Elizabeth Woodville

Elizabeth Woodville (also spelt Wydville, Wydeville, or Widvile;Although spelling of the family name is usually modernised to "Woodville", it was spelt "Wydeville" in contemporary publications by Caxton, but her tomb at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle is inscribed thus: "Edward IV and his Queen Elizabeth Widvile". c. 1437Karen Lindsey, ''Divorced, Beheaded, Survived'', p. xviii, Perseus Books, 1995. – 8 June 1492), later known as Dame Elizabeth Grey, was Queen of England from her marriage to King Edward IV on 1 May 1464 until Edward was deposed on 3 October 1470, and again from Edward's resumption of the throne on 11 April 1471 until his death on 9 April 1483.

At the time of her birth, her family was of middle rank in the English social hierarchy. Her mother, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, had previously been an aunt-by-marriage to Henry VI. Elizabeth's first marriage was to a minor supporter of the House of Lancaster, Sir John Grey of Groby. He died at the Second Battle of St Albans, leaving Elizabeth a widowed mother of two sons.

Her second marriage to Edward IV became a cause célèbre. Elizabeth was known for her beauty but came from minor nobility with no great estates, and the marriage took place in secret. Edward was the first king of England since the Norman Conquest to marry one of his subjects, and Elizabeth was the first such consort to be crowned queen. John's marriage to Isabel of Gloucester was annulled shortly after his accession, and she was never crowned; Henry IV's first wife Mary de Bohun died before he became king. Her marriage greatly enriched her siblings and children, but their advancement incurred the hostility of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, "The Kingmaker", and his various alliances with the most senior figures in the increasingly divided royal family. This hostility turned into open discord between King Edward and Warwick, leading to a battle of wills that finally resulted in Warwick switching allegiance to the Lancastrian cause, and to the execution of Elizabeth's father, Richard Woodville, in 1469.

After the death of her husband in 1483, Elizabeth remained politically influential even after her son, briefly proclaimed King Edward V of England, was deposed by her brother-in-law, Richard III. Edward and his younger brother Richard both disappeared soon afterwards, and are presumed to have been murdered. Elizabeth subsequently played an important role in securing the accession of Henry VII in 1485.

Henry married her daughter Elizabeth of York, ended the Wars of the Roses, and established the Tudor dynasty. Through her daughter, Elizabeth was a grandmother of the future Henry VIII. Elizabeth was forced to yield pre-eminence to Henry VII's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort; her influence on events in these years, and her eventual departure from court into retirement, remain obscure.

Early life and first marriage

Elizabeth Woodville was born in about 1437 (no record of her birth survives), at Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire. She was the firstborn child of a socially unequal marriage between Sir Richard Woodville and Jacquetta of Luxembourg, which briefly scandalised the English court. The Woodvilles, though an old and respectable family, were gentry rather than noble, a landed and wealthy family that had previously produced commissioners of the peace, sheriffs, and MPs, rather than peers of the realm. Elizabeth's mother, in contrast, was the eldest daughter of Peter I of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, Conversano and Brienne, and as the widow of the Duke of Bedford, uncle of King Henry VI of England, was before her second marriage one of the highest ranking women in England. As Jacquetta had pledged, upon the death of her first husband, that she would not remarry without first obtaining royal permission, and as royal permission to marry Woodville was out of the question, the pair married secretly. When the marriage became public knowledge, the couple was heavily fined, but was pardoned on 24 October 1437: it has been conjectured that the pardon coincided with the birth of Elizabeth, the couple's firstborn child.

In about 1452, Elizabeth Woodville married Sir John Grey of Groby, the heir to the Barony Ferrers of Groby. He was killed at the Second Battle of St Albans in 1461, fighting for the Lancastrian cause. This would become a source of irony, since Elizabeth's future husband Edward IV was the Yorkist claimant to the throne. Elizabeth Woodville's two sons from this first marriage were Thomas (later Marquess of Dorset) and Richard.

