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Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti, also known as Domingo or Doménico Scarlatti (26 October 1685-23 July 1757), was an Italian composer. He is classified primarily as a
Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including ...
composer chronologically, although his music was influential in the development of the Classical style. Like his renowned father Alessandro Scarlatti, he composed in a variety of musical forms, although today he is known mainly for his 545 keyboard sonatas. He spent much of his life in the service of the Portuguese and Spanish royal families.


Life and career

Scarlatti was born in
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adm ...
, Kingdom of Naples, belonging to the Spanish Crown. He was born in 1685, the same year as
Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his orchestral music such as the '' Brandenburg Concertos''; instrumental compositions such as the Cello Suites; keyboard wo ...
and George Frideric Handel. He was the sixth of ten children of the composer and teacher Alessandro Scarlatti. His older brother Pietro Filippo was also a musician. Scarlatti first studied music under his father. Other composers who may have been his early teachers include
Gaetano Greco Gaetano Greco (c. 1657c. 1728) was an Italian Baroque composer. He was the younger brother of Rocco Greco ( c.1650 - before 1718). Both brothers were trained at, and later taught at the Poveri di Gesu` Cristo conservatory in Naples. Gaetano Greco' ...
, Francesco Gasparini, and Bernardo Pasquini, all of whom may have influenced his musical style. Muzio Clementi brought Scarlatti's sonatas into the classical style by editing what is known to be their first publication. Scarlatti was appointed as a composer and
organist An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. An organist may play solo organ works, play with an ensemble or orchestra, or accompany one or more singers or instrumental soloists. In addition, an organist may accompany congregational ...
at the royal chapel in Naples in 1701. In 1703 he revised Carlo Francesco Pollarolo's opera ''Irene'' for performance at Naples. Soon after, his father sent him to
Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400  ...
. After this, nothing is known of his life until 1709, when he went to
Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus ( legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...
and entered the service of the exiled Polish queen Marie Casimir. It was there he met Thomas Roseingrave. Scarlatti was already an accomplished harpsichordist; there is a story of a trial of skill with George Frideric Handel at the palace of
Cardinal Ottoboni Pietro Ottoboni (2 July 1667 – 28 February 1740) was an Italian cardinal and grandnephew of Pope Alexander VIII, who was also born Pietro Ottoboni. He is remembered especially as a great patron of music and art. Ottoboni was the last person to h ...
in Rome, where Scarlatti was judged possibly superior to Handel on the harpsichord, although inferior on the
organ Organ may refer to: Biology * Organ (biology), a part of an organism Musical instruments * Organ (music), a family of keyboard musical instruments characterized by sustained tone ** Electronic organ, an electronic keyboard instrument ** Hammond ...
. Later in life, he was known to cross himself in veneration when speaking of Handel's skill. While in Rome, Scarlatti composed several operas for Queen Casimir's private theatre. He was ''Maestro di Cappella'' at St. Peter's from 1715 to 1719. In 1719 he travelled to London to direct his opera ''
Narciso Narciso may refer to: Given name * Narciso Clavería y de Palacios, Spanish architect * Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa, Governor General of the Philippines * Narciso dos Santos, Brazilian former footballer * Narciso Durán, Franciscan friar and missio ...
'' at the King's Theatre. According to Vicente Bicchi, Papal Nuncio in Portugal at the time, Scarlatti arrived in Lisbon on 29 November 1719. There he taught music to the Portuguese princess Maria Magdalena Barbara. He left Lisbon on 28 January 1727 for Rome, where he married Maria Caterina Gentili on 6 May 1728. In 1729 he moved to
Seville Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Penins ...
, staying for four years. In 1733, he went to Madrid as a music master to Princess Maria Barbara, who had married into the Spanish royal house. She later became Queen of Spain. Scarlatti remained in Spain for the remaining 25 years of his life and had five children there. After his wife died in 1739, he married a Spaniard, Anastasia Maxarti Ximenes. Among his compositions during his time in Madrid were most of the 555 keyboard sonatas for which he is best known. Scarlatti befriended the castrato singer Farinelli, a fellow Neapolitan also enjoying royal patronage in Madrid. Musicologist and harpsichordist
Ralph Kirkpatrick Ralph Leonard Kirkpatrick (; June 10, 1911April 13, 1984) was an American harpsichordist and musicologist, widely known for his chronological catalog of Domenico Scarlatti's keyboard sonatas as well as for his performances and recordings. Life ...
commented that Farinelli's correspondence provides "most of the direct information about Scarlatti that has transmitted itself to our day". Scarlatti died in Madrid at the age of 71. His residence on Calle Leganitos is designated with a historical plaque, and his descendants still live in Madrid. He was buried at a convent there, but his grave no longer exists. Minor planet 6480 Scarlatti is named in his honour.


