A characteristic of

Homer Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...

's style is the use of epithets, as in "rosy-fingered" Dawn or "swift-footed"

Achilles In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus ( grc-gre, Ἀχιλλεύς) was a hero of the Trojan War, the greatest of all the Greek warriors, and the central character of Homer's '' Iliad''. He was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Pele ...

. Epithets are used because of the constraints of the

dactylic hexameter Dactylic hexameter (also known as heroic hexameter and the meter of epic) is a form of meter or rhythmic scheme frequently used in Ancient Greek and Latin poetry. The scheme of the hexameter is usually as follows (writing – for a long syllable ...

(i.e., it is convenient to have a stockpile of metrically fitting phrases to add to a name) and because of the oral transmission of the poems; they are mnemonic aids to the singer and the audience alike. Formulae in

epic poetry An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants. ...

from various

Indo-European The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Some European languages of this family, English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Dutc ...

traditions may be traced to a common tradition. For example, the phrase for "everlasting glory" or "undying fame" can be found in the

Homeric Greek Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the ''Iliad'', ''Odyssey'', and Homeric Hymns. It is a literary dialect of Ancient Greek consisting mainly of Ionic, with some Aeolic forms, a few from Arcadocypriot, and ...

as / and

Vedic Sanskrit Vedic Sanskrit was an ancient language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language family. It is attested in the Vedas and related literature compiled over the period of the mid- 2nd to mid-1st millennium BCE. It was orally preser ...

as / . These two phrases were, in terms of historical linguistics, equivalent in

phonology Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a ...

accentuation In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is the relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence. That emphasis is typically caused by such properties a ...

, and quantity (syllable length). In other words, they descend from a fragment of poetic diction (reconstructable as

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo- ...

) which was handed down in parallel over many centuries, in continually diverging forms, by generations of singers whose ultimate ancestors shared an archetypal repertoire of poetic formulae and narrative themes. In contrast to the more general term 'epithet' (), which is used in poetic contexts, for the ancient Greek religion, the

epiclesis The epiclesis (also spelled epiklesis; from grc, ἐπίκλησις "surname" or "invocation") refers to the invocation of one or several gods. In ancient Greek religion, the epiclesis was the epithet used as the surname given to a deity in reli ...

( (; literally 'calling upon')) was used as the surname that was associated with a deity during religious invocations. Epithets alter the meaning of each noun to which they are attached. They specify the existential nature of a noun; that is to say, Achilles is not called "swift-footed" only when he runs; it is a marker of a quality that does not change. Special epithets, such as

patronymics A patronymic, or patronym, is a component of a personal name based on the given name of one's father, grandfather (avonymic), or an earlier male ancestor. Patronymics are still in use, including mandatory use, in many countries worldwide, alt ...

, are used exclusively for particular subjects and distinguish them from others, while generic epithets are used of many subjects and speak less to their individual characters. In these examples, the epithet can be contradictory to the past state of the subject: in ''

Odyssey The ''Odyssey'' (; grc, Ὀδύσσεια, Odýsseia, ) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. As with the ''Iliad'', th ...

'' VI.74, for instance, Nausicaa takes her "radiant clothing", , to be washed; since it is dirty, it is unlikely to be radiant.Parry 1971: 121

List

General

*men **shining, divine (, ) **born from Zeus (, ) **god-like (, ; , ) **high-hearted **brilliant *leaders **lord of men (, ) *women **white-armed (, ) **lovely-haired (, ) **ox eyed (, ) *goddesses **of the golden distaff with (, ) *day **the day of return (, — '' nostalgia'' also comes from ) *sea **loud-roaring () **grey **wine-colored () *lions **eating raw flesh () **mountain-bred () **fiery ()

Nations

* Albanes **swift (, ) **sporting long hair (, ) * Achaeans **hairy-headed (, ) **bronzed-armored (, ) **strong-greaved (, ) **glancing-eyed (, ) **with hollow ships *

Trojans Trojan or Trojans may refer to: * Of or from the ancient city of Troy * Trojan language, the language of the historical Trojans Arts and entertainment Music * '' Les Troyens'' ('The Trojans'), an opera by Berlioz, premiered part 1863, part 189 ...

**tamers of horses (, )

Individuals

**son of Peleus ( ) **swift-footed ( ; ; ) **breaking through men ( ) **lion-hearted ( ) **like to the gods ( ) **shepherd of the people ( ) *

Aeneas In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (, ; from ) was a Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy (both being grandsons ...

**Son of Anchises ( ) **Counselor of the Trojans ( ) **Lord of the Trojans ( ) **Great-hearted ( ) **King of men ( ) **Great ( ) *

Agamemnon In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (; grc-gre, Ἀγαμέμνων ''Agamémnōn'') was a king of Mycenae who commanded the Greeks during the Trojan War. He was the son, or grandson, of King Atreus and Queen Aerope, the brother of Menelaus, the ...

**son of Atreus ( : also transliterated ) **wide-ruling lord ( ) **the lord marshal **powerful **shepherd of the people ( ) **lord of men ( ) **brilliant * Aias/Ajax **Son of Telamon ( ) **swift **gigantic ( ) ***the mighty *

Andromache In Greek mythology, Andromache (; grc, Ἀνδρομάχη, ) was the wife of Hector, daughter of Eetion, and sister to Podes. She was born and raised in the city of Cilician Thebe, over which her father ruled. The name means 'man battler ...

