' Erythroxylum gerrardii'' {{small, Baker *'' Erythroxylum glaucum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum glaziovii'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum gonoclados'' {{small, (Mart.) O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum gracile'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum gracilipes'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum grandifolium'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum grisebachii'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum guanchezii'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum guatemalense'' {{small, Lundell *'' Erythroxylum hamigerum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum haughtii'' {{small, W.A.Gentner *'' Erythroxylum havanense'' {{small, Jacq. *'' Erythroxylum hildebrandtii'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum hondense'' {{small, Kunth *'' Erythroxylum horridum'' {{small, Borhidi & Oviedo *'' Erythroxylum hypericifolium'' {{small, Lam. *'' Erythroxylum hypoleucum'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum impressum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum incrassatum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum jaimei'' {{small, Jara *'' Erythroxylum jamaicense'' {{small, Fawc. & Rendle *'' Erythroxylum kapplerianum'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum kochummenii'' {{small, Ng *'' Erythroxylum laetevirens'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum lanceolatum'' {{small, (Wight) Walp. *'' Erythroxylum lanceum'' {{small, Bojer *'' Erythroxylum lancifolium'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum laurel'' {{small, Baill. *'' Erythroxylum laurifolium'' {{small, Lam. *'' Erythroxylum leal-costae'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum leandrianum'' {{small, Payens *'' Erythroxylum lenticellosum'' {{small, Huber *'' Erythroxylum leptoneurum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum ligustrinum'' {{small, DC. *'' Erythroxylum lindemanii'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum lineolatum'' {{small, DC. *'' Erythroxylum loefgrenii'' {{small, Diogo *'' Erythroxylum longipes'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum longisetulosum'' {{small, Loiola & M.F.Sales *'' Erythroxylum loretense'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum lygoides'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum macrocalyx'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum macrocarpum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum macrochaetum'' {{small, Miq. *'' Erythroxylum macrophyllum'' {{small, Cav. *'' Erythroxylum magnoliifolium'' {{small, A.St.-Hil. *'' Erythroxylum mamacoca'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum mangorense'' {{small, H.Perrier *'' Erythroxylum mannii'' {{small, Oliv. *'' Erythroxylum maracasense'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum martii'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum mattos-silvae'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum membranaceum'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum mexicanum'' {{small, Kunth *'' Erythroxylum microphyllum'' {{small, A.St.-Hil. *'' Erythroxylum mikanii'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum minutifolium'' {{small, Griseb. *'' Erythroxylum mocquerysii'' {{small, DC. *'' Erythroxylum mogotense'' {{small, Oviedo *'' Erythroxylum monogynum'' {{small, Roxb. *'' Erythroxylum moonii'' {{small, Hochr. *'' Erythroxylum mucronatum'' {{small, Benth. *'' Erythroxylum myrsinites'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum myrtoides'' {{small, Bojer *'' Erythroxylum nelson-rosae'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum nitidulum'' {{small, Baker *'' Erythroxylum nobile'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum nordestinum'' {{small, Costa-Lima, Loiola & M.Alves *'' Erythroxylum nossibeense'' {{small, Baill. *'' Erythroxylum novocaledonicum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *''