Music

Only a small number of Scarlatti's compositions were published during his lifetime. Scarlatti himself seems to have overseen the publication in 1738 of the most famous collection, his 30 ''Essercizi'' (Exercises). They were well received throughout Europe and were championed by the foremost English writer on music of the eighteenth century, Charles Burney. The many sonatas unpublished during Scarlatti's lifetime have appeared in print irregularly in the past two and a half centuries. He has attracted notable admirers, including Béla Bartók, Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Pieter-Jan Belder,
Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his orchestral music such as the '' Brandenburg Concertos''; instrumental compositions such as the Cello Suites; keyboard wo ...
, Muzio Clementi, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,
Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classic ...
, Carl Czerny, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms, Frédéric Chopin, Claude Debussy, Emil Gilels, Francis Poulenc, Olivier Messiaen, Enrique Granados, Marc-André Hamelin, Vladimir Horowitz, Ivo Pogorelić,
Scott Ross Scott Ross may refer to: * Scott Ross (film executive) (born 1951), Founder, Chairman, and CEO of Digital Domain (1993–2006); pioneer in digital entertainment * Scott Ross, interviewer for ''The 700 Club'' with ties to various 1960s and 1970s ro ...
(the first performer to record all 555 sonatas), Heinrich Schenker,
András Schiff Sir András Schiff (; born 21 December 1953) is a Hungarian-born British classical pianist and conductor, who has received numerous major awards and honours, including the Grammy Award, Gramophone Award, Mozart Medal, and Royal Academy of Mus ...
and Dmitri Shostakovich. Scarlatti's 555 keyboard sonatas are single movements, mostly in binary form, and some in early sonata form, and mostly written for harpsichord or the earliest pianofortes. (There are four for the organ, and a few for the small instrumental groups). Some display harmonic audacity in their use of discords, and unconventional modulations to remote
keys Key or The Key may refer to: Common meanings * Key (cryptography), a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm * Key (lock), device used to control access to places or facilities restricted by a lock * Key (m ...
. Other distinctive attributes of his music are: *The influence of Iberian (Portuguese and Spanish) folk music. An example is his use of the Phrygian mode and other tonal inflections more or less alien to European art music. Many of his figurations and dissonances are suggestive of the guitar. *The influence of the Spanish guitar can be seen in notes being played repeatedly. *A formal device where each half of a sonata leads to a pivotal point, which Kirkpatrick termed "the crux", and which is sometimes underlined by a pause or fermata. Before the crux, Scarlatti sonatas often contain their main thematic variety, and after the crux, the music makes more use of repetitive figurations as it modulates away from the home key (in the first half) or back to the home key (in the second half). *Its tendency to be in the ''galant'' style. Kirkpatrick produced an edition of the sonatas in 1953, and the numbering from this edition—the Kk. or K. number—is now nearly always used. Previously, the numbering commonly used was from the 1906 edition compiled by Neapolitan pianist
Alessandro Longo Alessandro Longo (31 December 1864 – 3 November 1945) was an Italian composer and musicologist. Early life Longo was born in Amantea. After studying at the Naples Conservatory under Beniamino Cesi (and composition under Paolo Serrao), he ...
(L. numbers). Kirkpatrick's numbering is chronological, while Longo's ordering is a result of his arbitrarily grouping the sonatas into "suites". In 1967 the Italian musicologist
Giorgio Pestelli Giorgio Pestelli (born 1938) is an Italian musicologist. His 1967 edition of the 555 keyboard sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti purports to correct some anachronisms and provides an alternative numbering system (distinguished by P numbers) to tho ...
published a revised catalog (using P. numbers), which corrected what he considered to be some anachronisms, and added some sonatas missing from Kirkpatrick's edition. Although the exact composition dates for these surviving sonatas are not known, Kirkpatrick concluded that they might all have been composed late in Scarlatti's career (after 1735), with most of them possibly written after the composer's 67th birthday. Aside from his many sonatas, Scarlatti composed several operas, cantatas, and liturgical pieces. Well-known works include the ''Stabat Mater'' of 1715, and the ''Salve Regina'' of 1756, which is thought to be his last composition.


