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Equivalence or Equivalent may refer to:


Arts and entertainment

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Album-equivalent unit The album-equivalent unit, or album equivalent, is a measurement unit in music industry to define the consumption of music that equals the purchase of one album copy. This consumption includes streaming and song downloads in addition to traditio ...
, a measurement unit in the music industry * Equivalence class (music) *'' Equivalent VIII'', or ''The Bricks'', a minimalist sculpture by Carl Andre *''
Equivalents ''Equivalents'' is a series of photographs of clouds taken by Alfred Stieglitz from 1925 to 1934. They are generally recognized as the first photographs intended to free the subject matter from literal interpretation, and, as such, are some of t ...
'', a series of photographs of clouds by Alfred Stieglitz


Language

* Dynamic and formal equivalence in translation *
Equivalence (formal languages) In formal language theory, weak equivalence of two grammars means they generate the same set of strings, i.e. that the formal language they generate is the same. In compiler theory the notion is distinguished from strong (or structural) equivalenc ...


Law

*The doctrine of equivalents in patent law *The equivalence principle as if impacts on the
direct effect of European Union law In European Union law, direct effect is the principle that Union law may, if appropriately framed, confer rights on individuals which the courts of member states of the European Union are bound to recognise and enforce. Direct effect is not ex ...


Logic

* Logical equivalence, where two statements are logically equivalent if they have the same logical content *
Material equivalence Material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their physical and chemical properties, or on their geologic ...
, a relationship where the truth of either one of the connected statements requires the truth of the other


Science and technology


Chemistry

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Equivalent (chemistry) An equivalent (symbol: officially equiv; unofficially but often Eq) is the amount of a substance that reacts with (or is ''equivalent'' to) an arbitrary amount (typically one mole) of another substance in a given chemical reaction. It is an arch ...
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Equivalence point The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of reactants have been mixed. For an acid-base reaction the equivalence point is where the moles of acid and the moles of ...
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Equivalent weight In chemistry, equivalent weight (also known as gram equivalent) is the mass of one equivalent, that is the mass of a given substance which will combine with or displace a fixed quantity of another substance. The equivalent weight of an element i ...


Computing

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Turing equivalence (theory of computation) In computability theory, a system of data-manipulation rules (such as a computer's instruction set, a programming language, or a cellular automaton) is said to be Turing-complete or computationally universal if it can be used to simulate any Tur ...
, or Turing completeness * Semantic equivalence in computer metadata


Economics

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Certainty equivalent A risk premium is a measure of excess return that is required by an individual to compensate being subjected to an increased level of risk. It is used widely in finance and economics, the general definition being the expected risky return less ...
, a principle related to risk premium * Economic equivalence, a concept in engineering economics *
Ricardian equivalence The Ricardian equivalence proposition (also known as the Ricardo–de Viti–Barro equivalence theorem) is an economic hypothesis holding that consumers are forward-looking and so internalize the government's budget constraint when making their co ...
, or Ricardo–de Viti–Barro equivalence, a proposition in economics


Mathematics

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Equality (mathematics) In mathematics, equality is a relationship between two quantities or, more generally two mathematical expressions, asserting that the quantities have the same value, or that the expressions represent the same mathematical object. The equality be ...
* Equivalence relation ** Equivalence class *
Equivalence of categories In category theory, a branch of abstract mathematics, an equivalence of categories is a relation between two categories that establishes that these categories are "essentially the same". There are numerous examples of categorical equivalences fr ...
, in category theory * Equivalent infinitesimal * Matrix equivalence in linear algebra *
Turing equivalence (recursion theory) In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree (named after Alan Turing) or degree of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers measures the level of algorithmic unsolvability of the set. Overview The concept of Turing degree is f ...


Physics

* Equivalence principle in the theory of general relativity


Other uses

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Equivalence (trade) Equivalence is a term applied by the Uruguay Round Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. World Trade Organization (WTO) Member countries shall accord acceptance to the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures of othe ...
* Moral equivalence, a term used in political debate * The Equivalent, a sum paid from England to Scotland at their Union in 1707


See also

* * * * * ≡ (disambiguation) *Equivalency, a National Collegiate Athletic Association concept {{disambiguation