Ephorus

Ephorus of Cyme (; , ''Ephoros ho Kymaios''; 330 BC) was an ancient Greek historian known for his universal history, now lost.

Biography

Information on his biography is limited. He was born in Cyme, Aeolia, and together with the historian Theopompus was a pupil of Isocrates in rhetoric. He does not seem to have made much progress as a speaker, and at the suggestion of Isocrates himself he took up literary composition and the study of history. According to Plutarch, Ephorus declined Alexander the Great's offer to join him on his Persian campaign as the official historiographer. His son Demophilus followed in his footsteps as a historian.

Main works

Ephorus' ''magnum opus'' was a set of 29 books recounting a universal history. The whole work, edited by his son Demophilus—who added a 30th book—contained a summary description of the Sacred Wars, along with other narratives from the days of the Heraclids up until the taking of Perinthus in 340 BC by Philip of Macedon, covering a time span of more than seven hundred years. According to Polybius, Ephorus was the first historian to ever author a universal history. For each of the 29 separate books, Ephorus wrote a ''prooimion''. The work was probably simply named ''Historiai'', and followed a thematic, rather than a strictly chronological order in its narrative. These writings are generally believed to be the main or sole source for Diodorus Siculus' account of the history of Greece between 480 and 340 BC, which is one of only two continuous narratives of this period that survive.

It is clear that Ephorus made critical use of the best authorities. His history was highly praised and read in antiquity, and later ancient historians freely drew upon his work. Large parts of the history of Diodorus Siculus may have originated in Ephorus's history. Strabo attached much importance to Ephorus's geographical investigations, and praised him for being the first to separate the historical from the simply geographical element. In his ''Geographica'', Strabo quoted Ephorus at length. Polybius, while crediting him with a knowledge of the conditions of naval warfare, ridiculed his description of the 362 BCE Battle of Mantinea as showing ignorance of the nature of land operations.

Additional works

Besides the universal history, Ephorus wrote an ''Epichorios logos'' (Ἐπιχώριος λόγος), a patriotic essay in which he praised the traditions of Cyme. He also wrote ''Peri heurematon'' (Περὶ εὑρημάτων), a book about inventions, and (Περὶ λέξεως), "On Style".
Other works attributed to him were:

* ''A Treatise on Discoveries''
* ''Respecting Good and Evil Things''
* ''The Remarkable Recipes''
* ''On Remarkable Things in Various Countries'' (it is doubtful whether these were separate works, or just extracts from the Histories)
* ''A Treatise on my Country'', on the history and antiquities of Cyme
* ''The Book of Goodness'', his manual on achieving happiness and pleasing others.
* ''An Essay on Style'', his only rhetorical work, which is occasionally mentioned by the rhetorician Theon (rhetorician).
Despite having written all these works, nothing but isolated fragments survived from the ancient world. His entire work has been lost.

Critiques

According to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition, his surviving writings all show a certain lack of passion, in spite of his keen interest in matters of style, and of political partisanship, except for his enthusiasm for Cyme. According to ancient writers, he was respected as an able and thorough, though somewhat dull historiographer. He was commended for drawing (though not always) a sharp line of demarcation between the mythical and historical; he even recognized that a profusion of detail, though lending corroborative force to accounts of recent events, is ground for suspicion, in reports of far-distant history. His style was high-flown and artificial, as was natural considering his early training, and he frequently sacrificed truth to rhetoric effect. However, according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, he and Theopompus were the only historical writers whose language was accurate and complete.

Ephorus and astronomy

Ephorus reported that a comet split apart as far back as the winter of 372–373 BC.

The Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger, whose '' Naturales quaestiones'' is the ancient source for Ephorus's comet report, is severe in his judgment (7.16):

References

Bibliography

*

{{Authority control

330 BC deaths
4th-century BC Greek historians
Aeolians
Classical-era Greek historians
Historians from ancient Anatolia
Year of birth unknown
Ancient Greek historians known only from secondary sources