Selected discography


Complete works

* ''L'Œuvre pour clavier'',
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(1988, 34 CDs Erato/ Radio France) * ''Domenico Scarlatti: The Complete Sonatas'', Richard Lester, harpsichord & fortepiano (2001–2005, 39 CDs in 7 volumes Nimbus Records NI 1725/NI 1741) . * ''Keyboard Sonatas'', Emilia Fadini, Ottavio Dantone, Sergio Vartolo, Marco Farolfi, Enrico Baiano..., harpsichord, fortepiano, organ (1999–2012, 12 CDs Stradivarius) – in progress * ''Keyboard Sonatas'', Pieter-Jan Belder, harpsichord & fortepiano (2012, 36 CDs Brilliant Classics) * ''Keyboard Sonatas'',
Carlo Grante Carlo Grante (born 1960 in L'Aquila) is an Italian classical pianist. He graduated at the National Academy of St Cecilia in Rome with . Later he also studied with Ivan Davis, Rudolf Firkušný, and Alisa Kezheradze. He is known as a performer of ...
, Bösendorfer Imperial piano (2009–2020, 35 CDs in 6 volumes Music & Arts)


Piano recitals

* ''2 Sonatas'': Sonata K. 9 and Sonata K. 380 – Dinu Lipatti, piano (20 February and 27 September 1947, EMI / 12 CDs Hänssler PH17011) * ''4 Sonatas'' : Sonata K. 1, Sonata K. 87, Sonata K. 193, and Sonata K. 386 – Clara Haskil, piano (? 1947, BBC / « Inédits Haskil » Tahra TAH 389 / TAH 4025) * ''11 Sonatas'': Sonata K. 1, Sonate K. 35, Sonata K. 87, Sonata K. 132, Sonata K. 193, Sonata K. 247, Sonata K. 322, Sonata K. 386, Sonata K. 437, Sonata K. 515, Sonata K. 519 – Clara Haskil, piano (October 1951, Westminster/ DG 471 214-2) * ''3 Sonatas'': Sonata K. 87, Sonata K. 193, and Sonata K. 386 – Clara Haskil, piano (October 1951,
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) * ''The Siena Pianoforte'': 6 Scarlatti sonatas (and 3 sonatas of Mozart) – Charles Rosen, Siena piano (1955, Counterpoint/Esoteric / Everest Records CPT 53000) * ''37 Piano Sonatas'' : Vladimir Horowitz (1946–1981, ''Complete Recordings'' RCA and CBS/Sony Classical) * ''33 Sonatas'' : Christian Zacharias, piano (1979, 1981, 1984, EMI) * ''18 sonatas'' :
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, piano (27–28 November 1987, EMI CDC 7 49078 2) * ''15 sonatas'' :
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, piano (September 1991, DG) * ''Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonatas'' : Mikhail Pletnev, piano (October 1994, Virgin Classics 5181862) * ''16 Sonatas'' : Christian Zacharias, piano (1995, EMI) * ''20 Sonatas :'' Valerie Tryon, ''piano (18 and 28 September 1999, Appian Publications & Recordings PR '' * ''14 Sonatas'': Christian Zacharias, piano (June 2002, MDG 34011622) * ''18 Sonatas'' : Racha Arodaky, piano (17–21 July 2005, Zig-Zag Territoires) * ''Scarlatti: Piano Sonatas'' : Yevgeny Sudbin, piano (2005, BIS) * ''
Alexandre Tharaud Alexandre Tharaud (born 9 December 1968) is a French pianist. He is active on the concert stage and has released a large and diverse discography. Life and career Born in Paris, Tharaud discovered the music scene through his mother who was a danc ...
joue Scarlatti'' : 18 sonatas (30 August/3 September 2010, Virgin Classics) * ''Scarlatti: 18 Sonatas'': Yevgeny Sudbin, piano (2016, BIS) * ''Scarlatti: 52 Sonatas'':
Lucas Debargue Lucas Debargue (born 23 October 1990) is a French pianist and composer. He was awarded fourth prize at the XV International Tchaikovsky Competition. Early life and education Debargue was born in Paris, France, on 23 October 1990. Growing up in ...
, piano (2019,
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)