Elizabeth Woodville was called "the most beautiful woman in the Island of Britain" with "heavy-lidded eyes like those of a dragon".Jane Bingham, ''The Cotswolds: A Cultural History'', (Oxford University Press, 2009), 66

Queen consort

Edward IV had many mistresses, the best known of them being Jane Shore, and he did not have a reputation for fidelity. His marriage to the widowed Elizabeth Woodville took place secretly and, though there is no documentary evidence of the date, it is traditionally said to have taken place at her family home in Northamptonshire on 1 May 1464.Robert Fabian, ''The New Chronicles of England and France'', ed. Henry Ellis (London: Rivington, 1811), 654; "Hearne’s Fragment of an Old Chronicle, from 1460–1470," The Chronicles of the White Rose of York. (London: James Bohn, 1845), 15–16. Only the bride's mother and two ladies were in attendance. Edward married her just over three years after he had assumed the English throne in the wake of his overwhelming victory over the Lancastrians, at the Battle of Towton, which resulted in the displacement of King Henry VI. Elizabeth Woodville was crowned queen on 26 May 1465, the Sunday after Ascension Day.

In the early years of his reign, Edward IV's governance of England was dependent upon a small circle of supporters, most notably his cousin, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. At around the time of Edward IV's secret marriage, Warwick was negotiating an alliance with France in an effort to thwart a similar arrangement being made by his sworn enemy Margaret of Anjou, wife of the deposed Henry VI. The plan was that Edward IV should marry a French princess. When his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, who was both a commoner and from a family of Lancastrian supporters became public, Warwick was both embarrassed and offended, and his relationship with Edward IV never recovered. The match was also badly received by the Privy Council, who according to Jean de Waurin told Edward with great frankness that "he must know that she was no wife for a prince such as himself".

With the arrival on the scene of the new queen came many relatives, some of whom married into the most notable families in England.Ralph A. Griffiths, "The Court during the Wars of the Roses". In ''Princes Patronage and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, cc. 1450–1650.'' Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. . 59–61. Three of her sisters married the sons of the earls of Kent, Essex and Pembroke. Another sister, Catherine Woodville, married the queen's 11-year-old ward Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, who later joined Edward IV's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, in opposition to the Woodvilles after the death of Edward IV. Elizabeth's 20-year-old brother John married Katherine, Duchess of Norfolk. The Duchess had been widowed three times and was probably in her sixties, so that the marriage created a scandal at court. Elizabeth's son from her first marriage, Thomas Grey, married Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington.

Elizabeth's status as a commoner before her sudden, secret marriage to Edward was primarily the reason for the backlash against her queenship. She was often seen as arrogant and disrespectful for actions that would be seen as normal by a lady of higher rank, such as her predecessor Margaret of Anjou. Such was Elizabeth's unpopularity that George of Clarence, brother of her husband, even accused her of witchcraft in order to murder his wife Isabel Neville. Most historians now believe that this accusation is false, and that Isabel died of either consumption or childbed fever.

When an observer from Nuremberg, a Bohemian nobleman named Gabriel Tetzel, came to the English court in 1466 shortly after the birth of Elizabeth's daughter, he commented in detail of the luxury that Woodville dined in: “The Queen left her child-bed and went to church in stately order, accompanied by many priests bearing relics and by many scholars singing and carrying lights. There followed a great company of ladies and maidens from the country and from London, who had been summoned. Then came a great company of trumpeters, pipers and players of stringed instruments. The king’s choir followed, forty-two of them, who sang excellently. Then came twenty-four heralds and pursuivants, followed by sixty counts and knights. At last came the Queen escorted by two dukes. Above her was a canopy. Behind her were her mother and maidens and ladies to the number of sixty. Then the Queen heard the singing of an Office, and, having left the church, she returned to her palace in procession as before. Then all who had joined the procession remained to eat. They sat down, women and men, ecclesiastical and lay, each according to rank, and filled four great rooms.” Susan Higginbotham, “The Woodvilles: The Wars of the Roses and England’s Most Infamous Family”

