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Egon Leo Adolf Ludwig Schiele (; 12 June 1890 – 31 October 1918) was an
Austrian Austrian may refer to: * Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent ** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law * Austrian German dialect * Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
Expressionist
painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ...
. His work is noted for its intensity and its raw sexuality, and for the many
self-portrait A self-portrait is a representation of an artist that is drawn, painted, photographed, or sculpted by that artist. Although self-portraits have been made since the earliest times, it is not until the Early Renaissance in the mid-15th century tha ...
s the artist produced, including nude self-portraits. The twisted body shapes and the expressive line that characterize Schiele's paintings and drawings mark the artist as an early exponent of
Expressionism Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it ra ...
.
Gustav Klimt Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals, sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's pr ...
, a figurative painter of the early 20th century, was a mentor to Schiele.


Biography


Early life

Schiele was born in 1890 in
Tulln Tulln an der Donau () is a historic town in the Austrian state of Lower Austria, the administrative seat of Tulln District. Because of its abundance of parks and gardens, Tulln is often referred to as ''Blumenstadt'' ("City of Flowers"), and "The C ...
,
Lower Austria Lower Austria (german: Niederösterreich; Austro-Bavarian: ''Niedaöstareich'', ''Niedaestareich'') is one of the nine states of Austria, located in the northeastern corner of the country. Since 1986, the capital of Lower Austria has been Sankt P ...
. His father, Adolf Schiele, the station master of the Tulln station in the Austrian State Railways, was born in 1851 in
Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
to Karl Ludwig Schiele, a
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
from
Ballenstedt Ballenstedt is a town in the Harz district, in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. Geography It is situated at the northern rim of the Harz mountain range, about 10 km (6 mi) southeast of Quedlinburg. The municipal area comprises the vil ...
and Aloisia Schimak; Egon Schiele's mother Marie, née Soukup, was born in 1861 in
Český Krumlov Český Krumlov (; german: Krumau, , or ''Böhmisch Krumau'') is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. The historic centre with the Český Krumlov Castle complex is protected by law as an Cultural monument (Czech Republic)#M ...
(Krumau) to Franz Soukup, a Czech father from Mirkovice, and Aloisia Poferl, a German Bohemian mother from Český Krumlov. As a child, Schiele was fascinated by trains, and would spend many hours drawing them, to the point where his father felt obliged to destroy his sketchbooks. When he was 11 years old, Schiele moved to the nearby city of Krems (and later to Klosterneuburg) to attend secondary school. To those around him, Schiele was regarded as a strange child. Shy and reserved, he did poorly at school except in athletics and drawing, and was usually in classes made up of younger pupils. He also displayed incestuous tendencies towards his younger sister Gertrude (who was known as ''Gerti''), and his father, well aware of Egon's behaviour, was once forced to break down the door of a locked room that Egon and Gerti were in to see what they were doing (only to discover that they were developing a film). When he was sixteen he took the twelve-year-old Gerti by train to
Trieste Trieste ( , ; sl, Trst ; german: Triest ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into pr ...
without permission and spent a night in a hotel room with her.


Academy of Fine Arts

When Schiele was 14 years old, his father died from
syphilis Syphilis () is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium '' Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, a ...
, and he became a ward of his maternal uncle, Leopold Czihaczek, also a railway official. Although he wanted Schiele to follow in his footsteps, and was distressed at his lack of interest in academia, he recognised Schiele's talent for drawing and unenthusiastically allowed him a tutor, the artist Ludwig Karl Strauch. In 1906 Schiele applied at the
Kunstgewerbeschule A Kunstgewerbeschule (English: ''School of Arts and Crafts'' or S''chool of Applied Arts'') was a type of vocational arts school that existed in German-speaking countries from the mid-19th century. The term Werkkunstschule was also used for thes ...
(School of Arts and Crafts) in
Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
, where
Gustav Klimt Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals, sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's pr ...
had once studied. Within his first year there, Schiele was sent, at the insistence of several faculty members, to the more traditional Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Vienna in 1906. His main teacher at the academy was Christian Griepenkerl, a painter whose strict doctrine and ultra-conservative style frustrated and dissatisfied Schiele and his fellow students so much that he left three years later.


