''Eugerres plumieri'', commonly referred to as the striped mojarra or mojarra rayada, is a

demersal The demersal zone is the part of the sea or ocean (or deep lake) consisting of the part of the water column near to (and significantly affected by) the seabed and the benthos. The demersal zone is just above the benthic zone and forms a layer o ...

fish from the Gerreidae family. The family Gerreidae is nicknamed the silverbodies because many of the species, this species included, have a silver-sheen to their bodies. This fish is often confused with other species from the Gerreidae family such as the Irish mojarra. It has been grouped in the order Perciformes due to its resembles of perch-like fishes. This species was discovered by French naturalist and zoologist,

Georges Cuvier Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, baron Cuvier (23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier (; ), was a French natural history, naturalist and zoology, zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuv ...

. It can be found in most areas of the

Western Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the ...

, excluding the Bahamas and West Indies.

Geographic distribution and ecology

The striped mojarra is a

euryhaline Euryhaline organisms are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities. An example of a euryhaline fish is the short-finned molly, '' Poecilia sphenops'', which can live in fresh water, brackish water, or salt water. The green crab ('' Carcinus m ...

organism, meaning it can tolerate a range of salinity. This allows it to inhabit coastal waters, mangrove creeks, and lagoons. It can be found off the south coast of the United States, from South Carolina down to western Florida, and from the

Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico () is an oceanic basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north, and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States; on the southw ...

down to Brazil. This fish can be found near the bottom of the water, where they feed on benthic invertebrates. It is more common to find these fish in brackish waters. During the dry season (January and February) these fish can be found aggregating in rivers and canal outlets, where food and refuge are easier for them to find. During the wet season (September through November) these fish are commonly found aggregating closer to the

Caribbean Sea The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere, located south of the Gulf of Mexico and southwest of the Sargasso Sea. It is bounded by the Greater Antilles to the north from Cuba ...

Species description

''Eugerres plumieri'' has a compressed rhombus-like body. This shape allows it to navigate its geographical locations with efficiency. It is dark olive in color with a light yellow underbelly. The fish has a silver-like sheen covering it and has dark stripes in the center of each scale. It has a dark grey, forked dorsal fin that is typically composed of nine spines and ten rays. The anal fin is a light yellow-brown color and composed of three spines and eight rays. The pelvic and pectoral fins are a similar color to their body. The

lateral line The lateral line, also called the lateral line organ (LLO), is a system of sensory organs found in fish, used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water. The sensory ability is achieved via modified epithelia ...

runs continuously from its gills to its caudal fin and is noticeable because of its dark color. It has 32 to 38 scales along the lateral line. The minimum length recorded of the fish is around and the maximum length is . They have a weight range of . It has a pointed mouth and a protrusible jaw that makes it appear as if it has a mouth inside of a mouth. Its teeth appear to be non-existent, however it has small brush-like teeth with molar-like teeth towards the back of the mouth that is used to crush through the shells of the benthic invertebrates it feeds on.

Reproduction

Striped mojarra are oviparous reproducers. This means that the females lay eggs while males produce seminal fluid to fertilize the eggs. This species has high fecundity with the females producing 85,345 to 953,870 eggs. Striped mojarra are annual spawners, meaning they have a set season for reproduction. Its spawning season is from May until July and it partakes in a partial spawn during the rainy season of the Western Atlantic, from September through November. These fish reach sexual maturity when they are around in length, with peak maturity being observed during the dry seasons, from January to February. A 2022 study of striped mojarra suggest that the fish display sexual dimorphism during spawning season, meaning that there is a visual difference between the males and females. During spawning periods, male striped mojarras were observed to be smaller than their female counterparts. Males were also observed to have black coloration throughout their dorsal fins and posterior, while females displayed a lighter color.

Diet

Striped mojarra mainly feed on benthic invertebrates and zooplankton. It is a diurnal feeder, meaning that it hunts during the day to differentiate between edible and inedible objects. Gerreid fish are known to dig for buried invertebrates in the sediment of the water. They angle their head down and bite into the sediment. They then sift through the contents of their mouth and expel the sediment through their gills. This hunting tactic leaves the species vulnerable to predation of bigger fish as it calls for them to bury their face into the sand to extract their prey, causing a lack of visibility to their surroundings.

Conservation status

Striped mojarra is currently listed as of least concern in conservation, according to the

International Union for Conservation of Nature The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the stat ...

(IUCN). They are widely distributed in their habitats and retain a stable population trend. There are currently no conservation measures in place for the striped mojarra, however, there have been recommendations for better population management in the

Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta The Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta ( Spanish for Large Marsh of Saint Martha) is the largest of the swampy marshes located in Colombia between the Magdalena River and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. It has an area of and belongs to the outer d ...

(CGSM).

Threats

Since striped mojarra aggregate in schools, it has been easy for anglers to catch them. This has resulted in an overexploitation of the fish in the CGSM. Recommendations to improve the estuaries surrounding Colombia are given with suggestions of inducing spawning to increase the population and biomass of these fish. A 2019 study regarding the presence of microplastics within fishes of the CSGM has shown that there is a need for greater research regarding plastic pollution in the area. This study found that 5% of the striped mojarra population within the CSGM have ingested plastic fibers and fragments. Given that the CSGM has been categorized as an important ecological site and that striped mojarra are commonly fished for economic and dietary value of the local area, more research regarding the role of plastic pollution should be conducted.

Human importance

Striped mojarra are abundant in Mexico and Colombia, where it is one of the most important fishing resources. Mojarras are considered great bait for commercial fishing due to their small size. They are also caught or bred specifically for human consumption. Fried mojarra is a popular dish in Latin American countries. A large portion of the fish population in the CGSM is composed of striped mojarra. Anglers that live by the CGSM rely on this fish for economic value within their communities.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2685221 Gerreidae Fish of the Caribbean Fish of the Gulf of Mexico Vertebrates of Puerto Rico Fish described in 1830 Taxa named by Georges Cuvier