Erishum I

Erishum I or Erišu(m) I (inscribed ^m''e-ri-šu'', or ^mAPIN''-ìš'' in later texts but always with an initial ''i'' in his own seal, inscriptions, and those of his immediate successors, “he has desired,”) 1974–1935 BC (middle chronology),Some historians quote ca. 1939–1900 BC (''after'' Amélie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC, Volume 1, Routledge, 1996, p. 82). son of Ilu-shuma, was the thirty-third ruler of Assyria to appear on the Assyrian King List. He reigned for forty years.Khorsabad kinglist. One of two copies of the Assyrian King ListSDAS Kinglist: sup>m''E-ri-š''''u'' DUMU ^mDINGIR''-šum-ma'', 'šá li-ma-ni''? ''-šu-ni'' 10+ 30 MU.MEŠ LUGAL''-ta'' DÙ''-uš''. which include him gives his reign length as only 30 years, but this contrasts with a complete list of his limmu, some 40, which are extant from tabletsKEL A (kt 92/k 193), a
CDLI
. recovered at Karum Kanesh. He had titled himself both as, "Ashur is king, Erishum is vice-regent"^d''a-šùr'' LUGAL ''i-ri-šu-um'' PA. and the, “Išši’ak Aššur”^ki (“steward of Assur”), at a time when Assur was controlled by an oligarchy of the patriarchs of the prominent families and subject to the “judgment of the city”, or ''dīn alim''. According to Veenhof, Erishum I’s reign marks the period when the institution of the annually appointed '' limmu'' (''eponym'') was introduced. The Assyrian King List observes of his immediate predecessors, “in all six kings known from bricks, whose limmu have not been marked/found”.

Biography

As Assur's merchant family firms vigorously pursued commercial expansion, Erišum I had established distant trading outposts in Anatolia referred to as ''karums''. Karums were established along trade routes into Anatolia and included: Kanesh, Ankuwa, Hattusa, and eighteen other locations that have yet to be identified, some of which had been designated as “warbatums” (satellites of and subordinate to the karums') The markets traded in: tin (inscribed AN.NA, Akkadian: ''annukum''), textiles, lapis lazuli, iron, antimony, copper, bronze, wool, and grain, in exchange for gold and silver. Around 23,000 tablets have been found at Kanesh spanning a period of 129 years from the thirtieth year of Erishum I’s reign through to that of Puzur-Ashur II or possibly Naram-Sin with the earliest from level II including copies of his inscriptions. These were discovered in 1948 with three other similar though fragmentary lists and two copies of an inscription of Erishum I detailing the regulations concerning the administration of justice in Assur, including the possibility of plaintiffs to obtain a ''rābiṣum'' (''attorney'') to represent them:

Following the example set by Erishum I's father ( Ilu-shuma), he had proclaimed tax exemptions, or as Michael Hudson has interpreted, "Erishum I proclaimed a ''remission of debts'' payable in silver, gold, copper, tin, barley, wool, down to chaff." This appears in an inscription on one side of a large broken block of alabaster,BM 115689, Ass. 16850. apparently described as a ''ṭuppu''. The shallow depression on its top has led some to identify it as a door socket.

His numerous contemporary inscriptions commemorate his building of the temple for Assur, called “Wild Bull” with its courtyard and two beer vats and the accompanying curses to those who would use them for their intended purposes. Erishum I’s other civic constructions included the temple of Ishtar and that of Adad. He had exercised eminent domain to clear an area from the Sheep Gate to the People’s Gate to make way for an enlargement of the city wall, so that he could boast that “I made a wall higher than the wall my father had constructed.” His efforts had been recalled by the later kings Šamši-Adad I, in his rebuilding dedication, and Šulmanu-ašared I, who noted that 159 years had passed between Erishum I’s work and that of Shamsh-Adad I, and a further 580 years until his own when a fire had gutted it.

Limmu during Erishum I's reign

The following is a list of the annually-elected '' limmu'' from the first full year of Erishum I's reign until the year of his death c. 1935 BC (middle chronology):

1974 BC Šu-Ištar, son of Abila

1973 BC Šukutum, son of Išuhum

1972 BC Iddin-ilum, son of Kurub-Ištar

1971 BC Šu-Anim, son of Isalia

1970 BC Anah-ili, son of Kiki

1969 BC Suitaya, son of Ir'ibum

1968 BC Daya, son of Išuhum

1967 BC Ili-ellat

1966 BC Šamaš-t.ab

1965 BC Agusa

1964 BC Idnaya, son of Šudaya

1963 BC Quqadum, son of Buzu

1962 BC Puzur-Ištar, son of Bedaki

1961 BC Laqip, son of Bab-idi

1960 BC Šu-Laban, son of Kurub-Ištar

1959 BC Šu-Belum, son of Išuhum

1958 BC Nab-Suen, son of Šu-Ištar

1957 BC Hadaya, son of Elali

1956 BC Ennum-Aššur, son of Begaya

1955 BC Ikunum, son of Šudaya

1954 BC Is.mid-ili, son of Idida

1953 BC Buzutaya, son of Išuhum

1952 BC Šu-Ištar, son of Amaya

1951 BC Iddin-Aššur, son of the priest

1950 BC Puzur-Aššur, the ghee maker

1949 BC Quqadum, son of Buzu

1948 BC Ibni-Adad, son of Susaya

1947 BC Irišum, son of Adad-rabi

1946 BC Minanum, son of Begaya

1945 BC Iddin-Suen, son of Šalim-ahum

1944 BC Puzur-Aššur, son of Idnaya

1943 BC Šuli, son of Uphakum

1942 BC Laqip, son of Zukua

1941 BC Puzur-Ištar, son of Erisua

1940 BC Aguwa, son of Adad-rabi

1939 BC Šu-Suen, son of S.illia

1938 BC Ennum-Aššur, son of Begaya

1937 BC Enna-Suen, son of Pussanum

1936 BC Ennanum, son of Uphakum

1935 BC Buzi, son of Adad-rabi

See also

* Timeline of the Assyrian Empire
* Old Assyrian Empire
* List of Assyrian kings
* Assyrian continuity
* Assyrian people

Inscriptions

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Erishum 01
20th-century BC Assyrian kings