'' {{small, (D.Morris) Hieron. *'' Erythroxylum nummularia'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum obtusifolium'' {{small, (Wight) Hook.f. *'' Erythroxylum occultum'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum ochranthum'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum opacum'' {{small, Rusby *'' Erythroxylum oreophilum'' {{small, (O.E.Schulz ex Pilg.) Steyerm. & Maguire *'' Erythroxylum orinocense'' {{small, Kunth *'' Erythroxylum ovalifolium'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum oxycarpum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum oxypetalum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum pachyneurum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum pacificum'' {{small, D.R.Simpson *'' Erythroxylum panamense'' {{small, Turcz. *'' Erythroxylum paraguariense'' {{small, (Chodat & Hassl.) O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum parvistipulatum'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum passerinum'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum patentissimum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum pauciflorum'' {{small, Rusby *'' Erythroxylum pauferrense'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum pedicellare'' {{small, (Griseb.) O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum pelleterianum'' {{small, A.St.-Hil. *'' Erythroxylum pervillei'' {{small, Baill. *'' Erythroxylum petrae-caballi'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum pictum'' {{small, E.Mey. ex Harv. & Sond. *'' Erythroxylum platyclados'' {{small, Bojer *'' Erythroxylum plowmanianum'' {{small, Cogollo & Pipoly *'' Erythroxylum polygonoides'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum popayanense'' {{small, Kunth *'' Erythroxylum pruinosum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum pulchrum'' {{small, A.St.-Hil. *'' Erythroxylum pungens'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum pyan'' {{small, Costa-Lima *'' Erythroxylum pyrifolium'' {{small, Baker *'' Erythroxylum raimondii'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum reticulatum'' {{small, Northr. *'' Erythroxylum revolutum'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum rhodappendiculatum'' {{small, Costa-Lima *'' Erythroxylum rignyanum'' {{small, Baill. *'' Erythroxylum rimosum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum riparium'' {{small, T.Araújo & Amorim *'' Erythroxylum riverae'' {{small, Jara & J.D.García-Gonz. *'' Erythroxylum roigii'' {{small, Britton & P.Wilson *'' Erythroxylum roraimae'' {{small, Klotzsch ex O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum rosuliferum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum rotundifolium'' {{small, Lunan *'' Erythroxylum rufum'' {{small, Cav. *'' Erythroxylum ruizii'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum ruryi'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum santosii'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum sarawakanum'' {{small, R.C.K.Chung *'' Erythroxylum schomburgkii'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum schunkei'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum sechellarum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum seyrigi'' {{small, H.Perrier *'' Erythroxylum shatona'' {{small, J.F.Macbr. *'' Erythroxylum sideroxyloides'' {{small, Lam. *'' Erythroxylum simonis'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum sinense'' {{small, Y.C.Wu *'' Erythroxylum sobraleanum'' {{small, Loiola & L.S.Cordeiro *'' Erythroxylum socotranum'' {{small, Thulin *'' Erythroxylum sparsiflorum'' {{small, Baker *'' Erythroxylum sphaeranthum'' {{small, H.Perrier *'' Erythroxylum splendidum'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum spruceanum'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum squamatum'' {{small, Sw. *'' Erythroxylum stenopetalum'' {{small, Costa-Lima *'' Erythroxylum steyermarkii'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum stipulosum'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum striiflorum'' {{small, H.Perrier *'' Erythroxylum striolatum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum strobilaceum'' {{small, Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum suberosum'' {{small, A.St.-Hil., A.Juss. & Cambess. *'' Erythroxylum subglaucescens'' {{small, Mart. ex Peyr. *'' Erythroxylum subracemosum'' {{small, Turcz. *'' Erythroxylum subrotundum'' {{small, A.St.-Hil. *'' Erythroxylum subsessile'' {{small, (Mart.) O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum substriatum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum subumbellatum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum tapacuranum'' {{small, Costa-Lima *'' Erythroxylum tenue'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum tianguanum'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum timothei'' {{small, Loiola & M.F.Sales *'' Erythroxylum tortuosum'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum tucuruiense'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum ulei'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum umbrosum'' {{small, Costa-Lima & M.Alves *'' Erythroxylum umbu'' {{small, Costa-Lima *'' Erythroxylum undulatum'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum urbanii'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum vaccinifolium'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum vaginatum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum vasquezii'' {{small, Plowman *'' Erythroxylum vernicosum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz *'' Erythroxylum virgultosum'' {{small, Mart. *'' Erythroxylum williamsii'' {{small, Standl. ex Plowman *'' Erythroxylum xerophilum'' {{small, H.Perrier *'' Erythroxylum zambesiacum'' {{small, N.Robson *'' Erythroxylum zeylanicum'' {{small, O.E.Schulz

References

{{Reflist, refs= {{cite web , title=''Erythroxylum'' P.Browne , url=http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:24933-1 , website=Plants of the World Online , publisher=

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. An internationally important botanical research and education institution, it employs 1,100 ...

, access-date=8 January 2021 {{Taxonbar, from=Q158138 Malpighiales genera {{Malpighiales-stub