Doric or Dorian ( grc, Δωρισμός, Dōrismós), also known as West Greek, was a group of Ancient Greek dialects; its varieties are divided into the Doric proper and Northwest Doric subgroups. Doric was spoken in a vast area, that included northern Greece ( Acarnania,
Aetolia
Aetolia ( el, Αἰτωλία, Aἰtōlía) is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania.
Geography
The Achelous River separates Aetoli ...
Phocis
Phocis ( el, Φωκίδα ; grc, Φωκίς) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Central Greece. It stretches from the western mountainsides of Parnassus on the east to the mountain range of Var ...
ancient Macedonia
Macedonia (; grc-gre, Μακεδονία), also called Macedon (), was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, and later the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was founded and initially ruled by ...
), most of the Peloponnese (Achaea, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Argolid, Aegina, Corinth, and Megara), the southern Aegean (
Kythira
Kythira (, ; el, Κύθηρα, , also transliterated as Cythera, Kythera and Kithira) is an island in Greece lying opposite the south-eastern tip of the Peloponnese peninsula. It is traditionally listed as one of the seven main Ionian Islands ...
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, ...
,
Karpathos
Karpathos ( el, Κάρπαθος, ), also Carpathos, is the second largest of the Greek Dodecanese islands, in the southeastern Aegean Sea. Together with the neighboring smaller Saria Island it forms the municipality of Karpathos, which is part of ...
, and
Rhodes
Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the S ...
), as well as the colonies of some of the aforementioned regions, in Cyrene, Magna Graecia, the
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...
Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The orac ...
, and Olympia, as well as at the four Panhellenic festivals; the Isthmian,
Nemean
Nemea (; grc, Νεμέα; grc-x-ionic, Νεμέη) is an ancient site in the northeastern part of the Peloponnese, in Greece. Formerly part of the territory of Cleonae in ancient Argolis, it is today situated in the regional unit of Corinthia ...
Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (french: link=no, Jeux olympiques) are the leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a multi ...
.
By
Hellenistic
In Classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in ...
times, under the
Achaean League
The Achaean League ( Greek: , ''Koinon ton Akhaion'' "League of Achaeans") was a Hellenistic-era confederation of Greek city states on the northern and central Peloponnese. The league was named after the region of Achaea in the northwestern P ...
, an Achaean Doric
koine
Koine Greek (; Koine el, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, hē koinè diálektos, the common dialect; ), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-reg ...
appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the Attic-based
Koine Greek
Koine Greek (; Koine el, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, hē koinè diálektos, the common dialect; ), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-reg ...
to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC. The only living descendant of Doric is the Tsakonian language which is still spoken in
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...
today; though critically endangered, with only a few hundred – mostly elderly – fluent speakers left.
It is widely accepted that Doric originated in the mountains of Epirus in northwestern
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...
, the original seat of the
Dorians
The Dorians (; el, Δωριεῖς, ''Dōrieîs'', singular , ''Dōrieús'') were one of the four major ethnic groups into which the Hellenes (or Greeks) of Classical Greece divided themselves (along with the Aeolians, Achaeans, and Ioni ...
. It was expanded to all other regions during the Dorian invasion (c. 1150 BC) and the colonisations that followed. The presence of a Doric state ( Doris) in central Greece, north of the
Gulf of Corinth
The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf ( el, Κορινθιακός Kόλπος, ''Korinthiakόs Kόlpos'', ) is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea, separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. It is bounded in the east by the ...
, led to the theory that Doric had originated in northwest Greece or maybe beyond in the
Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...
. The dialect's distribution towards the north extends to the
Megarian
Megara (; el, Μέγαρα, ) is a historic town and a municipality in West Attica, Greece. It lies in the northern section of the Isthmus of Corinth opposite the island of Salamis, which belonged to Megara in archaic times, before being taken ...
Corinth
Corinth ( ; el, Κόρινθος, Kórinthos, ) is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part ...
ian colonies of
Potidaea
__NOTOC__
Potidaea (; grc, Ποτίδαια, ''Potidaia'', also Ποτείδαια, ''Poteidaia'') was a colony founded by the Corinthians around 600 BC in the narrowest point of the peninsula of Pallene, the westernmost of three peninsulas a ...
Albanian language
Albanian ( endonym: or ) is an Indo-European language and an independent branch of that family of languages. It is spoken by the Albanians in the Balkans and by the Albanian diaspora, which is generally concentrated in the Americas, Eur ...
,; Albanian version BUShT 1962:1.219-227 probably via traders from a now-extinct Illyrian intermediary. In the north, local epigraphical evidence includes the decrees of the Epirote League, the Pella curse tablet, three additional lesser known
Macedonian
Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia.
Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to:
People Modern
* Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
inscriptions (all of them identifiable as Doric), numerous inscriptions from a number of Greek colonies. Furthermore, there is an abundance of place names used to examine features of the northern Doric dialects. Southern dialects, in addition to numerous inscriptions, coins, and names, have also provided much more literary evidence through authors such as Alcman,
Pindar
Pindar (; grc-gre, Πίνδαρος , ; la, Pindarus; ) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet from Thebes. Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, his work is the best preserved. Quintilian wrote, "Of the nine lyric poets, Pindar ...
, and
Archimedes of Syracuse
Archimedes of Syracuse (;; ) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists ...
, among others, all of whom wrote in Doric. There are also ancient dictionaries that have survived; notably the one by Hesychius of Alexandria, whose work preserved many dialectal words from throughout the Greek-speaking world.
Variants
Doric proper
Where the Doric dialect group fits in the overall classification of ancient Greek dialects depends to some extent on the classification. Several views are stated under Greek dialects. The prevalent theme of most views listed there is that Doric is a subgroup of West Greek. Some use the terms Northern Greek or Northwest Greek instead. The geographic distinction is only verbal and ostensibly is misnamed: all of Doric was spoken south of "Southern Greek" or "Southeastern Greek."