Klimt and first exhibitions

In 1907, Schiele sought out Gustav Klimt, who generously mentored younger artists. Klimt took a particular interest in the young Schiele, buying his drawings, offering to exchange them for some of his own, arranging models for him and introducing him to potential patrons. He also introduced Schiele to the Wiener Werkstätte, the arts and crafts workshop connected with the
Secession Secession is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity, but also from any organization, union or military alliance. Some of the most famous and significant secessions have been: the former Soviet republics l ...
. Schiele's earliest works between 1907 and 1909 contain strong similarities with those of Klimt, as well as influences from
Art Nouveau Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Modern ...
. In 1908 Schiele had his first exhibition, in Klosterneuburg. Schiele left the Academy in 1909, after completing his third year, and founded the ''Neukunstgruppe'' ("New Art Group") with other dissatisfied students. In his early years, Schiele was strongly influenced by
Klimt Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals, sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's pri ...
and Kokoschka. Although imitations of their styles, particularly with the former, are noticeably visible in Schiele's first works, he soon evolved his own distinctive style. Klimt invited Schiele to exhibit some of his work at the 1909 Vienna ''Kunstschau'', where he encountered the work of Edvard Munch,
Jan Toorop Johannes Theodorus 'Jan' TooropJan Toorop
Vincent van Gogh Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in Western art history. In a decade, he created about 2,100 artworks, inc ...
among others. Once free of the constraints of the Academy's conventions, Schiele began to explore not only the human form, but also human sexuality. Schiele's work was already daring, but it went a bold step further with the inclusion of Klimt's decorative eroticism and with what some may like to call figurative distortions, that included elongations, deformities, and sexual openness. Schiele's self-portraits helped re-establish the energy of with their unique level of emotional and sexual honesty and use of figural distortion in place of conventional ideals of beauty. He also painted tributes to
Van Gogh Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in Western art history. In a decade, he created about 2,100 artworks, inc ...
's ''Sunflowers'' as well as landscapes and still lifes. In 1910, Schiele began experimenting with nudes and within a year a definitive style featuring emaciated, sickly-coloured figures, often with strong sexual overtones. Schiele also began painting and drawing children. Schiele's self portrait, ''Kneeling Nude with Raised Hands'' (1910), is considered among the most significant nude art pieces made during the 20th century. Schiele's radical and developed approach towards the naked human form challenged both scholars and progressives alike. This unconventional piece and style went against strict academia and created a sexual uproar with its contorted lines and heavy display of figurative expression. At the time, many found the explicitness of his works disturbing. From then on, Schiele participated in numerous group exhibitions, including those of the Neukunstgruppe in Prague in 1910 and
Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population o ...
in 1912; the Sonderbund,
Cologne Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...
, in 1912; and several Secessionist shows in
Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and ...
, beginning in 1911. In 1911, Schiele met the seventeen-year-old Walburga (Wally) Neuzil, who lived with him in Vienna and served as a model for some of his most striking paintings. Very little is known of her, except that she had previously modelled for
Gustav Klimt Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals, sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's pr ...
and might have been one of his mistresses. Schiele and Wally wanted to escape what they perceived as the claustrophobic Viennese milieu, and went to the small town of Český Krumlov (Krumau) in southern
Bohemia Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohem ...
. Krumau was the birthplace of Schiele's mother; today it is the site of a museum dedicated to Schiele. Despite Schiele's family connections in Krumau, he and his lover were driven out of the town by the residents, who strongly disapproved of their lifestyle, including his alleged employment of the town's teenage girls as models. Progressively, Schiele's work grew more complex and thematic, and he eventually would begin dealing with themes such as death and rebirth.