When Elizabeth Woodville's relatives, especially her brother Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, began to challenge Warwick's pre-eminence in English political society, Warwick conspired with his son-in-law George, Duke of Clarence, the king's younger brother. One of his followers accused Elizabeth Woodville's mother, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, of practising witchcraft. She was acquitted the following year.Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1467–77, pg. 190. Warwick and Clarence twice rose in revolt and then fled to France. Warwick formed an uneasy alliance with the Lancastrian Queen Margaret of Anjou and restored her husband Henry VI to the throne in 1470. But the following year, Edward IV returned from exile and defeated Warwick at the Battle of Barnet, and the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury. Henry VI was killed soon afterwards.

Following her husband's temporary fall from power, Elizabeth Woodville sought sanctuary in Westminster Abbey, where she gave birth to a son, Edward (later King Edward V of England). Her marriage to Edward IV produced a total of ten children, including another son, Richard, Duke of York, who would later join his brother as one of the Princes in the Tower. Five daughters also lived to adulthood.

Elizabeth Woodville engaged in acts of Christian piety in keeping with conventional expectations of a medieval queen consort. She also became a patroness of Queens' College, Cambridge. Her acts included making pilgrimages, obtaining a papal indulgence for those who knelt and said the Angelus three times per day, and founding the chapel of St. Erasmus in Westminster Abbey.Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, "A 'Most Benevolent Queen;'"Laynesmith, pp. 111, 118–19.

Queen dowager

Following Edward IV's sudden death, possibly from pneumonia, in April 1483, Elizabeth Woodville became queen dowager. Her young son, Edward V, became king, with his uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, acting as Lord Protector. In response to the Woodvilles' attempt to monopolise power, Gloucester quickly moved to take control of the young king and had the king's uncle Earl Rivers and half-brother Richard Grey, son to Elizabeth, arrested. The young king was transferred to the Tower of London to await the coronation. With her younger son and daughters, Elizabeth again sought sanctuary. Lord Hastings, the late king's leading supporter in London, initially endorsed Gloucester's actions, but Gloucester then accused him of conspiring with Elizabeth Woodville against him. Hastings was summarily executed. Whether any such conspiracy really occurred is not known. Richard accused Elizabeth of plotting to "murder and utterly destroy" him.

On 25 June 1483, Gloucester had Elizabeth Woodville's son Richard Grey and brother Anthony, Earl Rivers, executed in Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire. By an act of Parliament, the '' Titulus Regius'' (1 Ric. III), it was declared that Edward IV's children with Elizabeth were illegitimate on the grounds that Edward IV had a precontract with the widow Lady Eleanor Butler, which was considered a legally binding contract that rendered any other marriage contract invalid. One source, the Burgundian chronicler Philippe de Commines, says that Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells, carried out an engagement ceremony between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor. The act also contained charges of witchcraft against Elizabeth, but gave no details and the charges had no further repercussions. As a consequence, the Duke of Gloucester and Lord Protector was offered the throne and became King Richard III. Edward V, who was no longer king, and his brother Richard, Duke of York, remained in the Tower of London. There are no recorded sightings of them after the summer of 1483.

Life under Richard III

Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she, with Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (née Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III,Genealogical Tables in Morgan, (1988), p. 709. the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity.Henry Tudor's claim to the throne was weak, owing to a declaration of Henry IV that barred the accession to the throne of any heirs of the legitimised offspring of his father John of Gaunt by his third wife Katherine Swynford. The original act legitimizing the children of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford passed by Parliament and the bull issued by the Pope in the matter legitimised them fully, making questionable the legality of Henry IV's declaration. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, Brittany. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed.

