Dominican amber

Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic derived from resin of the extinct tree '' Hymenaea protera''.

Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent, and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions. This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest.George Poinar, Jr. and Roberta Poinar, 1999. ''The Amber Forest: A Reconstruction of a Vanished World'', (Princeton University Press)

Age

A study in the early 1990s returned a date up to 40 million years old. However, according to Poinar, Dominican amber dates from Oligocene to Miocene, thus about 25 million years old. The oldest, and hardest of this amber comes from the mountain region north of Santiago. The ''La Cumbre'', ''La Toca'', ''Palo Quemado'', ''La Bucara'', and '' Los Cacaos'' mining sites in the ''Cordillera Septentrional'' not far from Santiago. Amber has also been found in the south-eastern Bayaguana/ Sabana de la Mar area. There is also subfossil ''copal'' found in the Cotui deposits with an age of less than 280 years.

Mining sites

There are three main sites in the Dominican Republic where amber is found: ''La Cordillera Septentrional'', in the north, and ''Bayaguana'' and ''Sabana de la Mar'', in the east. In the northern area, the amber-bearing unit is formed of clastic rocks, washed down with sandstone fragments and other sediments that accumulated in a deltaic environment, even in water of some depth.

In the eastern area, the amber is found in a sediment formation of organic-rich laminated sand, sandy clay, intercalated lignite, and as well as some solvated beds of gravel and calcarenite.

Both areas seem to have been part of the same sedimentary basin but were later disrupted by movements along major faults.

Mining

Dominican amber, especially Dominican blue amber, is mined through bell pitting, which is extremely dangerous. The bell pit is basically a foxhole dug with whatever tools are available. Machetes do the start, some shovels, picks and hammers may participate eventually. The pit itself goes as deep or safe as possible, sometimes vertical, sometimes horizontal, but never level. It snakes into hill sides, drops away, joins up with others, goes straight up and pops out elsewhere. 'Foxhole' applies indeed: rarely are the pits large enough to stand in, and then only at the entrance. Miners crawl around on their knees using short-handled picks, shovels and machetes.

There are little to no safety measures. A pillar or so may hold back the ceiling from time to time but only if the area has previously collapsed. Candles are the only source of light. Humidity inside the mines is at 100%. Since the holes are situated high on mountainsides and deep inside said mountains, the temperature is cool and bearable, but after several hours the air becomes stale. During rain the mines are forced to close. The holes fill up quickly with water, and there is little point in pumping it out again (although sometimes this is done) because the unsecured walls may crumble.

Variations

Dominican amber can be found in many colors, besides the obvious amber. Yellow and honey colored are fairly common. There is also red and green in smaller quantities and the rare blue amber (fluorescent).

The blue amber reportedly is found mostly in Palo Quemado mine south from La Cumbre.

The ''Museo del Ambar Dominicano'', in Puerto Plata, as well as the ''Amber World Museum'' in Santo Domingo have collections of amber specimens.

Paleobiology

Numerous organisms have been described from amber specimens including:
'' Anochetus intermedius'', an ant

Protozoans

*'' Paleoleishmania neotropicum''
*'' Trypanosoma antiquus''

Flora

*'' Discoflorus neotropicus''Ancient Termite Pollinator of Milkweed Flowers in Dominican Amber
Poinar GO Jr. American Entomologist 2017 63:52-59
*'' Hymenaea protera''
*'' Palaeoraphe''
*'' Roystonea palaea''

Funga

*'' Parmelia ambra''

Fauna

*'' Acanthostichus hispaniolicus''
*'' Anelaphus velteni''
*'' Anochetus ambiguus''
*'' Anochetus brevidentatus''
*'' Anochetus conisquamis''
*'' Anochetus corayi''
*'' Anochetus dubius''
*'' Anochetus exstinctus''
*'' Anochetus intermedius''
*'' Anochetus lucidus''
*'' Apterostigma electropilosum''
*'' Apterostigma eowilsoni''
*'' Araneagryllus''
*'' Augochlora leptoloba''
*'' Azteca alpha''
*'' Azteca eumeces''
*'' Cephalotes jansei''
*'' Dicromantispa electromexicana''
*'' Dicromantispa moronei''
*'' Eickwortapis''
*'' Electromyrmococcus''
*'' Elaphidion inclusum''
*'' Elaphidion tocanum''
*'' Formicodiplogaster myrmenema''
*'' Leptofoenus pittfieldae''
*''Lutzomyia adiketis''
*'' Neocorynura electra''
*'' Nesagapostemon''
*cf. '' Nesoctites''
*'' Odontomachus pseudobauri''
*'' Odontomachus spinifer''
*'' Oligochlora''
*'' Palaeoplethodon''
*'' Paradoryphoribius''
*'' Plectromerus grimaldii''
*'' Plectromerus tertiarius''
*'' Pterolophosoma otiliae''
*''Sphaerodactylus dommeli''
*'' Stizocera evanescens''
*'' Syndesus ambericus''
*'' Tainosia''
*'' Termitaradus mitnicki''
*'' Triatoma dominicana''

See also

* Lagerstätte
* Japanese amber

References

External links

Ambercollector.info: Dominican Amber

Ambarazul.com: The Definitive List of Dominican Blue Amber Mines
— ''by Christine Lipkin''.
PBS NOVA: "Amber: Jewel of the Earth"American Museum of Natural History: "Amber: Window to the Past" (1998)
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301080912/http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/life.htm , date=2010-03-01 — ''includes numerous other links''.

Miocene life of North America
Oligocene life of North America
Dominican Republic culture