Neulengbach and imprisonment

Together the couple moved to
Neulengbach Neulengbach is a municipality in the district of Sankt Pölten-Land in Lower Austria. Population Historical personalities In 1911, the twenty-one year-old artist Egon Schiele met the seventeen-year-old Walburga (Wally) Neuzil, who lived wit ...
, west of Vienna, seeking inspirational surroundings and an inexpensive studio in which to work. As it was in the capital, Schiele's studio became a gathering place for Neulengbach's delinquent children. Schiele's way of life aroused much animosity among the town's inhabitants, and in April 1912 he was arrested for seducing a young girl of 13, below the 14-year-old
age of consent The age of consent is the age at which a person is considered to be legally competent to consent to sexual acts. Consequently, an adult who engages in sexual activity with a person younger than the age of consent is unable to legally cla ...
. When the police came to his studio to place Schiele under arrest, they seized more than a hundred drawings which they considered pornographic. Schiele was imprisoned while awaiting his trial. When his case was brought before a judge, the charges of seduction and abduction were dropped, but the artist was found guilty of exhibiting erotic drawings in a place accessible to children. In court, the judge burned one of the offending drawings over a candle flame. The twenty-one days he had already spent in custody were taken into account, and he was sentenced to a further three days' imprisonment. While in prison, Schiele created a series of 12 paintings depicting the difficulties and discomfort of being locked in a jail cell. In 1913, the Galerie Hans Goltz, Munich, mounted Schiele's first solo show. A solo exhibition of his work took place in
Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...
in 1914.


World War I to death

In 1914, Schiele glimpsed the sisters Edith and Adéle Harms, who lived with their parents across the street from his studio in the Viennese district of Hietzing, 101 Hietzinger Hauptstraße. They were a
middle-class The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status. The term has historically been associated with modernity, capitalism and political debate. Com ...
family and
Protestant Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
by faith; their father was a master locksmith. In 1915, Schiele chose to marry the more socially acceptable Edith, but had apparently expected to maintain a relationship with Wally. However, when he explained the situation to Wally, she left him immediately and never saw him again. This abandonment led him to paint ''Death and the Maiden'', where Wally's portrait is based on a previous pairing, but Schiele's is newly struck. (In February 1915, Schiele wrote a note to his friend Arthur Roessler stating: "I intend to get married, advantageously. Not to Wally.") Despite some opposition from the Harms family, Schiele and Edith were married on 17 June 1915, the anniversary of the wedding of Schiele's parents. Although Schiele avoided conscription for almost a year,
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
now began to shape his life and work. Three days after his wedding, Schiele was ordered to report for active service in the army where he was initially stationed in
Prague Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. The city has a temperate ...
. Edith came with him and stayed in a hotel in the city, while Egon lived in an exhibition hall with his fellow conscripts. They were allowed by Schiele's commanding officer to see each other occasionally. During the war, Schiele's paintings became larger and more detailed. His military service, however, gave him limited time, and much of his output consisted of linear drawings of scenery and military officers. Around this time, Schiele also began experimenting with the themes of motherhood and family. His wife Edith was the model for most of his female figures, but during the war (due to circumstance) many of his sitters were male. Since 1915, Schiele's female nudes became fuller in figure, but many were deliberately illustrated with a lifeless doll-like appearance. Despite his military service, Schiele was still exhibiting in Berlin. He also had successful shows in
Zürich , neighboring_municipalities = Adliswil, Dübendorf, Fällanden, Kilchberg, Maur, Oberengstringen, Opfikon, Regensdorf, Rümlang, Schlieren, Stallikon, Uitikon, Urdorf, Wallisellen, Zollikon , twintowns = Kunming, San Francisco Z ...
,
Prague Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. The city has a temperate ...
, and
Dresden Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label= Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...
. His first duties consisted of guarding and escorting Russian prisoners. Because of his weak heart and his excellent handwriting, Schiele was eventually given a job as a clerk in a POW camp near the town of Mühling. There, he was allowed to draw and paint imprisoned Russian officers; his commander, Karl Moser (who assumed that Schiele was a painter and decorator when he first met him), even gave him a disused store room to use as a studio. Since Schiele was in charge of the food stores in the camp, he and Edith could enjoy food beyond rations. By 1917, he was back in Vienna and able to focus on his artistic career. His output was prolific, and his work reflected the maturity of an artist in full command of his talents. He was invited to participate in the Secession's 49th exhibition, held in Vienna in 1918. Schiele had fifty works accepted for this exhibition, and they were displayed in the main hall. He also designed a poster for the exhibition; it was reminiscent of the Last Supper, with a portrait of himself in the place of
Christ Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label= Hebrew/ Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and relig ...
. The show was a triumphant success. As a result, prices for Schiele's drawings increased and he received many portrait commissions. In the autumn of 1918, the
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case wa ...
pandemic A pandemic () is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. A widespread endemic disease with a stable number of in ...
reached Vienna. Edith, who was six months pregnant, died from the disease on 28 October. Schiele died only three days after his wife. He was 28 years old. During the three days between their deaths, Schiele drew a few sketches of Edith.


