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Eric Barry Wilfred Chappelow (7 October 1890 – 28 November 1957) was an English poet and conscientious objector during the World War I, First World War. His arrest and harsh treatment during four months of imprisonment garnered support from prominent people in Britain, including Chappelow's connections within the literary community. A campaign for his release was supported by Bertrand Russell, W. B. Yeats, and George Bernard Shaw. His arrest and the treatment were highlighted in the House of Commons by the Liberal Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), MP Philip Morrell.
Prior to his arrest, Chappelow had gained a measure of recognition for his first volume of poetry, which was published in early 1916. At that time, he was serving as a clerk to a London County Council and had been exempted from service in the military during the First World War as a conscientious objector. Not long after his exemption was granted, it was rescinded and he was arrested in April for refusing to serve. A photograph of Chappelow in a barracks yard wearing nothing but a blanket fastened around him with a belt made front page news. Despite efforts on his behalf, Chappelow was imprisoned under harsh conditions in HM Prison Wandsworth, Wandsworth prison for four months. He was eventually released in the custody of Philip and Lady Ottoline Morrell to serve in a Friends' Ambulance Unit in England. After the war, Chappelow continued writing essays and poetry until his death, and in 1937 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. He earned a literary prize for one of his poems published in 1945.
In March 1916, at the outset of the introduction of Military Service Act 1916, compulsory service in World War I, Chappelow was "exempted as a conscientious objector", with a certificate of exemption formally being granted by the Barnes, London, Barnes and Mortlake local tribunal on 5 April 1916.'Percy'" Court-Martialled: Who He Is And The Charges He Has To Answer
, ''Daily Sketch'' (21 April 1916), p. 2. OCLC 18119928. Chappelow's brother Archibald had already taken a different route to avoid service, moving to Denmark, which "remained neutral throughout the hostilities". Chappelow's exemption was challenged by a local military authority, and he was "sent before a tribunal, who could see no reason to grant him exemption for his spiritual and political beliefs". His exemption was rescinded on appeal, after which Chappelow was "then reclaimed for army noncombatant service, which he refused". Chappelow was "arrested only three and a half hours after the time that he should have presented himself", a point as to which he later complained,''The Japan Chronicle: Weekly Edition'', Iss. 979-1000 (1916), p. 1052. OCLC 723742789. and was taken to The Barracks, Kingston upon Thames, Kingston Barracks, where he was charged with offences including cowardice and treason. He refused to undress for a medical examination, and after being undressed by force, refused to put on a military uniform. A photograph of Chappelow appeared on the cover of the 14 April 1916 edition of the national Tabloid (newspaper format), tabloid newspaper, ''Daily Sketch'', where he was shown being forced to stand in a barrack yard adjacent to a public street, wearing a blanket secured with a belt, likely as punishment for refusing to wear a uniform. One account states: Chappelow was reported to have also "appeared at his court martial in a prison blanket, having spent many weeks without clothes", although another report stated that he appeared in at least one proceeding in khaki. Chappelow's lawyer argued that he was a civilian, and in a certified occupation as a clerk to a government committee, and that he was "willing to do work of national importance outside the provisions of the Military Service Act". Chappelow's case quickly became well-known. Chappelow himself wrote to lawyer Charles P. Sanger, a friend of the Pacifism, pacifist Bertrand Russell, giving "a horrifying description of the physical and psychological abuse to which he was subjected". Russell "took up his case with various influential people", including the scholar Gilbert Murray, who agreed to help. The poet W. B. Yeats also supported the cause, with Russell and Yeats writing to ask the playwright George Bernard Shaw to seek support for Chappelow within the government. Shaw "vainly pressed the case with a Labour member of the Cabinet, Arthur Henderson", but Henderson "declined to take any action". On 27 May 1916, Shaw published an article in a sympathetic magazine, ''The Nation and Athenaeum, Nation'', whose publisher was Shaw's friend Henry William Massingham, "using Chappelow as symbol of the futility of resistance and the equal futility of compliance". Russell noted that conscientious objectors, "including Chappelow have always held that there was no