Be that as it may, "Northern Greek" is based on a presumption that
Dorians
The Dorians (; el, Δωριεῖς, ''Dōrieîs'', singular , ''Dōrieús'') were one of the four major ethnic groups into which the Hellenes (or Greeks) of Classical Greece divided themselves (along with the Aeolians, Achaeans, and Ioni ...
came from the north and on the fact that Doric is closely related to Northwest Greek. When the distinction began is not known. All the "northerners" might have spoken one dialect at the time of the Dorian invasion; certainly, Doric could only have further differentiated into its classical dialects when the Dorians were in place in the south. Thus West Greek is the most accurate name for the classical dialects.
Tsakonian, a descendant of Laconian Doric (Spartan), is still spoken on the southern Argolid coast of the Peloponnese, in the modern prefectures of Arcadia and Laconia. Today it is a source of considerable interest to linguists, and an endangered dialect.
Laconian
Laconian was spoken by the population of Laconia in the southern Peloponnese and also by its colonies,
Taras
Taras may refer to:
Geography
* Taras (ancient city) of Magna Graecia, modern-day Taranto
* Taras, Iran, a village in Tehran province
* Taras, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
* Taraš, a village in Vojvodina, Serbia
* Taras, Kazakhstan, a village in ...
Sparta
Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referr ...
was the seat of ancient Laconia.
Laconian is attested in inscriptions on pottery and stone from the seventh century BC. A dedication to Helen dates from the second quarter of the seventh century. Taras was founded in 706 and its founders must already have spoken Laconic.
Many documents from the state of Sparta survive, whose citizens called themselves Lacedaemonians after the name of the valley in which they lived.
Homer
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
calls it "hollow Lacedaemon", though he refers to a pre-Dorian period. The seventh century Spartan poet Alcman used a dialect that some consider to be predominantly Laconian. Philoxenus of Alexandria wrote a treatise ''On the Laconian dialect''.
Argolic
Argolic was spoken in the thickly settled northeast Peloponnese at, for example, Argos,
Mycenae
Mycenae ( ; grc, Μυκῆναι or , ''Mykē̂nai'' or ''Mykḗnē'') is an archaeological site near Mykines in Argolis, north-eastern Peloponnese, Greece. It is located about south-west of Athens; north of Argos; and south of Corinth. ...
Epidaurus
Epidaurus ( gr, Ἐπίδαυρος) was a small city ('' polis'') in ancient Greece, on the Argolid Peninsula at the Saronic Gulf. Two modern towns bear the name Epidavros: '' Palaia Epidavros'' and '' Nea Epidavros''. Since 2010 they belong t ...
, and as close to
Athens
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates a ...
as the island of
Aegina
Aegina (; el, Αίγινα, ''Aígina'' ; grc, Αἴγῑνα) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, from Athens. Tradition derives the name from Aegina, the mother of the hero Aeacus, who was born on the island an ...
. As
Mycenaean Greek
Mycenaean Greek is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, on the Greek mainland and Crete in Mycenaean Greece (16th to 12th centuries BC), before the hypothesised Dorian invasion, often cited as the '' terminus ad quem'' for th ...
had been spoken in this dialect region in the
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second pri ...
Attica
Attica ( el, Αττική, Ancient Greek ''Attikḗ'' or , or ), or the Attic Peninsula, is a historical region that encompasses the city of Athens, the capital of Greece and its countryside. It is a peninsula projecting into the Aegean ...
. The Dorians went on from Argos to
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, ...
and
Rhodes
Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the S ...
.
Ample inscriptional material of a legal, political and religious content exists from at least the sixth century BC.
Corinthian
Corinthian was spoken first in the isthmus region between the Peloponnesus and mainland
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...
; that is, the Isthmus of Corinth. The cities and states of the Corinthian dialect region were
Corinth
Corinth ( ; el, Κόρινθος, Kórinthos, ) is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part ...
Phlius
Phlius (; grc-gre, Φλιοῦς) or Phleius () was an independent polis (city-state) in the northeastern part of Peloponnesus. Phlius' territory, called Phliasia (), was bounded on the north by Sicyonia, on the west by Arcadia, on the east by ...
, the colonies of Corinth in western Greece: Corcyra,
Leucas
''Leucas'' is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described by Robert Brown in 1810. It contains over 200 species, widespread over much of Africa, and southern and eastern Asia (Iran, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, etc.) with a f ...
,
Anactorium
Anactorium or Anaktorion ( grc, Ἀνακτόριον) was a town in ancient Acarnania, situated on the promontory on the Ambraciot Gulf. On entering the Ambraciot Gulf from the Ionian Sea it was the first town in Acarnania after Actium, from which ...
Ancona
Ancona (, also , ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region in central Italy, with a population of around 101,997 . Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic ...
Attic Greek
Attic Greek is the Greek dialect of the ancient region of Attica, including the '' polis'' of Athens. Often called classical Greek, it was the prestige dialect of the Greek world for centuries and remains the standard form of the language that ...
.)
Corinth contradicts the prejudice that Dorians were rustic militarists, as some consider the speakers of Laconian to be. Positioned on an international trade route, Corinth played a leading part in the re-civilizing of Greece after the centuries of disorder and isolation following the collapse of Mycenaean Greece.
