Elbrus-2S+ () is a multi-core microprocessor based on the

Elbrus 2000 The Elbrus 2000 (or e2k; ) is a Russian 512-bit wide VLIW microprocessor developed by Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies (MCST) and fabricated by TSMC. It supports two instruction set architectures (ISA): Elbrus VLIW and Intel x86 (a compl ...

architecture developed by

Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies (MCST) MCST (, acronym for Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies) is a Russian microprocessor company that was set up in 1992. Different types of processors made by MCST were used in personal computers, servers and computing systems. MCST develops micro ...

. There are multiple reports regarding the evolution of this technology for the purpose of import substitution in

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

, which was raised by several ministries in July 2014, due to

economic sanctions Economic sanctions or embargoes are Commerce, commercial and Finance, financial penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals. Economic sanctions are a form of Coercion (international relations), coercion tha ...

in response to

2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine From the end of February 2014, in the aftermath of the Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity, which resulted in the ousting of Russian-leaning President of Ukraine, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, demonstrations by Russian-backed, ...

. In December 2014, it was announced that

Mikron Group Mikron Group (), headed by Joint-stock company, JSC Mikron (Russian: АО "Микрон"), is the leading developer, manufacturer and exporter of microelectronics in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, CIS. Its main manufacturing ...

started pilot production of a dual-core variant of this microprocessor called Elbrus-2SM () using a

90 nanometer The 90 nm process refers to the technology used in semiconductor manufacturing to create integrated circuits with a minimum feature size of 90 nanometers. It was an advancement over the previous 130 nm process. Eventually, it was succeeded by ...

CMOS manufacturing process in

Zelenograd Zelenograd (, , ) is a city and administrative okrug of Moscow, Russia. The city of Zelenograd and the territory under its jurisdiction form the Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug (ZelAO), an exclave located within Moscow Oblast, north-west ...

, Russia.

Technology

The Elbrus-4S CPU uses a

VLIW Very long instruction word (VLIW) refers to instruction set architectures that are designed to exploit instruction-level parallelism (ILP). A VLIW processor allows programs to explicitly specify instructions to execute in parallel computing, para ...

instruction set where it can perform up to 23 instructions per clock cycle and is reported to have support for

Intel Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and Delaware General Corporation Law, incorporated in Delaware. Intel designs, manufactures, and sells computer compo ...

x86 x86 (also known as 80x86 or the 8086 family) is a family of complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architectures initially developed by Intel, based on the 8086 microprocessor and its 8-bit-external-bus variant, the 8088. Th ...

emulation through a virtual machine. When programs are built for

native mode, the

compiler In computing, a compiler is a computer program that Translator (computing), translates computer code written in one programming language (the ''source'' language) into another language (the ''target'' language). The name "compiler" is primaril ...

determines how the different operations shall be distributed over the 23 computing units before saving the final program. This means that no dynamic scheduling is needed during runtime, thus reducing the amount of work the CPU has to perform every time a program is executed. Because static scheduling only needs to be performed one time when the program is built, more advanced

algorithm In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of Rigour#Mathematics, mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific Computational problem, problems or to perform a computation. Algo ...

s for finding the optimal distribution of work can be employed.

Specifications

South Bridge

The south bridge for the

chipset In a computer system, a chipset is a set of electronic components on one or more integrated circuits that manages the data flow between the processor, memory and peripherals. The chipset is usually found on the motherboard of computers. Chips ...

, which connects

peripheral A peripheral device, or simply peripheral, is an auxiliary hardware device that a computer uses to transfer information externally. A peripheral is a hardware component that is accessible to and controlled by a computer but is not a core compo ...

s and

bus A bus (contracted from omnibus, with variants multibus, motorbus, autobus, etc.) is a motor vehicle that carries significantly more passengers than an average car or van, but fewer than the average rail transport. It is most commonly used ...

to the

CPU A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor, or just processor, is the primary processor in a given computer. Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of a computer program, such as arithmetic, log ...

is developed by

MCST MCST (, acronym for Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies) is a Russian microprocessor company that was set up in 1992. Different types of processors made by MCST were used in personal computers, servers and computing systems. MCST develops micro ...