objection to national service, provided it was not directly concerned with the war". British Liberal politician Philip Morrell addressed the matter in the House of Commons, where he "argued that Chappelow was being subjected to mental torture". Despite all of these efforts, Chappelow was convicted and sentenced to six months in prison; it was reported that as he was escorted to the barrack square for the sentence to be pronounced, he sang ''La Marseillaise''. He was sent to HM Prison Wandsworth, Wandsworth prison, and with his conviction, Chappelow lost his job with the education committee. Chappelow "wrote repeatedly to friends about his fears and his terrible sense of isolation": While in Wandsworth, Chappelow met with another noted conscientious objector, George Frederick Dutch, who was equally ill-treated. As Chappelow withered in despondency, Russell sought further intervention from Shaw in Chappelow's case, but at this point, "Shaw replied sternly. 'Chappelow should either serve or go through with martyrdom. Martyrdom is a matter for the individual soul... you can't advise a man'". Chappelow spent four months in prison, and was paroled by September 1916, thereafter serving in a Friends' Ambulance Unit on a farm provided by Philip Morrell and Morrell's wife, Lady Ottoline Morrell, Ottoline, as a sort of sanctuary for conscientious objectors. When Russell was himself later sentenced to six months in HM Prison Brixton, Brixton prison for his anti-war activities, he noted that he found Chappelow "unduly sentimental", and remarked in a July 1918 letter to Ottoline Morrell that he hoped not to be like Chappelow in that regard while imprisoned.
Eric Chappelow (1890-1957)
from the National Portrait Gallery, London
Eric Barry Wilfred Chappelow
from Lives of the First World War
Aristide Marre and Isabelle Pinches
from the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, discussing Chappelow {{DEFAULTSORT:Chappelow, Eric Barry Wilfred 1890 births 1957 deaths People from London 20th-century English poets British conscientious objectors English prisoners and detainees People associated with the Friends' Ambulance Unit
Early life and career
Eric Barry Wilfred Chappelow was born in St George Hanover Square, London, England, to George and Kate Chappelow. He was a brother of illustrator and fine arts expert Archibald Cecil Chappelow, and a cousin of the suffragist Grace Chappelow. On 27 October 1913, Chappelow became a clerk to the education committee of the London County Council. Early in 1916, Chappelow published his first poetry collection, ''Joy and the Year'', which was moderately well-reviewed in the literary magazine ''The Athenaeum (British magazine), The Athenæum'', which said:World War I and imprisonment
In March 1916, at the outset of the introduction of Military Service Act 1916, compulsory service in World War I, Chappelow was "exempted as a conscientious objector", with a certificate of exemption formally being granted by the Barnes, London, Barnes and Mortlake local tribunal on 5 April 1916.'Percy'" Court-Martialled: Who He Is And The Charges He Has To Answer, ''Daily Sketch'' (21 April 1916), p. 2. OCLC 18119928. Chappelow's brother Archibald had already taken a different route to avoid service, moving to Denmark, which "remained neutral throughout the hostilities". Chappelow's exemption was challenged by a local military authority, and he was "sent before a tribunal, who could see no reason to grant him exemption for his spiritual and political beliefs". His exemption was rescinded on appeal, after which Chappelow was "then reclaimed for army noncombatant service, which he refused". Chappelow was "arrested only three and a half hours after the time that he should have presented himself", a point as to which he later complained,''The Japan Chronicle: Weekly Edition'', Iss. 979-1000 (1916), p. 1052. OCLC 723742789. and was taken to The Barracks, Kingston upon Thames, Kingston Barracks, where he was charged with offences including cowardice and treason. He refused to undress for a medical examination, and after being undressed by force, refused to put on a military uniform. A photograph of Chappelow appeared on the cover of the 14 April 1916 edition of the national Tabloid (newspaper format), tabloid newspaper, ''Daily Sketch'', where he was shown being forced to stand in a barrack yard adjacent to a public street, wearing a blanket secured with a belt, likely as punishment for refusing to wear a uniform. One account states: Chappelow was reported to have also "appeared at his court martial in a prison blanket, having spent many weeks without clothes", although another report stated that he appeared in at least one proceeding in khaki. Chappelow's lawyer argued that he was a civilian, and in a certified occupation as a clerk to a government committee, and that he was "willing to do work of national importance outside the