Style

Some critics such as Jane Kallir have commented upon Schiele's work as being grotesque, erotic, pornographic, or disturbing, focusing on sex, death, and discovery. He focused on portraits of others as well as himself. In his later years, while he still worked often with nudes, they were done in a more realist fashion. From a young age, Schiele drew with 'manic fluency'. Art critic Martin Gayford wrote in ''
The Spectator ''The Spectator'' is a weekly British magazine on politics, culture, and current affairs. It was first published in July 1828, making it the oldest surviving weekly magazine in the world. It is owned by Frederick Barclay, who also owns ''Th ...
'': 'He chielefound his distinctive style very early. His entire oeuvre is that of a young man; most of the work in the first of the two rooms of this densely packed little exhibition dates from 1910–11, when Schiele (1890–1918) was just 20. That helps to explain some tendencies: a half-disgusted preoccupation with sexuality and a similarly queasy fascination with examining his naked self. The male figures mainly seem to have been modelled by the artist, though it is hard to be certain since the head is often not included.' Kallir and scholar Gerald Izenberg regard Schiele as fluid in sexuality and gender. Kallir says Schiele was "struggling with his own sexual feelings and gender norms" during a historical period of shifting gender expectations, the early women's movement, and criminalization of homosexuality. Some critics in the 21st century read his artwork as queer.