Northwest Doric
The Northwest Doric (or "Northwest Greek", with "Northwest Doric" now considered more accurate so as not to distance the group from Doric proper) group is closely related to Doric proper, while sometimes there is no distinction between Doric and the Northwest Doric. Whether it is to be considered a part of the southern Doric Group or the latter a part of it or the two considered subgroups of West Greek, the dialects and their grouping remain the same. West Thessalian and
Boeotian
Boeotia ( ), sometimes Latinized as Boiotia or Beotia ( el, Βοιωτία; modern: ; ancient: ), formerly known as Cadmeis, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its l ...
had come under a strong Northwest Doric influence.
While Northwest Doric is generally seen as a dialectal group, dissenting views exist, such as that of Méndez-Dosuna, who argues that Northwest Doric is not a proper dialectal group but rather merely a case of areal dialectal convergence. Throughout the Northwest Doric area, most internal differences did not hinder mutual understanding, though Filos, citing Bubenik, notes that there were certain cases where a bit of accommodation may have been necessary.
The earliest epigraphic texts for Northwest Doric date to the 6th–5th century BC. These are thought to provide evidence for Northwest Doric features, especially the phonology and morphophonology, but most of the features thus attributed to Northwest Doric are not exclusive to it. The Northwest Doric dialects differ from the main Doric Group dialects in the below features:
# Dative plural of the
third declension
{{No footnotes, date=February 2021
The third declension is a category of nouns in Latin and Greek with broadly similar case formation — diverse stems, but similar endings. Sanskrit also has a corresponding class (although not commonly ter ...
in (''-ois'') (instead of (''-si'')): ''Akarnanois hippeois'' for ''Akarnasin hippeusin'' (to the Acarnanian knights).
# (''en'') + accusative (instead of (''eis'')): ''en Naupakton'' (into Naupactus).
# (''-st'') for (''-sth''): ''genestai'' for ''genesthai'' (to become), ''mistôma'' for ''misthôma'' (payment for hiring).
# ar for er: ''amara'' /Dor. ''amera''/Att. ''hêmera'' (day), Elean ''wargon'' for Doric ''wergon'' and Attic ''ergon'' (work)
# Dative singular in ''-oi'' instead of ''-ôi'': , Doric , Attic (to Asclepius)
# Middle participle in ''-eimenos'' instead of ''-oumenos''
Four or five dialects of Northwestern Doric are recognised.
Phocian
This dialect was spoken in
Phocis
Phocis ( el, Φωκίδα ; grc, Φωκίς) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Central Greece. It stretches from the western mountainsides of Parnassus on the east to the mountain range of Var ...
and in its main settlement,
Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The orac ...
. Because of that it is also cited as Delphian.
Plutarch
Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for hi ...
says that
Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The orac ...
ans pronounce ''b'' in the place of ''p'' ( for )
Locrian
Locrian Greek
Locrian Greek is an ancient Greek dialect that was spoken by the Locrians in Locris, Central Greece. It is a dialect of Northwest Greek. The Locrians were divided into two tribes, the Ozolian Locrians and the Opuntian Locrians, thus the Locrian ...
is attested in two locations:
* Ozolian Locris, along the northwest coast of the
Gulf of Corinth
The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf ( el, Κορινθιακός Kόλπος, ''Korinthiakόs Kόlpos'', ) is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea, separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. It is bounded in the east by the ...
around
Amfissa
Amfissa ( el, Άμφισσα , also mentioned in classical sources as Amphissa) is a town in Phocis, Greece, part of the municipality of Delphi, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 315.174 km2. It l ...
(earliest c. 500 BC);
* Opuntian Locris, on the coast of mainland Greece opposite northwest
Euboea
Evia (, ; el, Εύβοια ; grc, Εὔβοια ) or Euboia (, ) is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait (only at its narrowest poi ...
The dialect of Elis (earliest c. 600 BC) is considered, after Aeolic Greek, one of the most difficult for the modern reader of epigraphic texts.
Epirote
Spoken at the Dodona oracle, (earliest c. 550–500 BC) firstly under control of the Thesprotians; later organized in the Epirote League (since c. 370 BC).
Ancient Macedonian
Most scholars maintain that ancient Macedonian was a Greek dialect, probably of the Northwestern Doric group in particular.Olivier Masson, in his article for ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'', talks of "two schools of thought": one rejecting "the Greek affiliation of Macedonian" and preferring "to treat it as an Indo-European language of the Balkans" of contested affiliation (examples are Bonfante 1987, and Russu 1938); the other favouring "a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect" with numerous adherents from the 19th century and on (Fick 1874; Hoffmann 1906; Hatzidakis 1897 etc.; Kalleris 1964 and 1976).
Masson himself argues with the largely Greek character of the Macedonian
onomastics
Onomastics (or, in older texts, onomatology) is the study of the etymology, history, and use of proper names. An '' orthonym'' is the proper name of the object in question, the object of onomastic study.
Onomastics can be helpful in data mining, ...
and sees Macedonian as "a Greek dialect, characterised by its marginal position and by local pronunciations" and probably most closely related to the dialects of the Greek North-West (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote). Brian D. Joseph acknowledges the closeness of Macedonian to Greek (even contemplating to group them into a "Hellenic branch" of Indo-European), but retains that " e slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible". Johannes Engels has pointed to the Pella curse tablet, written in Doric Greek: "This has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect". Miltiades Hatzopoulos has suggested that the Macedonian dialect of the 4th century BC, as attested in the Pella curse tablet, was a sort of Macedonian ‘koine’ resulting from the encounter of the idiom of the ‘ Aeolic’-speaking populations around
Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (; el, Όλυμπος, Ólympos, also , ) is the highest mountain in Greece. It is part of the Olympus massif near the Thermaic Gulf of the Aegean Sea, located in the Olympus Range on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia, be ...
and the Pierian Mountains with the Northwest Greek-speaking Argead Macedonians hailing from Argos Orestikon, who founded the kingdom of Lower Macedonia. However, according to Hatzopoulos, B. Helly expanded and improved his own earlier suggestion and presented the hypothesis of a (North-)‘ Achaean’ substratum extending as far north as the head of the
Thermaic Gulf
The Thermaic Gulf (), also called the Gulf of Salonika and the Macedonian Gulf, is a gulf constituting the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea. The city of Thessaloniki is at its northeastern tip, and it is bounded by Pieria Imathia and Lariss ...
