The ''Equestrian Statue of
Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: áːɾkus̠ auɾέːli.us̠ antɔ́ːni.us̠ English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good E ...
'' (, ) is an
ancient Roman equestrian statue on the
Capitoline Hill
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; it, Campidoglio ; la, Mons Capitolinus ), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn. ...
,
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus ( legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
, Italy. It is made of
bronze
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids suc ...
and stands 4.24 m (13.9 ft) tall. Although the emperor is mounted, it exhibits many similarities to standing statues of
Augustus
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...
. The original is on display in the
Capitoline Museums, with the one now standing in the open air of the
Piazza del Campidoglio being a replica made in 1981 when the original was taken down for restoration.
Description
The overall theme is one of power and divine grandeur—the emperor is over life-size and extends his hand in a gesture of
adlocutio used by emperors when addressing their troops. Some historians assert that a conquered enemy was originally part of the sculpture (based on accounts from
medieval
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
times, including the ''
Mirabilia Urbis Romae'', that suggest a small figure of a bound
barbarian
A barbarian (or savage) is someone who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive. The designation is usually applied as a generalization based on a popular stereotype; barbarians can be members of any nation judged by some to be less ...
chieftain once cowered underneath the horse's front right leg).
Such an image was meant to portray the Emperor as victorious and all-conquering. However, shown without weapons or armour,
Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: áːɾkus̠ auɾέːli.us̠ antɔ́ːni.us̠ English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good E ...
seems to be a bringer of peace rather than a military hero, for this is how he saw himself and his reign.
File:Statua Marco Aurelio Musei Capitolini.JPG
File:Statua Marco Aurelio Musei Capitolini Fronte.JPG
He is riding without the use of
stirrups, which had not yet been introduced to the West. While the horse has been meticulously studied in order to be recreated for other artists' works, the saddle cloth was copied with the thought that it was part of the standard Roman uniform. The saddle cloth is actually
Sarmatian in origin, suggesting that the horse is a Sarmatian horse and that the statue was created to honour the victory over the Sarmatians by Marcus Aurelius, after which he adopted "Sarmaticus" to his name.
History
The statue was erected around 175 AD. Its original location is debated: the
Roman Forum and
Piazza Colonna (where the
Column of Marcus Aurelius stands) have been proposed.
[Stewart, Peter, "The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius" in ''A Companion to Marcus Aurelius'', edited by Martin van Ackeren, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, pp. 264-77.] However, it was noted that the site where it had originally stood had been converted into a vineyard during the early Middle Ages.
Although there were many
equestrian imperial statues, they rarely survived because it was the common practice to melt down bronze statues for reuse as material for coins or new sculptures in the late empire. Indeed, it is one of only two surviving bronze statues of a pre-Christian Roman emperor; the
Regisole, destroyed after the
French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are conside ...
, may have been another. The equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome owes its preservation on the
Campidoglio to the popular mis-identification of
Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: áːɾkus̠ auɾέːli.us̠ antɔ́ːni.us̠ English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good E ...
, the philosopher-emperor, with
Constantine the Great
Constantine I ( , ; la, Flavius Valerius Constantinus, ; ; 27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337, the first one to convert to Christianity. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterran ...
, the Christian emperor; indeed, more than 20 other bronze equestrian statues of various emperors and generals had been melted down since the end of the Imperial Roman era. It has been speculated that its misidentification stems from the prior existence of an equestrian statue of Constantine which had stood beside the
Arch of Septimius Severus, and which had been most likely taken on the orders of the emperor
Constans II during his visit to Rome in 663. With its removal, the people eventually mistakenly identified Marcus Aurelius's statue for Constantine's.
In the medieval era it was one of the few Roman statues to remain on public view. In the 8th century it stood in the ''Campus Lateranensis'', to the east of the
Lateran Palace
The Lateran Palace ( la, Palatium Lateranense), formally the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran ( la, Palatium Apostolicum Lateranense), is an ancient palace of the Roman Empire and later the main papal residence in southeast Rome.
Located on St. ...
in Rome, sitting on a pedestal that was later provided by Sixtus IV.
Its placement next to the Lateran Palace was due the fact that this site used to contain the house of Marcus Aurelius's grandfather
Marcus Annius Verus, which was where the Emperor's birth and early education took place. From here it was relocated in 1538, by order of Pope Paul III to remove it from the main traffic of the square.