Legacy

Schiele was the subject of the 1980 biographical film ''Excess and Punishment'' (aka '' Egon Schiele – Exzess und Bestrafung''), originating in Germany with a European cast that explores Schiele's artistic demons leading up to his early death. The film was directed by
Herbert Vesely Herbert Vesely (31 March 1931 – 13 July 2002) was an Austrian film director and screenwriter. He directed 17 films between 1955 and 1988. Selected filmography * ' (1955) * ''The Bread of Those Early Years'' (1962) — (based on the nove ...
and stars
Mathieu Carrière Mathieu Carrière (; born 2 August 1950) is a German actor. Life Carrière grew up in Berlin and Lübeck; he attended the Jesuit boarding school in Vannes, France, a school which had previously been attended by the director of Carrière's fir ...
as Schiele, Jane Birkin as his early artistic muse Wally Neuzil, Christine Kaufman as his wife, Edith Harms, and Kristina Van Eyck as her sister, Adele Harms. Also in 1980, the
Arts Council of Great Britain The Arts Council of Great Britain was a non-departmental public body dedicated to the promotion of the fine arts in Great Britain. It was divided in 1994 to form the Arts Council of England (now Arts Council England), the Scottish Arts Council ( ...
produced a documentary film, ''
Schiele in Prison ''Schiele in Prison'' is a 1980 British independent film directed by Mick Gold and starring David Suchet as Gustav Klimt, Grant Cathro as Egon Schiele and Nicholas Selby as The Judge. The film dramatises the imprisonment of Schiele in Neulengbac ...
'', which looked at the circumstances of Schiele's imprisonment and the veracity of his diary. In 2016 another biographical film was released, '' Egon Schiele: Death and the Maiden'' (German: ''Egon Schiele: Tod und Mädchen'').
Joanna Scott Joanna Scott (born June 22, 1960) is an American novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Her award-winning fiction is known for its wide-ranging subject matter and its incorporation of historical figures into imagined narratives. A native of ...
's 1990 novel ''Arrogance'' was based on Schiele's life and makes him the main figure. His life was also depicted in a theatrical dance production by Stephan Mazurek called ''Egon Schiele'', presented in May 1995, for which
Rachel's Rachel's were an American chamber music group that formed in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1991. Former Rodan guitarist Jason Noble played music individually and referred to himself as Rachel's but then began collaborating with core members violist Ch ...
, an American
post-rock Post-rock is a form of experimental rock characterized by a focus on exploring textures and timbre over traditional rock song structures, chords, or riffs. Post-rock artists are often instrumental, typically combining rock instrumentation w ...
group, composed a score titled ''
Music for Egon Schiele ''Music for Egon Schiele'' is the second album by the instrumental group Rachel's, released in 1996. The album was composed as the score to a theatrical production, ''Egon Schiele'', about the life of the painter Egon Schiele. It was staged by t ...
''. For
The Featherstonehaughs The Featherstonehaughs are a London-based, all-male contemporary dance company, described by Arts Council England as "one of the leading contemporary dance companies in Britain," presenting work that "is diverse, witty and instantly recognisable." ...
contemporary dance company, Lea Anderson choreographed ''The Featherstonehaughs Draw On The Sketchbooks Of Egon Schiele'' in 1997. Schiele's life and work have also been the subject of essays, including a discussion of his works by fashion photographer Richard Avedon in an essay on portraiture entitled "Borrowed Dogs."
Mario Vargas Llosa Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, 1st Marquess of Vargas Llosa (born 28 March 1936), more commonly known as Mario Vargas Llosa (, ), is a Peruvian novelist, journalist, essayist and former politician, who also holds Spanish citizenship. Vargas Ll ...
uses the work of Schiele as a conduit to seduce and morally exploit a main character in his 1997 novel ''The Notebooks of Don Rigoberto''. Wes Anderson's film '' The Grand Budapest Hotel'' features a painting by Rich Pellegrino that is modeled after Schiele's style which, as part of a theft, replaces a so-called Flemish/
Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ide ...
masterpiece, but is then destroyed by the angry owner when he discovers the deception. The cover of
David Bowie David Robert Jones (8 January 194710 January 2016), known professionally as David Bowie ( ), was an English singer-songwriter and actor. A leading figure in the music industry, he is regarded as one of the most influential musicians of the ...
's 1979 '' Lodger'' album is inspired by Schiele's self-portraits and an image of Schiele appears on the cover of the 2013 single The Stars (Are Out Tonight).
Julia Jordan Julia Jordan is an American playwright, television writer, and screenwriter. She is a graduate of Barnard College, class of 1989, and received a master's degree from Trinity College Dublin. Biography Jordan was born in Chicago and spent much of h ...
based her 1999 play ''Tatjana in Color'', which was produced off-Broadway at The Culture Project during the fall of 2003, on a fictionalization of the relationship between Schiele and the 12-year-old Tatjana von Mossig, the Neulengbach girl whose morals he was ultimately convicted of corrupting for allowing her to see his paintings. The opening chapters of Guy Mankowski's 2017 novel ''An Honest Deceit'' were cited to be heavily influenced by Schiele's paintings; in particular his portrayals of his sister, Gertrude.


Art collections

The Leopold Museum,
Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
houses perhaps Schiele's most important and complete collection of work, featuring over 200 exhibits. The museum sold one of these, ''Houses With Colorful Laundry (Suburb II)'', for $40.1 million at Sotheby's in 2011. Other notable collections of Schiele's art include the Egon Schiele-Museum,
Tulln Tulln an der Donau () is a historic town in the Austrian state of Lower Austria, the administrative seat of Tulln District. Because of its abundance of parks and gardens, Tulln is often referred to as ''Blumenstadt'' ("City of Flowers"), and "The C ...
, the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere, and the Albertina Graphic Collection, both in Vienna. Viktor Fogarassy collected works by Schiele, including '' Dämmernde Stadt''.


