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The dividend yield or dividend–price ratio of a share is the
dividend A dividend is a distribution of profit Profit may refer to: Business and law * Profit (accounting), the difference between the purchase price and the costs of bringing to market * Profit (economics), normal profit and economic profit * Profit ...

per share, divided by the price per share. It is also a company's total annual dividend payments divided by its
market capitalization Market capitalization, commonly called market cap, is the market value of a publicly traded company A public company, publicly traded company, publicly held company, publicly listed company, or public limited company A public limited compan ...
, assuming the number of shares is constant. It is often expressed as a percentage. Dividend yield is used to calculate the earning on investment (shares) considering only the returns in the form of total dividends declared by the company during the year. Its reciprocal is the price/dividend ratio.

# Preferred share dividend yield

Dividend payments on
preferred stock Preferred stock (also called preferred shares, preference shares, or simply preferreds) is a component of share capital__NOTOC__ A corporation A corporation is an organization—usually a group of people or a company—authorized by the stat ...
s ("preference shares" in the UK) are set out in the
prospectus Prospectus may refer to: * Prospectus (finance), also called a ''concept note'' * Prospectus (university) * Prospectus (book) * Prospectus (album), ''Prospectus'' (album), a 1983 album by saxophonist Steve Lacy * Parkland College's newspaper {{dis ...
. The name of the preferred share will typically include its
nominal yield The coupon rate (nominal rate, or nominal yield) of a fixed income security Fixed income refers to any type of investment To invest is to allocate money Image:National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg, In a 1786 James Gillray caricature, the plentiful mo ...
: for example, a 6% preferred share. However, the dividend may under some circumstances be passed or reduced. The
current yield The current yield, interest yield, income yield, flat yield, market yield, mark to market yield or running yield is a financial Finance is the study of financial institutions, financial markets and how they operate within the financial system ...
is the ratio of the annual dividend to the current market price, which will vary.

# Common share dividend yield

Unlike preferred stock, there is no stipulated dividend for
common stock Common stock is a form of corporate equity Equity may refer to: Finance, accounting and ownership *Equity (finance), ownership of assets that have liabilities attached to them ** Stock, equity based on original contributions of cash or other v ...
("ordinary shares" in the UK). Instead, dividends paid to holders of common stock are set by management, usually with regard to the company's earnings. There is no guarantee that future dividends will match past dividends or even be paid at all. The historic yield is calculated using the following formula: $\mbox=\frac$ For example, take a company which paid dividends totaling $1 per share last year and whose shares currently sell for$20. Its dividend yield would be calculated as follows: $\begin \mbox & = & \frac \\ & = & \frac \\ & = & 0.05 \\ & = & 5\% \\ \end$ The yield for the S&P 500 is reported this way. US newspaper and web listings of common stocks apply a somewhat different calculation: They report the latest quarterly dividend multiplied by 4, divided by the current price. Others try to estimate the next year's dividend and use it to derive a prospective dividend yield. Such a scheme is used for the calculation of the ''FTSE UK Dividend+ Index

Estimates of future dividend yields are by definition uncertain.

# Trailing dividend yield

Trailing dividend yield gives the dividend percentage paid over a prior period, typically one year. A trailing twelve month dividend yield, denoted as "TTM", includes all dividends paid during the past year in order to calculate the dividend yield. While a trailing dividend can be indicative of future dividends, it can be misleading as it does not account for dividend increases or cuts, nor does it account for a special dividend that may not occur again in the future.

# Forward dividend yield

Forward dividend yield is some estimation of the future yield of a stock. This may be an analyst estimate, or just using the company's guidance. For example, if a company has announced a dividend increase, even though nothing has been paid, this may be assumed to be the payment for the next year. Similarly, if a company has said that it will suspend its dividend, the yield would be assumed to be zero. The calculation is done by taking the first dividend payment and annualizing it and then divide that number by the current stock price. In other words, if the first quarterly dividend was $0.04 and the current stock price was$10.00 the forward dividend yield would be (.04*4)/10 = 1.6%. The trailing dividend yield is done in reverse by taking the last dividend annualized divided by the current stock price. $dividend\ yield\ ratio = \left(dividend\ per\ share\div market\ value\ per\ share\right)\times100$

# Related measures

The reciprocal of the dividend yield is the price/dividend ratio. The dividend yield is related to the
earnings yield Earning yield is the quotient of earnings per share Earnings per share (EPS) is the monetary value of earnings per outstanding share of common stock Common stock is a form of corporate equity ownership, a type of security Security is freedom ...
via: * earnings yield = dividend yield ·
dividend coverDividend cover, also commonly known as dividend coverage, is the ratio of company's earnings (net income) over the dividend paid to shareholders, calculated as net profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by total ordinary dividend. So, i ...
, and * dividend yield = earnings yield ·
dividend payout ratioThe dividend payout ratio is the fraction of net income a firm pays to its stockholders in dividends: :\mbox=\frac The part of earnings not paid to investors is left for investment to provide for future earnings growth. Investors seeking high curre ...
.