, which had a continuous relation, in prehistoric times both in
Thessaly
Thessaly ( el, Θεσσαλία, translit=Thessalía, ; ancient Thessalian: , ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thes ...
and Macedonia, with the Northwest Greek-speaking populations living on the other side of the
Pindus
The Pindus (also Pindos or Pindhos; el, Πίνδος, Píndos; sq, Pindet; rup, Pindu) is a mountain range located in Northern Greece and Southern Albania. It is roughly 160 km (100 miles) long, with a maximum elevation of 2,637 metres ...
mountain range, and contacts became cohabitation when the Argead Macedonians completed their wandering from Orestis to Lower Macedonia in the 7th c. BC. According to this hypothesis, Hatzopoulos concludes that the
Macedonian
Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia.
Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to:
People Modern
* Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
Greek dialect of the historical period, which is attested in inscriptions, is a sort of koine resulting from the interaction and the influences of various elements, the most important of which are the North- Achaean substratum, the Northwest Greek idiom of the ArgeadMacedonians, and the
Thracian
The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied ...
Achaean Doric most probably belonged to the Northwest Doric group. It was spoken in Achaea in the northwestern Peloponnese, on the islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos in the Ionian Sea, and in the Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia in Southern Italy (including Sybaris and Crotone). This ''strict'' Doric dialect was later subject to the influence of ''mild'' Doric spoken in Corinthia. It survived until 350 BC.
Achaean Doric koine
By
Hellenistic
In Classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in ...
times, under the
Achaean League
The Achaean League ( Greek: , ''Koinon ton Akhaion'' "League of Achaeans") was a Hellenistic-era confederation of Greek city states on the northern and central Peloponnese. The league was named after the region of Achaea in the northwestern P ...
, an Achaean Doric
koine
Koine Greek (; Koine el, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, hē koinè diálektos, the common dialect; ), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-reg ...
appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the Attic-based
Koine Greek
Koine Greek (; Koine el, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, hē koinè diálektos, the common dialect; ), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-reg ...
to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC.
Northwest Doric koine
The Northwest Doric koine refers to a supraregional North-West common variety that emerged in the third and second centuries BC, and was used in the official texts of the Aetolian League. Such texts have been found in W. Locris, Phocis, and Phtiotis, among other sites. It contained a mix of native Northwest Doric dialectal elements and Attic forms. It was apparently based on the most general features of Northwest Doric, eschewing less common local traits.
Its rise was driven by both linguistic and non-linguistic factors, with non-linguistic motivating factors including the spread of the rival Attic-Ionic koine after it was recruited by the Macedonian state for administration, and the political unification of a vast territories by the Aetolian League and the state of Epirus. The Northwest Doric koine was thus both a linguistic and a political rival of the Attic-Ionic koine.
Phonology
Vowels
Long a
Proto-Greek long *ā is retained as ''ā'', in contrast to Attic developing a long open ''ē'' (
eta
Eta (uppercase , lowercase ; grc, ἦτα ''ē̂ta'' or ell, ήτα ''ita'' ) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the close front unrounded vowel . Originally denoting the voiceless glottal fricative in most dialects, ...
) in at least some positions.
* Doric ''gā mātēr'' ~ Attic ''gē mētēr'' 'earth mother'
Compensatory lengthening of e and o
In certain Doric dialects (Severe Doric), *e and *o lengthen by compensatory lengthening or contraction to
eta
Eta (uppercase , lowercase ; grc, ἦτα ''ē̂ta'' or ell, ήτα ''ita'' ) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the close front unrounded vowel . Originally denoting the voiceless glottal fricative in most dialects, ...
or
omega
Omega (; capital: Ω, lowercase: ω; Ancient Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the twenty-fourth and final letter in the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system/ isopsephy ( gematria), it has a value of 800. The ...
, in contrast to Attic ''ei'' and ''ou'' ( spurious diphthongs).
* Severe Doric ''-ō'' ~ Attic ''-ou'' (second-declension genitive singular)
* ''-ōs'' ~ ''-ous'' (second-declension accusative plural)
* ''-ēn'' ~ ''-ein'' (present, second aorist infinitive active)
Contraction of a and e
Contraction: Proto-Greek *ae > Doric ''ē'' (
eta
Eta (uppercase , lowercase ; grc, ἦτα ''ē̂ta'' or ell, ήτα ''ita'' ) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the close front unrounded vowel . Originally denoting the voiceless glottal fricative in most dialects, ...
) ~ Attic ''ā''.
Synizesis
Proto-Greek *eo, *ea > some Doric dialects' ''io, ia''.
Proto-Greek *a
Proto-Greek short *a > Doric short ''a'' ~ Attic ''e'' in certain words.
* Doric ''hiaros'', ''Artamis'' ~ Attic ''hieros'' 'holy', ''Artemis''
Consonants
Proto-Greek *-ti
Proto-Greek *-ti is retained (assibilated to ''-si'' in Attic).
* Doric ''phāti'' ~ Attic ''phēsi'' 'he says' (3rd sing. pres. of athematic verb)
* ''legonti'' ~ ''legousi'' 'they say' (3rd pl. pres. of thematic verb)
* ''wīkati'' ~ ''eikosi'' 'twenty'
* ''triākatioi'' ~ ''triākosioi'' 'three hundred'
Proto-Greek *ts
Proto-Greek *ts > ''-ss-'' between vowels. (Attic shares the same development, but further shortens the geminate to ''-s-''.)
