Ebenezer Scrooge () is the protagonist of

Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian er ...

's 1843 novella '' A Christmas Carol''. At the beginning of the novella, Scrooge is a cold-hearted miser who despises

Christmas Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year ...

. The tale of his redemption by three spirits (the Ghost of Christmas Past, the Ghost of Christmas Present, and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come) has become a defining tale of the Christmas holiday in the English-speaking world. Dickens describes Scrooge thus early in the story: "The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice." Towards the end of the novella, the three spirits show Scrooge the errors of his ways, and he becomes a better, more generous man. Scrooge's last name has entered the English language as a byword for greed and misanthropy, while his catchphrase, " Bah! Humbug!" is often used to express disgust with many modern Christmas traditions. __TOC__

Description

Charles Dickens describes Scrooge as "a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner! Hard and sharp as flint... secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster." He does business from a Cornhill warehouse and is known among the merchants of the Royal Exchange as a man of good credit. Despite having considerable personal wealth, he underpays his clerk Bob Cratchit and hounds his debtors relentlessly while living cheaply and joylessly in the chambers of his deceased business partner, Jacob Marley. Most of all, he detests Christmas, which he associates with reckless spending. When two men approach him on Christmas Eve for a donation to charity, he sneers that the poor should avail themselves of the treadmill or the workhouses, or else die to reduce the surplus population. He also refuses his nephew Fred's invitation to Christmas dinner and denounces him as a fool for celebrating Christmas. That night, Scrooge is visited by Marley's ghost, who is condemned to walk the world forever bound in chains as punishment for his greed and inhumanity in life. Marley tells Scrooge that he will be visited by three spirits, hoping that he will mend his ways; if he does not, Marley warns, Scrooge will wear even heavier chains than his in the afterlife. The first spirit then visits Scrooge, The Ghost of Christmas Past, who shows Scrooge visions of his early life. These visions establish that Scrooge's unloving father placed him in a boarding school, where at Christmas he remained alone while his schoolmates returned home to their families. When his beloved sister Fan came to take him home one Christmas, this became Scrooge's one happy childhood memory. She later died after giving birth to Fred. Scrooge then apprenticed at the warehouse of a jovial and generous master, Mr. Fezziwig. He fell in love with a young woman named Belle and proposed marriage, but gradually his love for Belle was overwhelmed by his love for money. Belle realised this and, saddened by his greed, left him one Christmas, eventually marrying another man. The present-day Scrooge reacts to these memories with nostalgia and deep regret. Scrooges third visitor-John Leech,1843

The Last of the Spirits-John Leech, 1843

The Ghost of Christmas Present arrives next. It shows Scrooge that his greed and selfishness have hurt others as well, particularly Cratchit, who cannot afford to provide his desperately ill son Tiny Tim with medical treatment because of Scrooge's miserliness. The Spirit tells a horrified Scrooge that Tiny Tim will die unless something changes, and throws back at Scrooge his own heartless words about the poor and destitute. Finally, the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come shows Scrooge where his greed and selfishness will lead: a lonely death and an overgrown grave, unpaid servants stealing his belongings, debtors relieved at his passing, and the Cratchit family devastated by the loss of Tiny Tim. Scrooge asks this Spirit if this future can still be changed, but the Spirit does not reply. Scrooge then begs this Spirit for another chance, promising to change his ways – and wakes up in his bed on Christmas Day. Overjoyed, Scrooge commits to being more generous and compassionate; he accepts his nephew's invitation to Christmas dinner, provides for Cratchit and his family, and donates to the charity fund. In the end, he becomes known as the embodiment of the Christmas spirit and as a "second father" to Tiny Tim.

Origins

Several theories have been put forward as to where Dickens got the inspiration for the character. Ebenezer Lennox (1792–1836) was supposedly a merchant from

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...

who won a catering contract for King George IV's visit to Scotland. He was buried in Canongate Kirkyard, with a gravestone that is now lost. The theory is that Dickens noticed the gravestone that described Scroggie as being a " meal man" ( grain merchant) but misread it as "mean man." This theory has been described as "a probable Dickens hoax" for which " one could find any corroborating evidence". There is no record of anyone named Scroggie in the Edinburgh census returns of the period. Jemmy Wood, owner of the

Gloucester Old Bank The Gloucester Old Bank was a British bank A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank o ...

and possibly Britain's first millionaire, was nationally renowned for his stinginess, and may have been another model for Scrooge. The man whom Dickens eventually mentions in his letters and who strongly resembles the character portrayed by Dickens' illustrator, John Leech, was a noted British eccentric and miser named John Elwes (1714–1789). Another suggested inspiration for the character of Scrooge is

Daniel Dancer Daniel is a masculine given name and a surname of Hebrew origin. It means "God is my judge"Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 68. (cf. Gabriel—"God is my strength ...