# Desirability

Historically, a higher dividend yield has been considered to be desirable among many investors. A high dividend yield can be considered to be evidence that a stock is underpriced or that the company has fallen on hard times and future dividends will not be as high as previous ones. Similarly a low dividend yield can be considered evidence that the stock is overpriced or that future dividends might be higher. Some investors may find a higher dividend yield attractive, for instance as an aid to marketing a fund to retail investors, or maybe because they cannot get their hands on the capital, which may be tied up in a trust arrangement. In contrast some investors may find a higher dividend yield unattractive, perhaps because it increases their tax bill. Dividend yield fell out of favor somewhat during the 1990s because of an increasing emphasis on price appreciation over dividends as the main form of return on investments. The importance of the dividend yield in determining investment strength is still a debated topic; most recently, Foye and Valentincic (2017) suggest that high dividend yield stocks tend to outperform. The persistent historic low in the Dow Jones dividend yield during the early 21st century is considered by some investors as indicative that the market is still overvalued.

# Dow Industrials

The dividend yield of the
Dow Jones Industrial Average The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a price-weighted measurement stock market index In finance, a stock index, or stock market index, is an Index (economics), index that measures a stock market, or ...

, which is obtained from the annual dividends of all 30 companies in the average divided by their cumulative stock price, has also been considered to be an important indicator of the strength of the U.S. stock market. Historically, the Dow Jones dividend yield has fluctuated between 3.2% (during market highs, for example in 1929) and around 8.0% (during typical market lows). The highest ever Dow Jones dividend yield occurred in 1932 when it yielded over 15%, which was years after the famous stock market collapse of 1929, when it yielded only 3.1%. With the decreased emphasis on dividends since the mid-1990s, the Dow Jones dividend yield has fallen well below its historical low-water mark of 3.2% and reached as low as 1.4% during the stock market peak of 2000. The
Dogs of the Dow The Dogs of the Dow is an investment strategyIn finance Finance is the study of financial institutions, financial markets and how they operate within the financial system. It is concerned with the creation and management of money and investm ...
is a popular investment strategy which invests in the ten highest dividend yield Dow stocks at the beginning of each calendar year.

# S&P 500

In 1982 the dividend yield on the S&P 500 Index reached 6.7%. Over the following 16 years, the dividend yield declined to just a percentage value of 1.4% during 1998, because stock prices increased faster than dividend payments from earnings, and
public company A public company, publicly traded company, publicly held company, publicly listed company, or public limited company is a company whose ownership is organized via shares of share capital, stock which are intended to be freely traded on a stock ...
earnings Earnings are the net benefits of a corporation A corporation is an organization—usually a group of people or a company—authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law ...
increased slower than stock prices. During the 20th century, the highest growth rates for
earnings Earnings are the net benefits of a corporation A corporation is an organization—usually a group of people or a company—authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law ...
and dividends over any 30-year period were 6.3% annually for dividends, and 7.8% for earnings.

# Yield on cost

Yield is sometimes computed based on the amount ''paid'' for a stock. For example, if stock X was bought for $20 per share, it split 2:1 three times (resulting in 8 total shares), it is now trading for$50 ($400 for 8 shares), and it pays a dividend of$2 per year, then the yield on cost is 80% (8 shares x $2/share =$16/yr paid over $20 invested -> 16/20 = 0.8). The yield with the current price is 4% ($2/yr over \$50 share price -> 2/50 = 0.04).

*
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Dividend payout ratioThe dividend payout ratio is the fraction of net income a firm pays to its stockholders in dividends: :\mbox=\frac The part of earnings not paid to investors is left for investment to provide for future earnings growth. Investors seeking high curre ...
*
Earnings yield Earning yield is the quotient of earnings per share Earnings per share (EPS) is the monetary value of earnings per outstanding share of common stock Common stock is a form of corporate equity ownership, a type of security Security is freedom ...
*
Liquidating dividendA liquidating distribution (or liquidating dividend) is a type of nondividend distribution made by a corporation or a partnership to its shareholder A shareholder (in the United States often referred to as stockholder) of a corporation A cor ...
* P/E ratio

## Lists

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List of finance topics The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance: Finance Finance is the study of financial institutions, financial markets and how they operate within the financial system. It is concerned with the creation a ...

# References

Understanding dividend yields
by Investopedia.
Dividend Yields
by Yahoo Education Center.