It was moved to the
Piazza del Campidoglio (
Capitoline Hill
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; it, Campidoglio ; la, Mons Capitolinus ), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn. ...
) during
Michelangelo
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known as Michelangelo (), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was ins ...
's redesign of the Hill. Though he disagreed with its central positioning, he designed a special pedestal for it.
The original is on display in the
Palazzo dei Conservatori
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; it, Campidoglio ; la, Mons Capitolinus ), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn ...
of the
Musei Capitolini, while a replica has replaced it in the square.
On the night of November 29, 1849, at the inception of the revolutionary
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Ki ...
, a mass procession set up the Red-White-Green tricolore (now
Flag of Italy
The national flag of Italy ( it, Bandiera d'Italia, ), often referred to in Italian as ''il Tricolore'' ( en, the Tricolour, ) is a tricolour featuring three equally sized vertical pales of green, white and red, national colours of Italy, wit ...
, then a new and highly "subversive" flag) in the hands of the mounted Marcus Aurelius.
In 1979, a bomb attack in the nearby
Palazzo Senatorio damaged the statue's marble base.
Cultural significance
The statue is featured on the reverse of the
aureus of Marcus Aurelius, struck in 174 AD. The statue is depicted on the reverse of the contemporary
Italian €0.50 coin, designed by .
The statue was formerly clad in gold. An old local myth says that the statue will turn gold again on the
Judgement Day
The Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Day of Reckoning, Day of Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, Day of Resurrection or The Day of the Lord (; ar, یوم القيامة, translit=Yawm al-Qiyāmah or ar, یوم الدین, translit=Yawm ad-Dīn, ...
.
Influence
A number of later sculptural works have been influenced by the ''Equestrian Statue.''
Allegedly the equestrian statue of
King George III
George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great B ...
of Great Britain which stood in
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
's
Bowling Green until 1776 (when it was thrown down and the lead turned into musket balls for
George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of ...
's army) was based upon the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius.
Richard Westmacott
Sir Richard Westmacott (15 July 17751 September 1856) was a British sculptor.
Life and career
Westmacott studied with his father, also named Richard Westmacott, at his studio in Mount Street, off Grosvenor Square in London before going t ...
modeled
later statues of King George III on the ''Equestrian Statue.''
Sculptor
Jacques Saly modeled his 1768
Equestrian statue of Frederick V
An equestrian statue of King Frederick V of Denmark stands in the center of Amalienborg Square, Copenhagen, framed by the four symmetrical wings of the Amalienborg palace. The statue portrays the king in classic attire, crowned with laurels and w ...
in Copenhagen, Denmark upon that of Marcus Aurelius.
The
Monument to Prince Józef Poniatowski in Warsaw
A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, hist ...
by
Bertel Thorvaldsen, from 1829, was based on this statue.
Sculptor
David Wynne visited Rome to see the statue, while producing his own equestrian statue,
''The Messenger''.
Replicas
In 1981 work began on producing a replica of the statue for outdoor display. Digital image files were used for reference while a laser beam ensured accurate measurements. Conservators used this copy to cast a faithful bronze replica of the statue, which is currently displayed in the
Campidoglio.
In 1908,
Brown University
Brown University is a private research university in Providence, Rhode Island. Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providenc ...
erected a bronze
replica of the statue. The statue is located on Ruth Simmons Quad, behind
Sayles Memorial Hall
Sayles Memorial Hall is a Richardsonian Romanesque hall on the central campus of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. The granite structure was designed by Alpheus C. Morse and constructed from 1879 to 1881.
History
Sayles Hall was ...
.
File:Marcus Aurelius statue and Lyman Hall at Brown University (cropped).jpg, The replica at Brown University
Brown University is a private research university in Providence, Rhode Island. Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providenc ...
File:0 Marcus Aurelius - Piazza del Campidoglio (1).JPG, The replica of the statue in the Campidoglio
File:Rom Capitol Marc Aurel.jpg, The contemporary replica
See also
*
Regisole
References
External links
Capitoline Museum
{{Authority control
Sculptures in the Capitoline Museums
Outdoor sculptures in Rome
2nd-century Roman sculptures
Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: áːɾkus̠ auɾέːli.us̠ antɔ́ːni.us̠ English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good E ...
Cultural depictions of Marcus Aurelius
Hellenistic and Roman bronzes
Statues of monarchs
Roman sculpture portraits of emperors
Sculptures of men in Italy