Nazi-looted art

Egon Schiele had among his admirers many Jewish art collectors whose collections were looted under the Nazis: in Germany from 1933, in Austria from the Anschluss of 1938, and in France from the German occupation of 1940. As a result numerous restitution cases in the 21st century involve artworks by Schiele. Egon Schiele’s '' Dead City, “Woman in Black Pinafore”'' (1911) and ''“Woman Hiding Her Face”'' (1912) were owned by Jewish cabaret artist and film star Fritz Grünbaum before the Nazis deported him to the Dachau concentration camp. ''Krumau'' (1916) was owned by Daisy Hellmann until it was seized by Nazis in 1942. She first made a restitution claim in 1948 but her heirs were not able to recover the Schiele until 2002: Austria's Nazi looting organization, the Vugesta, had auctioned ''Krumau'' at the ''Dorotheum'' in Vienna on 24–27 February 1942, where the ''Sanct Lucas'' gallery bought it on behalf of Wolfgang Gurlitt. In 1953, the City of Linz acquired it for the Neue Galerie in Linz. The 1917 painting by Egon Schiele, ''Portrait of the Artist’s Wife'' was owned by Karl Mayländer, a Jewish businessman in Vienna who was killed in
Auschwitz Auschwitz concentration camp ( (); also or ) was a complex of over 40 Nazi concentration camps, concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, occupied Poland (in a portion annexed int ...
. Robert “Robin” Owen Lehman, the son of Robert Lehman, bought ''Portrait of the Artist’s Wife'' (1917) in 1964 from Marlborough Gallery in London. ''Four Trees / Autumn Allée'' was owned by Josef Morgenstern who was arrested and deported to Auschwitz, where he was murdered. The art gallery of the Jewish art dealer Lea Bondi Jaray, owner of the famous ''Portrait of Wally,'' was seized by the Nazis prior to his escaping to London. ''Wilted Sunflowers,'' which had been owned by Jewish art collector Karl Grunwald and seized by Nazis in Strasbourg, was discovered after a private collector took it to Christies for evaluation in 2005. '' Portrait of Wally'', a 1912 portrait, was purchased by Rudolf Leopold in 1954 and became part of the collection of the Leopold Museum when it was established by the Austrian government, purchasing more than 5,000 pieces that Leopold had owned. After a 1997–1998 exhibit of Schiele's work at the
Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It plays a major role in developing and collecting modern art, and is often identified as one of t ...
in
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
, the painting was seized by order of the New York County District Attorney and had been tied up in litigation by heirs of its former owner who claim that the painting was
Nazi plunder Nazi plunder (german: Raubkunst) was the stealing of art and other items which occurred as a result of the organized looting of European countries during the time of the Nazi Party in Germany. The looting of Polish and Jewish property was a k ...
and should be returned to them. The dispute was settled on 20 July 2010 and the picture subsequently purchased by the Leopold Museum for US$19 million. In 2013, the museum sold three drawings by Schiele for £14 million at
Sotheby's Sotheby's () is a British-founded American multinational corporation with headquarters in New York City. It is one of the world's largest brokers of fine and decorative art, jewellery, and collectibles. It has 80 locations in 40 countries, an ...
London in order to settle the restitution claim over its 1914 Schiele painting ''Houses by the Sea''. The most expensive, ''Liebespaar (Selbstdarstellung mit Wally)'' (1914/15), or ''Two lovers (Self Portrait With Wally)'', raised the world auction record for a work on paper by the artist to £7.88 million. On 21 June 2013
Auctionata Auctionata was an online auction house and eCommerce company specializing in luxury goods, art, antiques and collectibles based in Berlin with offices in New York. Auctionata had a team of 250 art experts who worked on commission and were not di ...
in
Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitu ...
sold a watercolor from 1916, ''Reclining Woman'', at an online auction for €1.827 million (US$2.418 million). This is a world record for the most expensive work of art ever sold at an online auction.