Richard III's first Parliament of January 1484 stripped Elizabeth of all the lands given to her during Edward IV's reign. On 1 March 1484, Elizabeth and her daughters came out of sanctuary after Richard III publicly swore an oath that her daughters would not be harmed or molested and that they would not be imprisoned in the Tower of London or in any other prison. He also promised to provide them with marriage portions and to marry them to "gentlemen born". The family returned to Court, apparently reconciled to Richard III. After the death of Richard III's wife Anne Neville, in March 1485, rumours arose that the newly widowed king was going to marry his beautiful and young niece Elizabeth of York.Richard III and Yorkist History Server

Life under Henry VII

In 1485, Henry Tudor invaded England and defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. As King, Henry VII married Elizabeth of York and had the Titulus Regius revoked and all found copies destroyed. Elizabeth Woodville was accorded the title and honours of a queen dowager.

Scholars differ about why Dowager Queen Elizabeth spent the last five years of her life living at Bermondsey Abbey, to which she retired on 12 February 1487. Among her modern biographers, David Baldwin believes that Henry VII forced her retreat from the Court, while Arlene Okerlund presents evidence from July 1486 that she was already planning her retirement from court to live a religious, contemplative life at Bermondsey Abbey.Arlene Okerlund, ''Elizabeth: England's Slandered Queen''. Stroud: Tempus, 2006, 245. Another suggestion is that her retreat to Bermondsey was forced on her because she was in some way involved in the 1487 Yorkist rebellion of Lambert Simnel, or at least was seen as a potential ally of the rebels.

At Bermondsey Abbey, Elizabeth was treated with the respect due to a dowager queen. She lived a regal life on a pension of £400 and received small gifts from Henry VII. She was present at the birth of her granddaughter Margaret at Westminster Palace in November 1489 and at the birth of her grandson, the future Henry VIII, at Greenwich Palace in June 1491. Her daughter Queen Elizabeth visited her on occasion at Bermondsey, although another one of her other daughters, Cecily of York, visited her more often.

Henry VII briefly contemplated marrying his mother-in-law to King James III of Scotland, when James III's wife, Margaret of Denmark, died in 1486. James was killed in battle in 1488.

Elizabeth Woodville died at Bermondsey Abbey, on 8 June 1492. With the exception of the queen, who was awaiting the birth of her fourth child, and Cecily of York, her daughters attended the funeral at Windsor Castle: Anne of York (the future wife of Thomas Howard), Catherine of York (the future Countess of Devon) and Bridget of York (a nun at Dartford Priory). Elizabeth's will specified a simple ceremony.J. L. Laynesmith, ''The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship 1445–1503'', Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp.127–8. The surviving accounts of her funeral on 12 June 1492 suggest that at least one source "clearly felt that a queen's funeral should have been more splendid" and may have objected that "Henry VII had not been fit to arrange a more queenly funeral for his mother-in-law", although simplicity was the queen dowager's own wish. A letter discovered in 2019, written in 1511 by Andrea Badoer, the Venetian ambassador in London, suggests that she had died of plague, which would explain the haste and lack of public ceremony. Elizabeth was laid to rest in the same chantry as her husband King Edward IV in St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle.

Issue of Elizabeth Woodville

By Sir John Grey

* Thomas Grey, Earl of Huntingdon, Marquess of Dorset and Lord Ferrers de Groby (1455 – 20 September 1501), married first Anne Holland, but she died young without issue; he married second on 18 July 1474, Cecily Bonville, '' suo jure'' Baroness Harington and Bonville, by whom he had fourteen children. The disputed queen Lady Jane Grey is a direct descendant of this line.
* Richard Grey (1457 – 25 June 1483) was executed at Pontefract Castle.