, who Dickens mentions, along with Elwes, in '' Our Mutual Friend''. It has been suggested that he chose the name Ebenezer ("stone (of) help") to reflect the help given to Scrooge to change his life. Commentators have suggested that the surname was partly inspired by the word "scrouge", meaning "crowd" or "squeeze". The word was in use from 1820. Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens' conflicting feelings for his father, whom he loved and demonised. This psychological conflict may be responsible for the two radically different Scrooges in the tale—one a cold, stingy recluse, the other a benevolent, loving man. Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, a professor of English literature, considers that in the opening part of the book portraying young Scrooge's lonely and unhappy childhood, and his aspiration to rise from poverty to riches "is something of a self-parody of Dickens's fears about himself"; the post-transformation parts of the book are how Dickens optimistically sees himself. One school of thought is that Dickens based Scrooge's views of the poor on those of demographer and political economist Thomas Malthus, as evidenced by his callous attitude towards the "surplus population". "And the Union workhouses? ... The treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, then?" are a reflection of a sarcastic question raised by the reactionary philosopher

Thomas Carlyle Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher. A leading writer of the Victorian era, he exerted a profound influence on 19th-century art, literature and philosophy. Born in Ecclefechan, ...

: "Are there not treadmills, gibbets; even hospitals, poor-rates, New Poor-Law?" There are literary precursors for Scrooge in Dickens's own works. Peter Ackroyd, Dickens's biographer, sees similarities between Scrooge and the title character of '' Martin Chuzzlewit'', although the latter is "a more fantastic image" than the former; Ackroyd observes that Chuzzlewit's transformation to a charitable man is parallel to that of Scrooge. Douglas-Fairhurst sees that the minor character Gabriel Grub from ''The Pickwick Papers'' was also an influence when creating Scrooge.

Analysis

Scrooge's character, particularly how it changes throughout ''A Christmas Carol'', has been the subject of several analyses.

In other media

* The character of Scrooge McDuck, created by Carl Barks, was at least partially based on Ebenezer Scrooge: "I began to think of the great Dickens Christmas story about Scrooge...I was just thief enough to steal some of the idea and have a rich uncle for Donald."

Portrayals

* Tom Ricketts in ''A Christmas Carol'', 1908 * Marc McDermott in 1910 *

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in '' Scrooge'' 1913, and again in '' Scrooge'', 1935 * Rupert Julian in 1916 *

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in 1923 *

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in 1928 and 1936, 1950 on television * Lionel Barrymore on radio 1934–1935, 1937, 1939–1953 *

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in 1936 on radio, for ailing brother Lionel *

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in 1938 on radio replacing Lionel Barrymore for one appearance only. * Reginald Owen in 1938 * Claude Rains in 1940 on radio * Ronald Colman in 1941 on radio and again in 1949 * John Carradine in 1947 on radio and television * Taylor Holmes in 1949 * Alastair Sim in 1951, and again in

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(voice) * Fredric March in 1954 * Basil Rathbone in 1956 and 1958 *

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in 1957 * Stan Freberg in ''

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'', 1958. * Jim Backus as Mr. Magoo in ''

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'', 1962 *

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in 1964 * Sterling Hayden as Daniel Grudge in Rod Serling's '' A Carol for Another Christmas'' (1964) * Wilfrid Brambell in a 1966 radio musical version (adapted from his Broadway role) * Sid James in the '' Carry On Christmas Specials'', 1969 * Ron Haddrick in the animated TV film ''A Christmas Carol'' (1969) and again in the Australian animated film '' A Christmas Carol'' (1982) * Albert Finney in 1970 * Paul Frees in '' Santa Claus Is Comin To Town'', 1970 * Marcel Marceau in 1973 * Michael Hordern in 1977 * Rich Little as

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playing Scrooge in ''

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'', 1978 * Walter Matthau (voice) in '' The Stingiest Man in Town'', 1978 * Henry Winkler as Benedict Slade in '' An American Christmas Carol'', 1979 * Hoyt Axton as Cyrus Flint in ''Skinflint: A Country Christmas Carol'', 1979 * Mel Blanc (as Yosemite Sam) in ''

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'', 1979 * Caroll Spinney as Oscar the Grouch in ''

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'', 1979 and again in ''A Sesame Street Christmas Carol'', 2006 * Alan Young (as Scrooge McDuck) in '' Mickey's Christmas Carol'', 1983 * George C. Scott in 1984 * Mel Blanc (as