* Proto-Greek *métsos > Doric ''messos'' ~ Attic ''mesos'' 'middle' (from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos, compare Latin ''medius'')
Digamma
Initial *w ( ϝ) is preserved in earlier Doric (lost in Attic).
* Doric ''woikos'' ~ Attic ''oikos'' 'house' (from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-, *woyḱ-, compare Latin ''vīcus'' 'village')
Literary texts in Doric and inscriptions from the Hellenistic age have no digamma.
Accentuation
For information on the peculiarities of Doric accentuation, see .
Morphology
Numeral ''tetores'' ~ Attic ''tettares'', Ionic ''tesseres'' "four".
Ordinal ''prātos'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''prōtos'' "first".
Demonstrative pronoun ''tēnos'' "this" ~ Attic–Ionic ''(e)keinos''
''t'' for ''h'' (from Proto-Indo-European ''s'') in article and demonstrative pronoun.
* Doric ''toi'', ''tai''; ''toutoi'', ''tautai''
* ~ Attic-Ionic ''hoi'', ''hai''; ''houtoi'', ''hautai''.
Third person plural, athematic or
root
In vascular plants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. They are most often below the su ...
aorist ''-n'' ~ Attic ''-san''.
* Doric ''edon'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''edosan''
First person plural active ''-mes'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''-men''.
Future ''-se-ō'' ~ Attic ''-s-ō''.
* ''prāxētai'' (''prāk-se-etai'') ~ Attic–Ionic ''prāxetai''
Modal particle ''ka'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''an''.
* Doric ''ai ka, ai de ka, ai tis ka'' ~ ''ean, ean de, ean tis''
Temporal adverbs in ''-ka'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''-te''.
* ''hoka'', ''toka''
Locative adverbs in ''-ei'' ~ Attic/Koine ''-ou''.
* ''teide'', ''pei''.
Future tense
The aorist and future of verbs in ''-izō'', ''-azō'' has ''x'' (versus Attic/Koine ''s'').
* Doric ''agōnixato'' ~ Attic ''agōnisato'' "he contended"
Similarly ''k'' before suffixes beginning with ''t''.
Elean
Elis () or Eleia ( el, Ήλιδα, Ilida, grc-att, Ἦλις, Ēlis ; Elean: , ethnonym: ) is an ancient district in Greece that corresponds to the modern regional unit of Elis.
Elis is in southern Greece on the Peloponnese, bounded ...
Homeric
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
, Attic and
Modern Greek
Modern Greek (, , or , ''Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa''), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (, ), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the ...
''aristeros'') "left".
Cretan
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, ...
: ''laia'', Attic
aspis
An aspis ( grc, ἀσπίς, plural ''aspides'', ), or porpax shield, sometimes mistakenly referred to as a hoplon ( el, ὅπλον) (a term actually referring to the whole equipment of a hoplite), was the heavy wooden shield used by the i ...
shield, Hesych. ''laipha'' ''laiba'', because the shield was held with the left hand. Cf.Latin:'' laevus''
* ''laia'' (Attic, Modern Greek ''leia'') "prey"
* ''le(i)ō'' (Attic ''ethelō'') "will"
* ''oinōtros'' "vine pole" (: Greek ''oinos'' "wine"). Cf.
Oenotrus
In Greek mythology, Oenotrus ( Ancient Greek: Οἴνωτρος) was the youngest of fifty sons of Lycaon from Arcadia. Together with his brother Peucetius (Greek: Πευκέτιος), he migrated to the Italian Peninsula, dissatisfied because ...
* ''mogionti'' (Ionic ''pyressousi'') "they are on fire, have fever" (= Attic ''mogousi'' "they suffer, take pains to")
* myrmēdônes ' (Attic ''myrmēkes'') "ants". Cf. Myrmidons
* '' optillos or optilos 'eye' (Attic ophthalmos) (
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
oculus) (Attic ''optikos'' of sight,
Optics
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultrav ...
* ''Ballacrades'' title of Argive athletes on a feast-day (Cf.achras wild pear-tree)
* Daulis ' mimic festival at Argos (acc. Pausanias 10.4.9 daulis means thicket) (He daulon fire log)
* droon ' strong (Attic ischyron, dynaton)
* kester ' youngman (Attic neanias)
* kyllarabis ' discus and gymnasium at Argos
* semalia ' ragged, tattered garments Attic rhakē, cf. himatia clothes)
* ''ôbea'' eggs (Attic ôa )
Cretan
* ''agela'' "group of boys in the Cretan '' agōgē''". Cf.
Homer
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
ic Greek agelē ' "herd" (Creta apagelos not yet received in agelê, boy under 17)
* adnos ' ''holy, pure'' (Attic hagnos) (
Ariadne
Ariadne (; grc-gre, Ἀριάδνη; la, Ariadne) was a Cretan princess in Greek mythology. She was mostly associated with mazes and labyrinths because of her involvement in the myths of the Minotaur and Theseus. She is best known for having ...
)
* aWtos ' (Attic autos) Hsch. ''aus''
* akara 'legs (Atti skelê
* hamakis ' once (Attic hapax)
* argetos ' juniper, cedar (Attic arkeuthos)
* auka ' power (Attic alkê)
* ''aphrattias'' strong
* balikiôtai ' Koine synepheboi (Attic hêlikiotai 'age-peers' of the same age ''hêlikia'')
* britu ' sweet (Attic glyku)
* damioô ', Cretan and
Boeotian
Boeotia ( ), sometimes Latinized as Boiotia or Beotia ( el, Βοιωτία; modern: ; ancient: ), formerly known as Cadmeis, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its l ...