Fortepiano recitals

* ''Sonate per cembalo, 1742'', Francesco Cera, harpsichord & fortepiano (7–9 March 2000, March 2001, October 2002, 3 CD Tactus) * ''Sonates – Una nuova inventione per Maria Barbara'', Aline Zylberajch, fortepiano after Cristofori (2005, Ambronay)


Harpsichord recitals

* ''Sonatas for Harpsichord'',
Wanda Landowska Wanda Aleksandra Landowska (5 July 1879 – 16 August 1959) was a Polish harpsichordist and pianist whose performances, teaching, writings and especially her many recordings played a large role in reviving the popularity of the harpsichord in ...
(1934, 1939, 1940, EMI)'' * ''Keyboard Sonatas'',
Fernando Valenti Fernando Valenti (New York, New York, 4 December 1926 - Red Bank, New Jersey, 6 September 1990) was an American harpsichordist. After studying with José Iturbi and Ralph Kirkpatrick and débuting in 1950, he recorded extensively, especially in t ...
(the 1950s, Westminster / 3 CDs Millenium MCA Universal, rereleased. 1998) '' * ''Keyboard Sonatas'', Fernando Valenti (1951–1955, 11 CDs Pristine Audio, rereleased. 2006) '' * ''60 Harpsichord Sonatas'',
Ralph Kirkpatrick Ralph Leonard Kirkpatrick (; June 10, 1911April 13, 1984) was an American harpsichordist and musicologist, widely known for his chronological catalog of Domenico Scarlatti's keyboard sonatas as well as for his performances and recordings. Life ...
(1954, CBS SL 221 / 2 CD Urania, rerelease of 54 sonatas in 2004)'' * ''Harpsichord Sonatas'', Luciano Sgrizzi, harpsichord (1964, Accord) * ''21 Harpsichord Sonatas'', Ralph Kirkpatrick (1966, 1971, Archiv Produktion, rereleased 2004)'' * ''10 Sonatas'', Gustav Leonhardt (1970, Deutsche Harmonia Mundi) * ''16 Harpsichord Sonatas'', Joseph Payne (1971, Turnabout) * ''Sonates pour clavecin'',
Blandine Verlet Blandine Verlet (27 February 1942 – 30 December 2018) was a French harpsichordist and a harpsichord teacher, who is known internationally for her recordings of works by François Couperin. Career Born in Paris into a musical family of art hi ...
(1975,
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) * ''Sonates pour clavecin'', Blandine Verlet (1976,
Philips Koninklijke Philips N.V. (), commonly shortened to Philips, is a Dutch multinational conglomerate corporation that was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. Since 1997, it has been mostly headquartered in Amsterdam, though the Benelux headquarters is ...
) * ''14 Harpsichord Sonatas'', Gustav Leonhardt (1979, Seon/Sony) * ''Harpsichord Sonatas'' – Colin Tilney, Vincenzio harpsichord 1782 (August 1979, L'Oiseau-Lyre/Decca) * ''Harpsichord Sonatas'', Trevor Pinnock (1981, CRD Records; rereleased in 1995) '' * ''Sonatas'', Trevor Pinnock (1987, Archiv) * ''12 Sonatas'', Colin Tilney (1988, Dorian) * ''Les plus belles sonatas'',
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(1988, Erato/Radio France) * ''Trente Sonates'',
Rafael Puyana Rafael Antonio Lázaro Puyana Michelsen (14 October 19311 March 2013) was a Colombian harpsichordist. Puyana was born in Bogotá in 1931, and began piano lessons at age 6 with his aunt and at age 13 made his debut at the Teatro Colón in Bogot� ...
(1988, 2CD Harmonia Mundi) * ''16 Sonatas'',
Ton Koopman Antonius Gerhardus Michael Koopman (; born 2 October 1944), known professionally as Ton Koopman, is a Dutch conductor, organist, harpsichordist, and musicologist, primarily known for being the founder and director of the Amsterdam Baroque Orche ...
(1988, Capriccio) * ''Sonatas'', Andreas Staier (December 1990, 26–28 October 1991, 2 CDs Deutsche Harmonia Mundi) * ''Sonatas'', Bob van Asperen (May 1991, « Reflexe » EMI) * ''22 sonates'', Pierre Hantaï (June 1992, Astrée E 8502) * ''Cat Fugue and Sonatas for Harpsichord'',
Elaine Comparone Elaine Comparone is an American harpsichordist. Born in 1943, in Lawrence Massachusetts, she is known for playing in a standing position before a specially adapted Dowd instrument. Background Born into a family of musicians in Lawrence, Mass ...
(27–28 August 1992, Lyrichord) * ''Sonatas'', Andreas Staier (December 1995, Teldec) * ''Sonates inédites, Fandango'', Mayako Soné (1994, Erato/ Warner Classics) * ''Scarlatti High and Low – 16 dernières sonates pour clavecin'', Colin Tilney (1995, Music & Arts) * ''18 Sonatas'', Eiji Hashimoto, harpsichord (1996, Klavier) * ''15 sonates pour clavecin'', Christophe Rousset (1998,
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) * ''Sonates'', Pierre Hantaï (2002, 2004, 2005, 2016, 2017, 2019 6 CDs/
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Mirare) * ''Sonatas'',
Elaine Thornburgh Elaine Thornburgh is an American keyboardist; she teaches harpsichord at Stanford University. As a soloist, she was semi-finalist in the Sixth International Harpsichord Competition in Bruges, Belgium in 1980, and she also received a National Endow ...
(2005, 2 CDs Lyrichord) * ''Duende (17 sonatas)'', Skip Sempé (with Olivier Fortin, second harpsichord) (2006, Paradizo) * ''16 Sonates'' – Jean Rondeau (2018,
SACD Super Audio CD (SACD) is an optical disc format for audio storage introduced in 1999. It was developed jointly by Sony and Philips Electronics and intended to be the successor to the Compact Disc (CD) format. The SACD format allows multiple au ...
Erato) * ''Zones'', Lillian Gordis (June 2019, Paraty PTY 919180)