provisions of the Military Service Act". Chappelow's case quickly became well-known. Chappelow himself wrote to lawyer Charles P. Sanger, a friend of the Pacifism, pacifist Bertrand Russell, giving "a horrifying description of the physical and psychological abuse to which he was subjected". Russell "took up his case with various influential people", including the scholar Gilbert Murray, who agreed to help. The poet W. B. Yeats also supported the cause, with Russell and Yeats writing to ask the playwright George Bernard Shaw to seek support for Chappelow within the government. Shaw "vainly pressed the case with a Labour member of the Cabinet, Arthur Henderson", but Henderson "declined to take any action". On 27 May 1916, Shaw published an article in a sympathetic magazine, ''The Nation and Athenaeum, Nation'', whose publisher was Shaw's friend Henry William Massingham, "using Chappelow as symbol of the futility of resistance and the equal futility of compliance". Russell noted that conscientious objectors, "including Chappelow have always held that there was no objection to national service, provided it was not directly concerned with the war". British Liberal politician Philip Morrell addressed the matter in the House of Commons, where he "argued that Chappelow was being subjected to mental torture". Despite all of these efforts, Chappelow was convicted and sentenced to six months in prison; it was reported that as he was escorted to the barrack square for the sentence to be pronounced, he sang ''La Marseillaise''. He was sent to HM Prison Wandsworth, Wandsworth prison, and with his conviction, Chappelow lost his job with the education committee. Chappelow "wrote repeatedly to friends about his fears and his terrible sense of isolation": While in Wandsworth, Chappelow met with another noted conscientious objector, George Frederick Dutch, who was equally ill-treated. As Chappelow withered in despondency, Russell sought further intervention from Shaw in Chappelow's case, but at this point, "Shaw replied sternly. 'Chappelow should either serve or go through with martyrdom. Martyrdom is a matter for the individual soul... you can't advise a man'". Chappelow spent four months in prison, and was paroled by September 1916, thereafter serving in a Friends' Ambulance Unit on a farm provided by Philip Morrell and Morrell's wife, Lady Ottoline Morrell, Ottoline, as a sort of sanctuary for conscientious objectors. When Russell was himself later sentenced to six months in HM Prison Brixton, Brixton prison for his anti-war activities, he noted that he found Chappelow "unduly sentimental", and remarked in a July 1918 letter to Ottoline Morrell that he hoped not to be like Chappelow in that regard while imprisoned.
Post-war life
Chappelow's treatment, and that of others who were similarly situated, led to "a national outcry and calls for reform". The government later "admitted that it had been wrong to imprison Eric and the other conscientious objectors". In her 1932 book, ''The Home Front'', the suffragist Sylvia Pankhurst recalled seeing the photograph of Chappelow in the blanket, and commented on Chappelow's plight. Later in life, Chappelow "wrote poetry on classical themes", and "contributed several Assyriological articles to the ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' and the ''Journal of the Transactions of The Victoria Institute'' in the 1930s". Chappelow and his brother Archibald were both elected Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts in 1937. His 1945 poetry volume, ''Salute to the Muse'' garnered several positive reviews, being described by ''The Library World'' as "sensitive and accomplished verse", and by ''The Poetry Review'' as "lavish in romantic splendours, both in style and substance". For one offering in this collection, Chappelow won the ''British Annual of Literature'' award for the best short poem. ''The British Annual of Literature'' wrote of the volume that "Mr. Chappelow can write charmingly of little things", and that "[i]t is rare to find a poet writing during the War so untouched by it as the author of this accomplished volume". Chappelow's last work was his 1957 ''The Tale of Perseus'', with a foreword by Lady Margaret Sackville.Stephen Phillips, Galloway Kyle, ''The Poetry Review'' (1958), p. 79. OCLC 1184161151. Chappelow died in Stepney, London, on 28 November 1957, at the age of 67.Notes
References
External links
Eric Chappelow (1890-1957)
from the National Portrait Gallery, London
Eric Barry Wilfred Chappelow
from Lives of the First World War
Aristide Marre and Isabelle Pinches
from the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, discussing Chappelow {{DEFAULTSORT:Chappelow, Eric Barry Wilfred 1890 births 1957 deaths People from London 20th-century English poets British conscientious objectors English prisoners and detainees People associated with the Friends' Ambulance Unit