By King Edward IV

* Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503), Queen consort of England as the wife of Henry VII (reigned 1485–1509). Mother of Henry VIII (reigned 1509–1547).
* Mary of York (11 August 1467 – 23 May 1482), buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
* Cecily of York (20 March 1469 – 24 August 1507), Viscountess Welles
* Edward V of England (2 November 1470 – c. 1483), one of the Princes in the Tower
* Margaret of York (10 April 1472 – 11 December 1472), buried in Westminster Abbey
* Richard, Duke of York (17 August 1473 – c. 1483), one of the Princes in the Tower
* Anne of York (2 November 1475 – 23 November 1511), Lady Howard
* George, Duke of Bedford (March 1477 – March 1479), buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
* Catherine of York (14 August 1479 – 15 November 1527), Countess of Devon
*Bridget of York (10 November 1480 – 1507), nun at Dartford Priory, Kent

In literature

One of only three lyric poems in Middle English ascribed to a woman author, "My heart is set upon a lusty pin", is attributed to one "Queen Elizabeth", sometimes thought to have been Elizabeth Woodville (although the author is more commonly believed to have been her daughter, Elizabeth of York). This hymn to Venus, found in one single manuscript, is a complex six-stanza poem with rhyme scheme ABABBAA, an "elaboration of the sestina," in which the seventh line of each stanza is the same as its first, and the six unique lines of the first stanza provide the first lines for each of the poem's six stanzas.

Non-fiction

* ''Elizabeth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in the Tower'' (2002) by David Baldwin
* ''Elizabeth Wydeville: The Slandered Queen'' (2005) by Arlene Okerlund
* ''The Women of the Cousins' War'' (2011) by Philippa Gregory, David Baldwin and Michael Jones. The book deals with Jacquetta of Luxembourg (mother of Elizabeth Woodville) (chapter written by Philippa Gregory), Elizabeth Woodville (chapter written by David Baldwin), and Lady Margaret Beaufort (mother of Elizabeth Woodville's son-in-law King Henry VII) (chapter written by Michael Jones)
* ''Elizabeth Woodville'' (2013) by David MacGibbon
* ''The Woodvilles: The Wars of the Roses and England's Most Infamous Family'' (2013) by Susan Higginbotham
* ''Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville: A True Romance'' (2016) by Amy Licence

Fiction

Edward IV's love for his wife is celebrated in sonnet 75 of Philip Sidney's '' Astrophel and Stella''. (written by 1586, first pub. 1591).

She appears in two of Shakespeare's plays: '' Henry VI Part 3'' (written by 1592), in which she is a fairly minor character, and '' Richard III'' (written approx. 1592), where she has a central role. Shakespeare portrays Elizabeth as a proud and alluring woman in ''Henry VI Part 3''. By ''Richard III,'' she is careworn from having to defend herself against detractors in the court, including her titular brother-in-law, Richard. She spends much of the play bemoaning her fate as family members and supporters of her are killed, including her two young sons. She is one of Richard's cleverest opponents and among the few who see through him from the beginning, though she is mostly powerless to stop him once he murders her allies in the court. Although most modern editions of ''Henry VI Part 3'' and ''Richard III'' call her "Queen Elizabeth" in the stage directions, the original Shakespearean Folio never actually refer to her by name, instead calling her first "Lady Grey" and later simply "Queen."

Novels that feature Elizabeth Woodville as a character include:
* ''The Last of the Barons'' by Edward Bulwer-Lyttonbr>Available online

* ''Dickon'' (1929) by Marjorie Bowen.
* ''The Daughter of Time'' (1951), Josephine Tey's classic mystery.
* ''The White Rose'' (1969) by Jan Westcott.
* ''The King's Grey Mare'' (1972) by Rosemary Hawley Jarman, a fictionalised biography of Elizabeth Woodville.
* ''The Woodville Wench'' (published in US as ''The Queen Who Never Was'') (1972) by Maureen Peters.
* ''The Sunne in Splendour ''(1982) by Sharon Kay Penman.
* ''The Sun in Splendour'' (1982) by Jean Plaidy.
* ''A Secret Alchemy'' (2009) by Emma Darwin.
* '' The White Queen'' (2009) by Philippa Gregory, which borrows Rosemary Hawley Jarman's supernatural elements from ''The King's Grey Mare''. Elizabeth Woodville also appears in other novels in Gregory's '' Cousins' War'' series.
* ''The King's Grace'' (2009) by Anne Easter Smith The life of Edward IV's illegitimate daughter who spent many years in service of the Dowager Queen.
* ''Das Spiel der Könige'', a historical novel in German by Rebecca Gablé.
* ''Bloodline'' (2015) and ''Ravenspur'' (2016), in the "War of Roses" series by Conn Iggulden