Vocal music

* Scarlatti: Stabat Mater – Campra: Requiem. Monteverdi Choir; John Eliot Gardiner, conductor (2020, Erato)


Notes


Further reading

* * Domenico Scarlatti. ''Sixty Sonatas'' in Two volumes, edited in chronological order from the manuscripts and earliest printed sources with a preface by Ralph Kirkpatrick, New York, G. Schirmer, 1953. * ''D. Scarlatti. Sonates'', in 11 volumes, ed. Kenneth Gilbert after the Venice manuscripts, Paris, Heugel, coll. « Le Pupitre », from 1975 to 1984. * Domenico Scarlatti. ''Complete Keyboard Works'', in facsimile from the manuscript (Parma) and printed sources, rev. Ralph Kirkpatrick, New York, Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1971. * Scarlatti, Domenico. ''Sonate per cembalo del Cavalier Dn. Domenico Scarlatti''. Complete facsimile of the Venice manuscripts in 15 volumes. Archivum Musicum: Monumenta Musicae Revocata, 1/I–XV. Florence, 1985–1992. * *


External links

* * *
Associazione Domenico Scarlatti

Scarlatti Domenico – complete catalogue of 600 keyboard sonatas including newly discovered works and the latest biographical discoveries

"The mercurial maestro of Madrid"
by Robert White, 20 July 2007, ''
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''
La Guitarra y Domenico Scarlatti

Piano Society
– A short biography and some free recordings in MP3 format, performed by Roberto Carnevale, Chase Coleman,
Graziella Concas Graziella Concas (born 7 January 1970) is an Italian pianist and composer. Biography and career She started studying piano at the age of five. Later she studied piano under Franca Zinghinì-Spinnicchia at the Catania Musical Institute ‘V ...
, and
Knut Erik Jensen Knut Erik Jensen (born 8 October 1940 in Honningsvåg, Finnmark) is a Norwegian film director, best known for his documentary ''Cool and Crazy (film), Cool and Crazy''. Biography After studying French language, French, Russian language, Russian ...

Piano sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti for listening and downloading
(Czech Radio Project) {{DEFAULTSORT:Scarlatti, Domenico 1685 births 1757 deaths 18th-century Italian composers 18th-century Italian male musicians 18th-century keyboardists 18th-century Neapolitan people Catholic liturgical composers Composers for harpsichord Italian Baroque composers Italian male classical composers Italian harpsichordists Italian expatriates in Portugal Italian expatriates in Spain Italian opera composers Male opera composers Musicians from Naples Musicians from Madrid Neapolitan school composers People of Sicilian descent