**daughter of Eetion ( ) **white-armed *

Aphrodite Aphrodite ( ; grc-gre, Ἀφροδίτη, Aphrodítē; , , ) is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, and procreation. She was syncretized with the Roman goddess . Aphrodite's major symbols inclu ...

**laughter-loving ( ) **daughter of Zeus ( ) **goddess of love **fair ( ) *

Apollo Apollo, grc, Ἀπόλλωνος, Apóllōnos, label=genitive , ; , grc-dor, Ἀπέλλων, Apéllōn, ; grc, Ἀπείλων, Apeílōn, label= Arcadocypriot Greek, ; grc-aeo, Ἄπλουν, Áploun, la, Apollō, la, Apollinis, label ...

**Phoebus, i.e. the Bright or Pure, ( ) **with unshorn hair; i.e., ever-young ( ) **destroyer of mice ( ) **distant deadly Archer ( ) **far-aiming lord ( ) **rouser of armies **son of Zeus ( ) **of the silver bow ( ) **famous with the bow ( ) **whom the sleek-haired Leto has born ( ) * Ares **slayer of men ( ) **sacker of cities **bronzen ( ) **furious ( ) **destroyer of city walls ( ) **of the glinting helmet **women raping *

Athena Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek religion, ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft who was later syncretism, syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva. Athena was regarded ...

**Pallas ( ) **gray-, bright-eyed ( ) **daughter of Zeus **third-born of the gods **whose shield is thunder **hope of soldiers **tireless one *

Ariadne Ariadne (; grc-gre, Ἀριάδνη; la, Ariadne) was a Cretan princess in Greek mythology. She was mostly associated with mazes and labyrinths because of her involvement in the myths of the Minotaur and Theseus. She is best known for havi ...

**lovely-haired ( ) *

Artemis In ancient Greek mythology and religion, Artemis (; grc-gre, Ἄρτεμις) is the goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, nature, vegetation, childbirth, care of children, and chastity. She was heavily identified wit ...

**the archer-goddess **shooter of arrows ( ) * Briseis **fair-cheeked ( ) **fair-haired ( ) * Calypso **beautiful nymph **softly-braided nymph **divine **goddess most divinely made **daughter of Atlas **cunning goddess ( ) * Chryseis **beautiful-cheeked ( ) *

Circe Circe (; grc, , ) is an enchantress and a minor goddess in ancient Greek mythology and religion. She is either a daughter of the Titan Helios and the Oceanid nymph Perse or the goddess Hecate and Aeëtes. Circe was renowned for her vas ...

**enchantress * Cronus (Kronos) **crooked-counselling, devious-devising ( ) **all-powerful * Demeter **fair-haired * Diomedes **son of Tydeus **great spearman **master of the war cry **god-like **strong **breaker of horses *

Hector In Greek mythology, Hector (; grc, Ἕκτωρ, Hektōr, label=none, ) is a character in Homer's Iliad. He was a Trojan prince and the greatest warrior for Troy during the Trojan War. Hector led the Trojans and their allies in the defense o ...

**tall **shepherd of the people **of the glinting helmet, of the shining helm ( ) **man-killing **horse-taming * Helen **long-dressed **daughter of a noble house * Hera **ox-eyed lady ( ) *

Hephaestus Hephaestus (; eight spellings; grc-gre, Ἥφαιστος, Hḗphaistos) is the Greek god of blacksmiths, metalworking, carpenters, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metallurgy, fire (compare, however, with Hestia), and volcanoes.Walter B ...

**the famous craftsman **the famous lame god **of the strong arms *

Hermes Hermes (; grc-gre, wikt:Ἑρμῆς, Ἑρμῆς) is an Olympian deity in ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology. Hermes is considered the herald of the gods. He is also considered the protector of human heralds, travelle ...

**messenger of the gods and conductor of men ( ) **slayer of Argos ( ) **son of Zeus **giant-killer **the strong one **keen eyes emissary * Ino **lovely-ankled () *

Iris Iris most often refers to: *Iris (anatomy), part of the eye *Iris (mythology), a Greek goddess * ''Iris'' (plant), a genus of flowering plants * Iris (color), an ambiguous color term Iris or IRIS may also refer to: Arts and media Fictional ent ...

**wind-footed *

Menelaus In Greek mythology, Menelaus (; grc-gre, Μενέλαος , 'wrath of the people', ) was a king of Mycenaean (pre- Dorian) Sparta. According to the ''Iliad'', Menelaus was a central figure in the Trojan War, leading the Spartan contingent of th ...

