A system of plant taxonomy, the Eichler system was the first

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups ...

(phyletic) or

evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...

ary system. It was developed by

August W. Eichler August Wilhelm Eichler, also known under his Latinized name, Augustus Guilielmus Eichler (22 April 1839 – 2 March 1887), was a German botanist who developed a new system of classification of plants to reflect the concept of evolution. His au ...

(1839–1887), initially in his ''Blüthendiagramme'' (1875–1878) and then in successive editions of his ''Syllabus'' (1876–1890). After his death his colleague Adolf Engler (1844–1930) continued its development, and it became widely accepted. The system was based on dividing the plant kingdom into those plants with concealed reproductive organs (non-floral), the ( Cryptogamae, = hidden reproduction) and those with visible reproductive organs (floral), the ( Phanerogamae, = visible reproduction). Moreover, Eichler was the first taxonomist to separate the Phanerogamae into

Angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants ...

and

Gymnosperms The gymnosperms ( lit. revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, '' Ginkgo'', and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term ''gymnosperm'' comes from the composite word in el, γυμν� ...

and the former into Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae. His primary ranks were Divisions (''Abtheilung''), followed by orders (''Reihe'').

''Blüthendiagramme'' (1875–1878)

Volume I (1875)

Contents pp. VI–VIII
Synopsis: * Division I Gymnospermae p. 54 * Division II Monocotyledoneae p. 73 * Division III Dicotyledoneae p. 187 (''part'')

Volume II (1878)

Contents pp. V–VIII
Synopsis: * Division III Dicotyledoneae p. 187 (''continued'')

''Syllabus'' (Fourth edition 1886)

The system (here taken from the 4th edition of the ''Syllabus'', 1886) divides plants into divisions, classes and groups. Groups were further divided into orders. * Note: ranks translated into Latin Engler in NYPL

Outline: p. 6. Page numbers refer to text * A. '' Cryptogamae'' *: division I. ''

Thallophyta Thallophytes (Thallophyta, Thallophyto or Thallobionta) are a polyphyletic group of non-motile organisms traditionally described as "thalloid plants", "relatively simple plants" or "lower plants". They form a division of kingdom Plantae that incl ...

'' *:: classis I. ''

Algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular micr ...

'' *::: group I.

Cyanophyceae Cyanobacteria (), also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name ''cyanobacteria'' refers to their color (), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blue ...

*::: group II. Diatomeae *::: group III. Chlorophyceae p. 8 *::: group IV. Phaeophyceae *::: group V.

Rhodophyceae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing. The majority ...

*:: classis II. ''

Fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately fr ...

'' *::: group I. Schizomycetes *::: group II. Eumycetes *::: group III. ''

Lichenes A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Bryophyta'' *:: classis I. ''

Hepaticae The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of ge ...

'' *:: classis II. '' Musci'' *: division III. '' Pteridophyta'' p. 21 *:: classis I. '' Equisetinae'' *:: classis II. '' Lycopodinae'' *:: classis III. '' Filicinae'' * B. '' Phanerogamae'' *: division I. '' Gymnospermae'' p. 33 *: division II. ''

Angiospermae Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

'' p. 34 *:: classis I. '' Monocotyleae'' (7 orders) p. 34 *::: order I. Liliiflorae p. 34 *::: ordo II. Enantioblastae *::: ordo III. Spadiciflorae *::: ordo IV.

Glumiflorae {{Short description, Group of flowering plants ''Glumiflorae'' (gluma = husk + florae = flowers) is a descriptive botanical name. It was used in the Wettstein system for an order of flowering plants. The order consisted of one family only: * ord ...

*::: ordo V. Scitamineae *::: ordo VI. Gynandreae *:: classis II. '' Dicotyleae'' p. 39 *::: subclassis I. ''

Choripetalae Choripetalae Eichler (1876), is a descriptive botanical name used in the Eichler and Wettstein systems for a group of flowering plants. It was one of two groups within the Dicotyledones, the other being the Sympetalae. The latter have fused pet ...

'' *::: subclassis II. '' Sympetalae'' p. 58

Class Monocotyleae

*: order I. Liliiflorae p. 34 (6 families) *:: 1.

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair ...

(3 subfamilies) *::: a.

Lilieae The Lilieae are a monophyletic tribe of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the lily family (Liliaceae). Taxonomy The term has varied over the years but in modern classification constitutes either a broad ...

*:::: '' Tulipa

Gagea ''Gagea'' is a large genus of spring flowers in the lily family. It is found primarily in Eurasia with a few species extending into North Africa and one species ('' Gagea serotina'') in North America. The genus is named after the English natu ...

Fritillaria Lilium Ornithogalum Allium Hyacinthus

Asphodelus ''Asphodelus'' is a genus of mainly perennial flowering plants in the asphodel family Asphodelaceae that was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The genus was formerly included in the lily family (Liliaceae). The genus is native to tempe ...

Aloë'' *::: b. Melanthieae *:::: ''

Colchicum ''Colchicum'' ( or ) is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coa ...

Veratrum Tofieldia'' *::: c.

Smilaceae Smilacaceae, the greenbriers, is a family of flowering plants. While they were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, most recent botanists have accepted the two as distinct families, diverging around 55 million years ago du ...

*:::: ''

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...

Convallaria ''Convallaria'' is a genus of flowering plants. It is usually described as a monotypic genus with the single species ''Convallaria majalis'' (lily-of-the-valley), but now some botanists distinguish up to three species, also including ''Convallaria ...

Asparagus Smilax'' *:: 2. Amaryllidaceae p. 35 *:::: '' Galanthus Leucojum

Narcissus Narcissus may refer to: Biology * ''Narcissus'' (plant), a genus containing daffodils and others People * Narcissus (mythology), Greek mythological character * Narcissus (wrestler) (2nd century), assassin of the Roman emperor Commodus * Tiberiu ...

Agave'' *:: 3. Juncaceae p. 35 *:: 4.

Iridaceae Iridaceae is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the irises, meaning rainbow, referring to its many colours. There are 66 accepted genera with a total of c. 2244 species worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016). It inclu ...

p. 35 *:: 5.

Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae is a family of perennial herbaceous flowering plants with 14 genera and 102 known species. It is sometimes known as the "bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and N ...

p. 35 *:: 6. Dioscoreaceae p. 35 *:: 7. Bromeliaceae p. 35 *: ordo II. Enantioblastae p. 35 *: ordo III. Spadiciflorae p. 36 *: ordo IV.

p. 36 *: ordo V. Scitamineae p. 38 *: ordo VI. Gynandreae p. 38

References

Bibliography

Works by Eichler

* *
Volume I: 1875
*
Volume II: 1878
* ''Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde'' Lipsius und Tischer, Kiel 1876. ** Subsequent editions published as ''Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik'', 2nd ed. 1880, 3rd ed. 1883, 4th ed. 1886, 5th 1890 *** *** **** Outline: p. 1 *** ***

Other

* in volume 2(2). * * * * * * {{List of systems of plant taxonomy system, Eichler Systems of algal taxonomy Systems of fungus taxonomy