. for Attic zêmioô to damage, punish, harm
* ''dampon'' first milk curdled by heating over embers (Attic puriephthon, puriatê)
* dôla ' ears (Attic ôta) (Tarentin ata
* Welchanos ' for Cretan Zeus and Welchanios, Belchanios Gelchanos (Elchanios Cnossian month)
* ''wergaddomai'' I work (Attic ergazomai)
* Wêma ' garment (Attic heima) (Aeolic emma) (Koine (h)immation)(Cf.Attic amphi-ennumi I dress, amph-iesis clothing)
* ibên ' wine (Dialectal Woînos Attic oinos) (accusative ibêna)
* itton ' one (Attic hen )
* karanô ' goat
* kosmos ' and kormos ' archontes in Crete, body of kosmoi (Attic order, ornament, honour, world - ''kormos'' trunk of a tree)
* kypheron, kuphê ' head (Attic kephalê)
* lakos ' rag, tattered garment (Attic rhakos) ( Aeolic brakos long robe, lacks the sense 'ragged')
* malkenis ' (Attic parthenos) Hsch: malakinnês.
* othrun ' mountain (Attic oros) (Cf. Othrys)
* rhyston ' spear
* seipha ' darkness (Attic zophos, skotia) (Aeolic dnophos)
* speusdos ' title of Cretan officer (Cf.speudô speus- rush)
* tagana ' (Attic tauta) these things
* tiros ' summer (Homeric, Attic theros)
* tre ' you, accusative ( Attic se )
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
Aristophanes of Byzantium
__NOTOC__
Aristophanes of Byzantium ( grc-gre, Ἀριστοφάνης ὁ Βυζάντιος ; BC) was a Hellenistic Greek scholar, critic and grammarian, particularly renowned for his work in Homeric scholarship, but also for work on other ...
(fr. 33)
* addauon ' dry (i.e. azauon) or addanon (Attic xêron)
* ''aikouda'' (Attic aischunē)
* haimatia ' blood-broth, Spartan Melas Zomos Black soup) (haima haimatos blood)
* ''aïtas'' (Attic '' erōmenos'') "beloved boy (in a pederastic relationship)"
* akkor ' tube, bag (Attic askos)
* akchalibar ' bed (Attic skimpous)(
Koine
Koine Greek (; Koine el, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, hē koinè diálektos, the common dialect; ), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-reg ...
krabbatos)
* ambrotixas ' having begun, past participle(amphi or ana..+ ?) (Attic aparxamenos, aparchomai) (Doric -ixas for Attic -isas)
* ampesai ' (Attic amphiesai) to dress
* ''apaboidôr'' out of tune (Attic ekmelôs) (Cf.Homeric singer Aoidos) / ''emmelôs, aboidôr'' in tune
* ''
apella
The ecclesia or ekklesia (Greek: ἐκκλησία) was the citizens' assembly in the Ancient Greek city-state of Sparta. Unlike its more famous counterpart in Athens, the Spartan assembly had limited powers, as it did not debate; citizens coul ...
Sparta
Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referr ...
Laconian
Laconia or Lakonia ( el, Λακωνία, , ) is a historical and administrative region of Greece located on the southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. Its administrative capital is Sparta. The word ''laconic''—to speak in a blunt, con ...
word)
* bapha ' broth (Attic zômos) (Atti baphê dipping of red-hot iron in water (
Koine
Koine Greek (; Koine el, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, hē koinè diálektos, the common dialect; ), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-reg ...
and
Modern Greek
Modern Greek (, , or , ''Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa''), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (, ), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the ...
βαφή ''vafi'' dyeing)
* ''weikati'' twenty (Attic εἴκοσι eikosi)
* bela ' sun and dawn Laconian (Attic
helios
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Helios (; grc, , , Sun; Homeric Greek: ) is the god and personification of the Sun (Solar deity). His name is also Latinized as Helius, and he is often given the epithets Hyperion ("the one above") an ...
Creta abelios
* bernômetha ' Attic ''klêrôsômetha'' we will cast or obtain by lot (inf. ''berreai'') (Cf.Attic ''meiresthai'' receive portion, Dori bebramena for heimarmenê, allotted by Moirai)
* beskeros ' bread (Attic artos)
* bêlêma ' hindrance, river dam (Laconian)
* bêrichalkon ' fennel (Attic marathos) ( bronze)
* bibasis ' Spartan dance for boys and girls
* bidyoi ' ''bideoi, bidiaioi also'' "officers in charge of the
ephebes
''Ephebos'' (ἔφηβος) (often in the plural ''epheboi''), also anglicised as ''ephebe'' (plural: ''ephebes'') or archaically ''ephebus'' (plural: ''ephebi''), is a Greek term for a male adolescent, or for a social status reserved for that ...
at
Sparta
Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referr ...
"
* biôr ' almost, maybe (Attic , ) wihôr (ϝίὡρ)
* blagis ' spot (Attic kêlis)
* boua ' "group of boys in the
Sparta
Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referr ...
n '' agōgē''"
* ''bo(u)agos'' "leader of a ''boua'' at
Sparta
Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referr ...
Sparta
Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referr ...
n youth who has completed his 12th year"
* eispnēlas ' (Attic '' erastēs'') one who inspires love, a lover (Atti eispneô inhale, breathe)
* '' exôbadia (Attic ; ears)
* '' ephoroi'' (Attic '' archontes'') "high officials at Sparta". Cf. Attic ''ephoros'' "overseer, guardian"
* Thoratês '
n thoraios containing the semen, god of growth and increase
* thrônax '
drone
Drone most commonly refers to:
* Drone (bee), a male bee, from an unfertilized egg
* Unmanned aerial vehicle
* Unmanned surface vehicle, watercraft
* Unmanned underwater vehicle or underwater drone
Drone, drones or The Drones may also refer to: ...