. It is also compatible with the MCST-R1000.

Applications

In December 2012, Kraftway announced that it will deliver an Elbrus based PC together with its partner MCST. In August 2013, Kuyan, Gusev, Kozlov, Kaimuldenov and Kravtsunov from MCST has published an article based on their experience with building and deployment of

Debian Linux Debian () is a free and open source Linux distribution, developed by the Debian Project, which was established by Ian Murdock in August 1993. Debian is one of the oldest operating systems based on the Linux kernel, and is the basis of many o ...

for the Elbrus computer architecture. It was done using a hybrid compiler toolchain (

cross A cross is a religious symbol consisting of two Intersection (set theory), intersecting Line (geometry), lines, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. A cross of oblique lines, in the shape of t ...

and

native Native may refer to: People * '' Jus sanguinis'', nationality by blood * '' Jus soli'', nationality by location of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Nat ...

), for Elbrus-2S+ and

Intel Core 2 Duo Intel Core is a line of multi-core (with the exception of Core Solo and Core 2 Solo) central processing units (CPUs) for midrange, embedded, workstation, high-end and enthusiast computer markets marketed by Intel Corporation. These processors ...

. In December 2014, an implementation of the

OpenGL OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a Language-independent specification, cross-language, cross-platform application programming interface (API) for rendering 2D computer graphics, 2D and 3D computer graphics, 3D vector graphics. The API is typic ...

3.3 standard was demonstrated by running the game ''

Doom 3 ''Doom 3'' is a 2004 first-person shooter, first-person shooter game developed by id Software and published by Activision. ''Doom 3'' was originally released for Microsoft Windows on August 3, 2004, adapted for Linux later that year, and Vide ...

'' BFG Edition on an Elbrus-4S, clocked at 720 MHz, using a

Radeon Radeon () is a brand of computer products, including graphics processing units, random-access memory, RAM disk software, and solid-state drives, produced by Radeon Technologies Group, a division of AMD. The brand was launched in 2000 by ATI Tech ...

graphics card with 2 gigabytes of video memory. In April 2015,

announced two new products based on the Elbrus-4S CPU: One

19-inch rack A 19-inch rack is a standardized frame or enclosure for mounting multiple electronic equipment modules. Each module has a front panel that is wide. The 19 inch dimension includes the edges or ''ears'' that protrude from each side of the ...

server Server may refer to: Computing *Server (computing), a computer program or a device that provides requested information for other programs or devices, called clients. Role * Waiting staff, those who work at a restaurant or a bar attending custome ...

with four CPUs (16 cores) and one

personal computer A personal computer, commonly referred to as PC or computer, is a computer designed for individual use. It is typically used for tasks such as Word processor, word processing, web browser, internet browsing, email, multimedia playback, and PC ...

. In December 2015, the first shipment of PCs based on

CPU Elbrus-4s was made in Russia. In June 2024, the “Elbrus-2S3 (Эльбрус-2С3) microprocessor” has resurfaced on the Russian market. This is a nona-core("CPU-core×2" + "3D・GPU-core×1" + "2D・GPU-core×2" + "VPU-core×4") CPU manufactured with a 16nm process. This is the cut down version of the 16-core Elbrus-16S, which might also resurface at some point if there's enough market demand for this to make sense. In September 2024, The MCST company presented “Elbrus-2S3 (Эльбрус-2С3) microprocessor” at the 10th anniversary Russian forum "Microelectronics 2024".

References

External links

* https://web.archive.org/web/20150317100907/http://www.mcst.ru/elbrus_2c_111101.shtml * http://elbrus2k.wikidot.com/elbrus-2c {{DEFAULTSORT:Elbrus-2C Very long instruction word computing VLIW microprocessors