Self-portraits

File:Egon Schiele 075.jpg, ''Self-portrait'', 1910 File:Egon Schiele - Grimassierendes Aktselbstbildnis - 1910.jpeg, ''Self-portrait grimacing'', 1910 File:Egon Schiele 080.jpg, ''Self-portrait with black clay pot'', 1911 File:Egon Schiele 078.jpg, ''Self-portrait with his head down'', 1912 File:Egon Schiele - Ich werde für die Kunst und meine Geliebten gerne ausharren - 25-4-1912.jpeg, ''I shall endure for art and for the happiness of my lover''. Self-portrait of Schiele in jail, 1912 File:EGON SCHIELE 1890 - 1918 LIEBESPAAR (SELBSTDARSTELLUNG MIT WALLY) (LOVERS - SELF-PORTRAIT WITH WALLY).jpg, ''Lovers – Self-Portrait with Wally'', c. 1914 – 1915 File:Egon Schiele 074.jpg, ''Self-portrait'', 1914 File:Egon Schiele - Self-Portrait with Striped Armlets - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Self-portrait'', 1915 File:Egon Schiele 073.jpg, ''Self-portrait depicting masturbation'', 1911


Figurative works

File:Egon Schiele - Schwarzhaariger Mädchenakt - 1910.jpeg, ''Girl with black hair'', 1910 File:Egon Schiele - Liegender weiblicher Akttorso - 1910.jpeg, ''Reclining nude'', 1910 File:Egon Schiele - Akt mit roten Strumpfbändern.jpg, ''Nude with Red Garters'', 1911 File:Schiele - Mädchen mit übereinandergreschlagenen Beinen - 1911.jpg, ''Semi-nude Reclining'' 1911 File:Schiele - Frau mit schwarzen Strümpfen Valerie Neuzil - 1913.jpg, ''Walburga Neuzil in black stockings'', 1913 File:Schiele - Freundschaft - 1913.jpg, ''Friendship'', 1913 File:Egon Schiele 085.jpg, ''Seated female nude with elbows propped'', 1914 File:Egon Schiele 023.jpg, ''Frederike Beer'', 1914 File:Schiele - Blondes Mädchen mit grünen Strümpfen -1914.jpg, ''Blonde girl in green stockings'', 1914 File:Egon Schiele - Green Stockings.jpg, ''Green Stockings'', 1914 File:Egon Schiele - Two Women.jpg, ''Two Women'' File:Mother with two children II Egon Schiele 1915.jpg, ''Mother with two children II'', 1915 File:Egon Schiele - Children.jpg, ''Children'' Egon Schiele 016.jpg, ''Pair embracing'', 1917 File:Egon Schiele 043.jpg, ''Woman'', 1917 File:Egon Schiele - Kneeling Girl, Resting on Both Elbows - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Kneeling Girl, Resting on Both Elbows'' 1917 File:Egon Schiele - Sitzende Frau mit hochgezogenem Knie - 1917.jpeg, '' Seated woman with bent knees'', 1917 File:Egon Schiele - Weiblicher Akt mit gelbem Handtuch - 1917.jpeg, ''Sitting girl'', 1917 File:Egon Schiele - Auf dem Bauch liegender weiblicher Akt - 1917.jpeg, ''Nude'', 1917 File:Egon Schiele - Kauerndes Menschenpaar (Die Familie) - 4277 - Österreichische Galerie Belvedere.jpg, '' The Family'', 1918 File:Egon Schiele, Dancer (Die Tänzerin), 1913, NGA 71829.jpg, ''Dancer (Die Tänzerin)'', 1913


Landscapes

Egon Schiele 015.jpg, ''Die kleine Stadt'', 1912–1913, view of Krumau an der Moldau City in Twilight (The Small City II) by Egon Schiele, 1913.jpg, '' Dämmernde Stadt'', 1913 Egon Schiele 088.jpg, ''Stein an der Donau II'', 1913 Egon Schiele 013.jpg, ''The Bridge'' (''Die Brücke''), 1913 House with Shingles Egon Schiele 1915.jpeg, ''House with Shingles'', 1915 Egon Schiele 004.jpg, ''Old Mill'' (''Alte Mühle''), 1916 Egon Schiele 094.jpg, ''Four trees'' (''Vier Bäume''), 1917 Egon Schiele_025.jpg, ''Houses with Clothelines'' (''Häuser mit Wäscheleinen oder Vorstadt'')