(Attic kêphên)
* kapha ' washing, bathing-tub (Attic loutêr) (C skaphê basin, bowl)
* keloia ' (kelya, kelea also) "contest for boys and youths at
Sparta
Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referr ...
Butcher's broom
''Ruscus aculeatus'', known as butcher's-broom, is a low evergreen dioecious Eurasian shrub, with flat shoots known as cladodes that give the appearance of stiff, spine-tipped leaves. Small greenish flowers appear in spring, and are borne singly ...
(Attic oxumursinê) (Myrtale real name of Olympias)
* ''pasor'' passion (Attic pathos)
* por ' leg, foot (Attic )
* pourdain ' restaurant (Koine mageirion) (C purdalon purodansion (from ''pyr'' fire hence pyre)
* salabar ' cook (Common Doric/Attic )
* sika ' 'pig' (Attic hus) an grôna female pig.
* siria ' safeness (Attic )
* ''psithômias'' ill, sick (Attic asthenês)
* psilaker ' first dancer
* ''ôba'' (Attic ''kōmē'') "village; one of five quarters of the city of Sparta"
anax
( Greek: ; from earlier , ') is an ancient Greek word for "tribal chief, lord, (military) leader".. It is one of the two Greek titles traditionally translated as "king", the other being basileus, and is inherited from Mycenaean Greece. It is no ...
harmost
Harmost ( el, , "joiner" or "adaptor") was a Spartan term for a military governor. The Spartan general Lysander instituted several harmosts during the period of Spartan hegemony after the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. They were sent int ...
Tarentum Tarentum may refer to:
* Taranto, Apulia, Italy, on the site of the ancient Roman city of Tarentum (formerly the Greek colony of Taras)
**See also History of Taranto
* Tarentum (Campus Martius), also Terentum, an area in or on the edge of the Camp ...
", ''thaulakizein'' 'to demand sth with uproar' Tarentine, ''thaulizein'' "to celebrate like Dorians", ''Thaulos'' "
Macedonian
Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia.
Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to:
People Modern
* Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
Athenian
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates a ...
''Zeus Thaulon'', Athenian family ''Thaulonidai''
* rhaganon ' easy Thuriian (Attic ) (Aeolic )
* skytas ' 'back-side of neck' (Attic )
* tênês ' till Tarentine (Attic )
* tryphômata ' whatever are fed or nursed, children, cattle (Attic thremmata)
* ''huetis'' jug,
amphora
An amphora (; grc, ἀμφορεύς, ''amphoreús''; English plural: amphorae or amphoras) is a type of container with a pointed bottom and characteristic shape and size which fit tightly (and therefore safely) against each other in storag ...
Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The orac ...
Athena
Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva. Athena was regarded as the patron and protectress of v ...
(
Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The orac ...
c) (Attic Erganê) (Attic ergon work, Doric Wergon, Elea Wargon * Werrô ' go away Locrian (Attic errô) (Hsch berrês fugitive, berreuô escape)
* ''Wesparioi Lokroi'' Epizephyrian (Western) Locrians (Attic ''hesperios'' of evening, western, Doric ''wesperios'') (cf. Latin Vesper)
* opliai ' places where the Locrians counted their cattle
Boeotian
Boeotia ( ), sometimes Latinized as Boiotia or Beotia ( el, Βοιωτία; modern: ; ancient: ), formerly known as Cadmeis, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its l ...
amillakas wine)
* attamios ' unpunished (Attic azêmios) from an earliest ''addamios'' (cf.Cretan, Boeotian ''damioô'' punish)
* babakoi ' cicadas
Elean
Elis () or Eleia ( el, Ήλιδα, Ilida, grc-att, Ἦλις, Ēlis ; Elean: , ethnonym: ) is an ancient district in Greece that corresponds to the modern regional unit of Elis.
Elis is in southern Greece on the Peloponnese, bounded ...
Elean
Elis () or Eleia ( el, Ήλιδα, Ilida, grc-att, Ἦλις, Ēlis ; Elean: , ethnonym: ) is an ancient district in Greece that corresponds to the modern regional unit of Elis.
Elis is in southern Greece on the Peloponnese, bounded ...
Macedonian
Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia.
Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to:
People Modern
* Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
''drêes'' or ''drêges'') (Attic strouthoi) (Hsc. ''trikkos'' small bird and king by Eleans)
* Wratra ' law, contract (Attic rhetra)
* seros ' yesterday (Attic chthes)
* ''sterchana'' funeral feast (Attic perideipnon)
* ''philax'' young oak (
Macedonian
Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia.
Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to:
People Modern
* Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Ma ...
ariocarpus
''Ariocarpus'' is a small genus of succulent, subtropical plants of the family Cactaceae.
The name comes from the ancient Greek "aria" (an oak type) and "carpos" (=fruit) because of the resemblance of the fruit of the two genus in acorn for ...
,
sorbus
''Sorbus'' is a genus of over 100 species of trees and shrubs in the rose family, Rosaceae. Species of ''Sorbus'' (''s.l.'') are commonly known as whitebeam, rowan ( mountain-ash) and service tree. The exact number of species is disputed depe ...
Quercus ilex
''Quercus ilex'', the evergreen oak, holly oak or holm oak is a large evergreen oak native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the '' Ilex'' section of the genus, with acorns that mature in a single summer.
Description
An evergre ...
gums
The gums or gingiva (plural: ''gingivae'') consist of the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla inside the mouth. Gum health and disease can have an effect on general health.
Structure
The gums are part of the soft tissue li ...