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) in '' The Jetsons'' episode "A Jetson Christmas Carol", 1985 * Oliver Muirhead as "Constable Scrooge" in ''A Christmas Held Captive'', 1986 * Bill Murray as Frank Cross in ''

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'', 1988 ** Buddy Hackett (as himself) played Scrooge in the film-within-a-film. * Rowan Atkinson as Ebenezer Blackadder in '' Blackadder's Christmas Carol'', 1988 * Michael Caine in '' The Muppet Christmas Carol'', 1992 *

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has appeared in more than 1,000 stage performances since 1992. * Frank Welker as Thaddeus Plotz in the Animaniacs episode, "A Christmas Plotz", 1993 *

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in ''Bah, Humbug'', 1994 * Henry Corden (as Fred Flintstone) in '' A Flintstones Christmas Carol'', 1994 * Walter Charles,

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, Terrence Mann, Hal Linden,

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, Tony Roberts, Roger Daltrey, and Jim Dale in the stage version of Alan Menken's musical (1994–2003) * Susan Lucci as Elizabeth "Ebbie" Scrooge in '' Ebbie'', 1995 * Tenniel Evans in Focus on the Family Radio Theatre's version of ''A Christmas Carol'' (1996) * Cicely Tyson as Ebenita Scrooge in '' Ms. Scrooge'', 1997 * Tim Curry (voice) in

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; ''A Christmas Carol'' (the Theater at Madison Square Garden 2001 play) *

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in 1998 * Patrick Stewart in

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* Vanessa Williams as Ebony Scrooge in ''

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'', 2000 * Ross Kemp as Eddie Scrooge in 2000 * Adrienne Carter as Annie Redfeather as Annie Scrooge in ''

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'': Compassion Pt. 1 & 2, 2000 * Dean Jones in ''Scrooge and Marley'', 2001 * Tori Spelling as "Scroogette" Carol Cartman in ''

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'', 2003 * Kelsey Grammer in 2004 *

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as Sylvia Hollamby in '' Bad Girls 2006 Christmas Special'' * Joe Alaskey (as Daffy Duck) in '' Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas'', 2006 *

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as Eden Starling ( Barbie) in '' Barbie in A Christmas Carol'', 2008 *

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as Michael Malone in ''

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'', 2008 * Jim Carrey in 2009 (Carrey also played the three spirits haunting Scrooge).Fleming, Michael
"Jim Carrey set for 'Christmas Carol': Zemeckis directing Dickens adaptation"
'' Variety'', 2007-07-06. Retrieved on 2007-09-11. * Catherine Tate as Nan in ''

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'', 2009 * Matthew McConaughey as Connor "Dutch" Mead in '' Ghosts of Girlfriends Past'', 2009 * Christina Milian as Sloane Spencer in ''

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'', 2010 * Mark Rhodes in the 2010 Christmas special of '' Sam & Mark's TMi Friday *

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as Victor Newman in "Victor's Christmas Carol" on '' The Young and the Restless'', December 2010 * Michael Gambon as Kazran Sardick in " A Christmas Carol" on '' Doctor Who'', December 2010 * Brenda Song as London Tipton in ''

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'' episode, "A London Carol", 2010 * George Lopez as Grouchy Smurf in the 2011 film '' The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol'' *

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as Carol Huffman in the 2012 TV film ''

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'' *

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in the 2013 CBeebies pantomime ''A CBeebies Christmas Carol'' * Robert Powell in

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's 2014

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adaptation of ''A Christmas Carol''. * Ned Dennehy in the BBC drama ''

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'', 2015 *

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in the '' Thomas & Friends'' episode, "Diesel's Ghostly Christmas", 2015 *

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in the musical ''Scrooge in Love!'', 2016 * Kelly Sheridan as

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", 2016 *

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as Chris Bean (with Henry Lewis as Robert Grove attempting to take over, with the role being usurped from

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to begin with) in Mischief Theatre's ''A Christmas Carol Goes Wrong'', 2017. * Christopher Plummer in '' The Man Who Invented Christmas'', 2017 *

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in '' Decker'', "Double Decker", 2017 *

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in 2018 * Guy Pearce in the BBC/ FX miniseries, 2019 * Dylan Saunders in A VHS Christmas Carol, 2020 * Will Ferrell in ''

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'', 2022 * Luke Evans (voice) in '' Scrooge: A Christmas Carol'', 2022 *

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in a series of

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commercials

Notes

References

Citations

* * * * * * * * * * *

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Scrooge, Ebenezer Literary characters introduced in 1843 A Christmas Carol characters Fictional businesspeople Fictional people from the 19th-century Fictional people from London Fictional misers Christmas characters Male characters in film Male characters in literature