Media portrayals

Film

*''Richard III'' (1911): Woodville was played by Violet Farebrother
*'' Richard III'' (1912): Woodville was played by Carey Lee.
* In the French film, ''Les enfants d'Édouard'' (1914), Woodville was played by Jeanne Delvair.
*'' Jane Shore'' (1915): Woodville was played by Maud Yates.
*''Tower of London'' (1939): Woodville was played by Barbara O'Neil.
*'' Richard III'' (1955): Woodville was portrayed by Mary Kerridge.
*In the Hungarian TV movie ''III. Richárd'' (1973) Woodville was played by Rita Békés.
*'' Richard III'' (1995): Woodville was played by Annette Bening.
*'' Looking For Richard'' (1996): Woodville was played by Penelope Allen.
*''Richard III'' (2005): Woodville was played by Caroline Burns Cooke.
*'' Richard III'' (2008): Woodville was played by María Conchita Alonso.

Television

*'' An Age of Kings'' (1960): Woodville was portrayed by Jane Wenham.
*'' Wars of the Roses'' (1965): Woodville was played by Susan Engel.
*'' The Shadow of the Tower'' (1972): Woodville was played by Stephanie Bidmead
*''The Third Part of Henry the Sixth'' and '' The Tragedy of Richard III'' (1983): Woodville was played by Rowena Cooper.
*'' The White Queen'' (2013): Woodville was portrayed by Rebecca Ferguson.
*''The Hollow Crown'', ''Henry VI'' and ''Richard III'' (2016): Woodville was played by Keeley Hawes.
*'' The White Princess'' (2017): Woodville was played by Essie Davis.

Music

*In 2020, Vicki Manser portrayed Elizabeth Woodville on the cast recording of ''A Mother's War'', a musical based on the Wars of the Roses.

Schools named after Elizabeth Woodville

* Elizabeth Woodville Primary School, Groby, Leicestershire (1971).
* Elizabeth Woodville Secondary School, Roade, Northamptonshire (2011).

Arms

Notes

References

Further reading

* Philip Butterworth and Michael Spence, 'William Parnell, supplier of staging and ingenious devices, and his role in the visit of Elizabeth Woodville to Norwich in 1469', Medieval English Theatre 40 (2019

* David Baldwin, ''Elizabeth Woodville'' (Stroud, 2002

* Christine Carpenter, ''The Wars of the Roses'' (Cambridge, 1997

* Philippa Gregory, David Baldwin, Michael Jones (historian), Michael Jones, '' The Women of the Cousins' War'' (Simon & Schuster, 2011)
* Michael Hicks, ''Edward V'' (Stroud, 2003

* Rosemary Horrox, ''Richard III: A Study of Service'' (Cambridge, 1989

* J.L. Laynesmith, ''The Last Medieval Queens'' (Oxford, 2004

* A. R. Myers, ''Crown, Household and Parliament in Fifteenth-Century England'' (London and Ronceverte: Hambledon Press, 1985)
* Arlene Okerlund, ''Elizabeth Wydeville: The Slandered Queen'' (Stroud, 2005); ''Elizabeth: England's Slandered Queen'' (paper, Stroud, 2006

* Charles Ross, ''Edward IV'' (Berkeley, 1974

* George Smith, ''The Coronation of Elizabeth Wydeville'' (Gloucester: Gloucester Reprints, 1975; originally published 1935)
* Anne Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, "'A Most Benevolent Queen': Queen Elizabeth Woodville's Reputation, Her Piety, and Her Books", ''The Ricardian'', X:129, June 1995. PP. 214–245.

External links

Brief notes, the portrait and the coat of arms (Queens' College Cambridge)

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