(Attic oula) (Homeric pherbô feed, eat)
Epirotic
* ''anchôrixantas'' having transferred, postponed Chaonian (Attic metapherô, anaballô) (anchôrizo ''anchi'' near +''horizô'' define and Doric ''x'' instead of Attic ''s'') (Cf. Ioni anchouros neighbouring) not to be confused with Dori anchôreô Attic ana-chôreô go back, withdraw.
* ''akathartia'' impurity (Attic/Doric akatharsia) (Lamelles Oraculaires 14)
* ''apotrachô'' run away (Attic/Dori apotrechô
* aspaloi ' fishes Athamanian (Attic ichthyes) ( Ionic chlossoi) (Cf.LS aspalia angling, ''aspalieus'' fisherman aspalieuomai I angle metaph. of a lover, aspalisai: halieusai, sagêneusai. hals sea)
* ''Aspetos'' divine epithet of
Achilles
In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus ( grc-gre, Ἀχιλλεύς) was a hero of the Trojan War, the greatest of all the Greek warriors, and the central character of Homer's '' Iliad''. He was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Pe ...
Homeric
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
br>aspetos 'unspeakable, unspeakably great, endless' (Aristotle F 563 Rose; Plutarch, Pyrrhus 1; SH 960,4)Pokorny aspetos /ref>
* ''gnôskô'' know (Attic gignôskô) (Ionic/Koine ginôskô) (Latin nōsco)(Attic gnôsis, Latin notio knowledge) (ref. Orion p. 42.17)
* ''diaitos'' (Hshc. judge kritês) (Attic diaitêtês arbitrator) Lamelles Oraculaires 16
* eskichremen ' lend out (Lamelles Oraculaires 8 of Eubandros) (Attic eis + inf. kichranai from chraomai use)
* ''Weidus'' knowing (Doric ) weidôs) (Elean weizos) (Attic ) eidôs) (
PIE
A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients. Sweet pies may be filled with fruit (as in an apple pie), nuts (pecan pie), brown sugar ( sugar pie), sweete ...
*weid- "to know, to see",
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...
veda I know) Cabanes, L'Épire 577,50
* kaston wood Athamanian (Atti xylon ' fro xyô scrape, hence xyston);
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...
'' kāṣṭham'' ("wood, timber, firewood") (Dialectica kalon wood, traditionally derived fro kaiô bur kauston sth that can be burnt, ''kausimon'' fuel)
* ''lêïtêres'' Athamanian priests with garlands Hes.text (LSJ lêitarchoi public priests ) (hence Leitourgia
* manu ' small Athamanian (Attic mikron, brachu) (Cf manon rare) (PIE *men- small, thin) (Hsch. ''banon'' thin) ( ''manosporos'' thinly sown ''manophullos'' with small leaves Thphr.HP7.6.2-6.3)
* ''Naios'' or ''Naos'' epithet of Dodonaean
Zeus
Zeus or , , ; grc, Δῐός, ''Diós'', label= genitive Boeotian Aeolic and Laconian grc-dor, Δεύς, Deús ; grc, Δέος, ''Déos'', label= genitive el, Δίας, ''Días'' () is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek relig ...
(from the spring in the oracle) (cf.
Naiad
In Greek mythology, the naiads (; grc-gre, ναϊάδες, naïádes) are a type of female spirit, or nymph, presiding over fountains, wells, springs, streams, brooks and other bodies of fresh water.
They are distinct from river gods, who ...
es and Pan Naios in Pydna SEG 50:622 (Homeri naô flow, Attic ''nama'' spring) (
PIE
A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients. Sweet pies may be filled with fruit (as in an apple pie), nuts (pecan pie), brown sugar ( sugar pie), sweete ...
*sna-)
* pagaomai ' 'wash in the spring' (of Dodona) (Doric ''paga'' Attic ''pêgê'' running water, fountain)
* ''pampasia'' (to ask ''peri pampasias'' cliché phrase in the oracle) (Atti pampêsia full property) (Doric ''paomai'' obtain)
* ''
Peliganes Peliganes ( GreekΠελιγᾶνες''Peliganes'') is the word used to refer to the Ancient Macedonian senators. The term is attested to in Hesychius, Strabo and two inscriptions (in dative peligasi), one from Dion and one from Laodicea. From ...
Macedon
Macedonia (; grc-gre, Μακεδονία), also called Macedon (), was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, and later the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was founded and initially ruled ...
ian senators)
* ''prami'' do
optative
The optative mood ( or ; abbreviated ) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope regarding a given action. It is a superset of the cohortative mood and is closely related to the subjunctive mood but is distinct from the desiderative mood ...
* ''kairoteron'' ( Attic: ἐνωρότερον enôroteron) "earlier" ( kairos time, enôros early cf. Horae)
* ''kephalidas'' (Attic: κόρσαι korsai) " sideburns" (''kephalides'' was also an alternative for ''epalxeis'' 'bastions' in Greek proper)
* ''sialis'' (Attic: βλέννος blennos) (cf.
blennorrhea Blennorrhea is mucous discharge, especially from the urethra or vagina (that is, mucus vaginal discharge). Blennorrhagia is an excess of such discharge,slime, mud (Greek ''sialon'' or ''sielon''
saliva
Saliva (commonly referred to as spit) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is around 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can ...
*Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. ''A companion to the Ancient Greek language.'' Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Cassio, Albio Cesare. 2002. "The language of Doric comedy." In ''The language of Greek comedy.'' Edited by Anton Willi, 51–83. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. ''A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. ''Greek: A history of the language and its speakers.'' 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. ''The Greek language.'' London: Faber & Faber.
Encyclopædia Britannica
The (Latin for "British Encyclopædia") is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various t ...