References

; Sources * ''Egon Schiele: The Egoist'' (, collection «
Découvertes Gallimard (, ; in United Kingdom: ''New Horizons'', in United States: ''Abrams Discoveries'') is an Collection (publishing), editorial collection of Book illustration, illustrated monographic books published by the Éditions Gallimard in Pocket edition, ...
●Arts » º 475 by Jean-Louis Gaillemin; translated from the French by Liz Nash, "
Abrams Discoveries Abrams may refer to: * Abrams (surname), a list of notable people with the surname * '' Abrams v. United States'', 250 U.S. 616 (1919), U.S. Supreme Court decision regarding free speech during times of war * M1 Abrams, main battle tank * Abrams, Wi ...
" series & 'New Horizons' series, 2006 (U.S. edition, Harry N. Abrams) / 2007 (UK edition, Thames & Hudson), & . * ''Egon Schiele: The Complete Works'' Catalogue Raisonné of all paintings and drawings by Jane Kallir, 1990,
Harry N. Abrams Abrams, formerly Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (HNA), is an American publisher of art and illustrated books, children's books, and stationery. The enterprise is a subsidiary of the French publisher La Martinière Groupe. Run by President and CEO Michae ...
, New York, . * Rudolph Leopold: ''Egon Schiele: Catalogue raisonné. Paintings, Watercolours, Drawings. Revised 2nd edition.'' Edited by Elisabeth Leopold. Hirmer Publishers (2020). . * Diethard Leopold: Egon Schiele. The Great Masters of Art, Hirmer publishers, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-7774-2852-9. *
Tobias G. Natter Tobias G. Natter (born 26 May 1961 in Dornbirn, Vorarlberg) is an Austrian art historian and internationally renowned art expert with a particular expertise in "Vienna 1900". Career Natter studied art history and history at the universities ...
(Ed.), ''Egon Schiele: The Complete Paintings 1909 – 1918'',
Taschen Taschen is a luxury art book publisher founded in 1980 by Benedikt Taschen in Cologne, Germany. As of January 2017, Taschen is co-managed by Benedikt and his eldest daughter, Marlene Taschen. History The company began as Taschen Comics, ...
, Cologne 2017, . *
Tobias G. Natter Tobias G. Natter (born 26 May 1961 in Dornbirn, Vorarlberg) is an Austrian art historian and internationally renowned art expert with a particular expertise in "Vienna 1900". Career Natter studied art history and history at the universities ...
(Ed.), ''The Self-Portrait: From Schiele to Beckmann.'', exhibition catalog Neue Galerie New York, Prestel, Munich e.a. 2019, . * * Gianni Pozzi, ''Schiele'', 1999, Giunti Editore,
Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico ...
, . * * * *


Further reading

* *


External links

*
"Egon Schiele’s birthplace, Tulln"

"Egon Schiele Museum, Tulln"

"Leopold Museum, Vienna"
Leopold Museum, Vienna, houses the largest collection of Schiele's work.
"Oesterreichische Galerie, Belvedere"
The Oesterreichische Galerie, Belvedere, in Vienna contains one of the greatest collections of Schiele's work.
"Live Flesh"
A review of Schiele's work by
Arthur Danto Arthur Coleman Danto (January 1, 1924 – October 25, 2013) was an American art critic, philosopher, and professor at Columbia University. He was best known for having been a long-time art critic for '' The Nation'' and for his work in philosop ...
in ''
The Nation ''The Nation'' is an American liberal biweekly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded on July 6, 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's '' The Liberator'', an abolitionist newspaper t ...
''.
''Neue Galerie for German and Austrian Art (New York)''



Tracey Emin & Egon Schiele – exhibition at the Leopold Museum Vienna
Interview with the co-curator Diethard Leopold {{DEFAULTSORT:Schiele, Egon 1890 births 1918 deaths 19th-century Austrian male artists 19th-century Austrian painters 20th-century Austrian male artists 20th-century Austrian printmakers Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni Art Nouveau painters Austrian erotic artists Austrian Expressionist painters Austrian male painters Austrian people of Czech descent Austrian people of German Bohemian descent Austrian printmakers Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I Deaths from Spanish flu Infectious disease deaths in Austria People from Tulln an der Donau People from Český Krumlov Wiener Werkstätte