**red-haired, fair-haired, flaming-haired **master of the war-cry **son of Atreus ( ) **war-like **spear-famed **loved by Ares ( ) **cherished by Zeus ( ) * Naubolos **great-hearted * Nestor **Godly Nestor **Gerenian charioteer **son of Neleus ( ) **Pylos born king **sweet spoken **wise old * Odysseus **resourceful, man of many resources, of many turns, man of twists and turns ( ) **much-enduring ( ) **great-hearted ( ) **sacker of cities ( ) **wise **loved of Zeus **great glory of the Achaeans **master mariner **mastermind of war **hotheaded **man of action **the great teller of tales **man of exploits **man of pain **that kingly man **the hero **Raider of Cities **the great tactician **cunning ( ) *

Onchestos Onchestos or Onchestus ( el, Ογχηστός) was a Greek town in ancient Boeotia northwest of Thebes, Greece, Thebes. In ancient times it was famous for its sanctuary of Poseidon. The site has been excavated intermittently since the 1960s. It w ...

**sacred * Pandaros **son of Lykaon * Patroclus **son of Menoitius ( ) **Zeus-born, sprung from Zeus () **dear to Zeus () **great-hearted ( ) **horseman ( or ) **peerless () **peer to gods in counsel () **gentle () **hero () *

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...

**Alexandros **magnificent *

Penelope Penelope ( ; Ancient Greek: Πηνελόπεια, ''Pēnelópeia'', or el, Πηνελόπη, ''Pēnelópē'') is a character in Homer's ''Odyssey.'' She was the queen of Ithaca and was the daughter of Spartan king Icarius and naiad Periboea. Pe ...

**cautious, careful, circumspect, discreet, wise, self-obsessed *

Poseidon Poseidon (; grc-gre, Ποσειδῶν) was one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth, god of the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses.Burkert 1985pp. 136–139 In pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece, he was venerated as a ...

**Earth-shaker ( or ) **earth-moving, earth-carrying ( ) *

Sarpedon Sarpedon (; grc, Σαρπηδών) is the name of several figures in Greek mythology * Sarpedon, a son of Zeus, who fought on the side of Troy in the Trojan War. Although in the ''Iliad'', he was the son of Zeus and Laodamia, the daughter of Bel ...

**leader of the Lycians * Suitors **swaggering **haughty *

Telemachus Telemachus ( ; grc, Τηλέμαχος, Tēlemakhos, lit=far-fighter), in Greek mythology, is the son of Odysseus and Penelope, who is a central character in Homer's ''Odyssey''. When Telemachus reached manhood, he visited Pylos and Sparta in s ...

**poised **thoughtful *

Thetis Thetis (; grc-gre, Θέτις ), is a figure from Greek mythology with varying mythological roles. She mainly appears as a sea nymph, a goddess of water, or one of the 50 Nereids, daughters of the ancient sea god Nereus. When described as ...

**silver-footed * Thersites **of the endless speech *

Tydeus Tydeus (; Ancient Greek: Τυδεύς ''Tūdeus'') was an Aetolian hero in Greek mythology, belonging to the generation before the Trojan War. He was one of the Seven against Thebes, and the father of Diomedes, who is frequently known by the pa ...

**driver of horses *

Zeus Zeus or , , ; grc, Δῐός, ''Diós'', label= genitive Boeotian Aeolic and Laconian grc-dor, Δεύς, Deús ; grc, Δέος, ''Déos'', label= genitive el, Δίας, ''Días'' () is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek reli ...

**mighty **son of Kronos ( ) **wide-seeing **cloud-gatherer ( ) **father of gods and men **of the dazzling bolt ( ) **loud-thundering ( ) **delighting in thunder ( ) **

aegis The aegis ( ; grc, αἰγίς ''aigís''), as stated in the ''Iliad'', is a device carried by Athena and Zeus, variously interpreted as an animal skin or a shield and sometimes featuring the head of a Gorgon. There may be a connection with a d ...

-holding ( ) **who marshals the thunderheads

Shared

, Polites **son of Priam ( ) * Antilochus, Pisistratus **son of Nestor ( ) *

, Atreus, Diomedes, Nestor **breaker of horses, horse-tamer ( ) *

, Diomedes **best of the Achaeans *

, Ares **manslaughtering

Notes

Sources

* Parry, Milman. "L'Épithète traditionnelle dans Homère: Essai sur un problème de style homérique." Paris: Société d'Éditions "Les Belles Lettres", 1928. * Parry, Milman, ed. Adam Parry. "The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry." Oxford: The Clarendon PRess, 1971. * Edwards, Mark. "Homer and the Oral Tradition: The Formula (part one)." ''Oral Tradition'' 1 (1986) 171-230. * Edwards, Mark. "Homer and the Oral Tradition: The Formula (part two)." ''Oral Tradition'' 3 (1988) 11-60. * Reece, Steve. "Greek Epic Formulae," in Giorgios Giannakis (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics'' (Leiden: Brill, 2014) 613-615
Greek_Epic_Formulas
* Reece, Steve. "Epithets," in Margalit Finkelberg (ed.), ''Homeric Encyclopedia'' (Oxford: Blackwell, 2011) 257-259
Epithets
* V.J. Howe, "Epithets in Homer." Available online at http://www.angelfire.com/art/archictecture/articles/008.htm. (Retrieved October 16, 2007.) * Fagles, Robert. "The Odyssey." Penguin Books, 1996. {{DEFAULTSORT:Epithets In Homer Homeric Greek