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Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, electric arc, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity.
*TT system
*TN system
*IT system
*Indirect contact - can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply
*Direct contact - can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection
ГОСТ
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Electrical Color Codes
Singapore Danger-Signs-02.jpg, Danger symbol
Prinzip Schutztrennung.svg, Principle Protection separation
Safe distances.jpg, Safe distances earthing
Kikingaradi2.jpg, Lightning rod
Sitrenn.png, Extra low voltage symbol
Fire extinguisher with sign.JPG, Fire protection symbol
Electrical Hazard.tif, Electrical Hazard symbol
History
The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility. In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace. * Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 - for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association.Lightning and earthing protection
Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of humans, structures, protecting buildings from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire, Transmission lines, and electrical equipment from electric shock and Overcurrent.Earthing protection systems
*TT system
*TN system
*IT system
Lightning protection systems
*lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system) *lightning rod with taut wires. *lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage)Physiological effects of electricity
Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the damage. The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric shock.
*Indirect contact - can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply
*Direct contact - can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection
Electrical safety conductors
* NEC 2008 Table 250.122 - Safeco Electric SupplyElectrical safety standards
* Australian Standards - Australia - AS/NZS 3000:2007, AS/NZS 3012:2010, AS/NZS 3017:2007, AS/NZS 3760:2010, AS/NZS 4836:2011 * Български Държавен Стандарт - (On English:Bulgarian state standard) - БДС 12.2.096:1986 Bulgaria * Brazilian National Regulation - NR10 Brazil * - China GB4943, GB17625, GB9254 * IEEE/TÜV - Germany NSR Niederspannungsrichtlinie 2014/35/EU * La norme français C 15-100 - Aspects de la norme d’installation électrique France * British standard - United Kingdom BS EN 61439, BS 5266, BS 5839, BS 6423, BS 6626, BS EN 62305, BS EN 60529 * India Standardization - India - IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665 * Polska Norma - Poland - PN-EN 61010-2-201:2013-12E * - ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000,ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р 52726-2007 Russia, * NFPA, IEEE STD 80, IEEE STD 80 - United States NFPA 496, NFPA 70 *Lightning protection standards
* NFPA 780, IEC 62305 * СТО 083-004-2010,ГОСТ Р МЭК 62561.2-2014 * БДС EN 62305-1:2011 * Norme NF C 15-100 * DIN EN 62305-1 * PN-EN 62305 * BS-EN 62305 * UNE 21186. Protección contra el rayo * SNI 03-7015-2004 * IS 2309 * GB/T 36490-2018Electronics and communications
Electronic products safety standards
The manufacturers of electronic tools must take into account several standard for electronic safety to protect the health of humans and animals. *ANSI C95.3:1972 - Techniques & instrumentation for measurement of potentially hazardous electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies. * CNC-St2-44.01 V02.1.1 * NOM-152 * MET MOC 023/96Communication and high frequency safety standards
Few standard were introduced for the harmful impact from high frequency, CB-02 Radio Equipment *ANSI/IEEE 1.2 mW/Cm for antennas 1800-2000 MHz range. *Radio Communication safety ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992, ГОСТ Р 50829-95 *Mobile Communication safety 73/23/EEC and 91/263/EEC/ref>
See also
*Extra-low voltage *Electrical safety testingElectrical Color Codes
Gallery
References
{{reflist, 30em *Дулицкий Г. А., Комаревцев А. П. Электробезопасность при эксплуатации электроустановок напряжением до 1000 В. Справочник. — М.: Воениздат, 1988. *IEC 60050-195:1998. International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Part 195: Earthing and protection against electric shock. Edition 1.0. – Geneva: IEC, 1998‑08. *Marinela Yordanova - Technical Safety, Bulgaria BDS standards,2010 *M.M. Dawoud, A.S. Farag, J.M. Bakhashwain, and A. Frazi,"Study of EM Fields and Radiated Power Generated from Dammam Radio Stations,"1998 *N. Kuster, Q. Balzano, James C. Lin - Mobile Communications Safety, Springer Science & Business Media, 6 Dec 2012 Electrical engineering Electrical safety, Standards Lists of standards