The Dinosaur Park Formation is the uppermost member of the Belly River Group (also known as the Judith River Group), a major geologic unit in southern

Alberta Alberta ( ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest T ...

. It was deposited during the

Campanian The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous Epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campani ...

stage of the

Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''creta'', ...

, between about 76.5 and 74.4 million years ago. It was deposited in

alluvial Alluvium (from Latin ''alluvius'', from ''alluere'' 'to wash against') is loose clay, silt, sand, or gravel that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a floodplain, in an alluvial fan or beach, or in similar settings. ...

and

coastal plain A coastal plain is flat, low-lying land adjacent to a sea coast. A fall line commonly marks the border between a coastal plain and a piedmont area. Some of the largest coastal plains are in Alaska and the southeastern United States. The Gulf Co ...

environments, and it is bounded by the nonmarine

Oldman Formation The Oldman Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous (Campanian stage) age that underlies much of southern Alberta, Canada. It consists primarily of sandstones that were deposited in fluvial channel and floodplain environments. It was ...

below it and the

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military ...

Bearpaw Formation above it.Eberth, D.A. 2005. The geology. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p.54-82. . The Dinosaur Park Formation contains dense concentrations of

dinosaur Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is t ...

skeletons, both articulated and disarticulated, which are often found with preserved remains of soft tissues. Remains of other animals such as

fish Fish are Aquatic animal, aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack Limb (anatomy), limbs with Digit (anatomy), digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and Chondrichthyes, cartilaginous and bony fish as we ...

turtle Turtles are an order of reptiles known as Testudines, characterized by a special shell developed mainly from their ribs. Modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the Pleurodira (side necked turtles) and Cryptodira (hidden necked t ...

s, and

crocodilia Crocodilia (or Crocodylia, both ) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles, known as crocodilians. They first appeared 95 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period ( Cenomanian stage) and are the closest livi ...

ns, as well as plant remains, are also abundant. The formation has been named after

Dinosaur Provincial Park Dinosaur Provincial Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site situated a two hour drive east of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; or , about a half-hour drive northeast of Brooks. The park is situated in the Red Deer River valley, which is noted for its stri ...

, a

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international coope ...

World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for ...

where the formation is well exposed in the

badlands Badlands are a type of dry terrain where softer sedimentary rocks and clay-rich soils have been extensively eroded."Badlands" in ''Chambers's Encyclopædia''. London: George Newnes, 1961, Vol. 2, p. 47. They are characterized by steep slopes, mi ...

that flank the

Red Deer River The Red Deer River is a river in Alberta and a small portion of Saskatchewan, Canada. It is a major tributary of the South Saskatchewan River and is part of the larger Saskatchewan-Nelson system that empties into Hudson Bay. Red Deer River h ...

Geological setting

The Dinosaur Park Formation is composed of sediments that were derived from the erosion of the mountains to the west. It was deposited on an alluvial to coastal plain by river systems that flowed eastward and southeastward to the Bearpaw Sea, a large inland sea that was part of the

Western Interior Seaway The Western Interior Seaway (also called the Cretaceous Seaway, the Niobraran Sea, the North American Inland Sea, and the Western Interior Sea) was a large inland sea that split the continent of North America into two landmasses. The ancient sea ...

. That sea gradually inundated the adjacent coastal plain, depositing the marine

shale Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4) and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especiall ...

s of the Bearpaw Formation on top of the Dinosaur Park Formation. The Dinosaur Park Formation is about thick at Dinosaur Park. The lower portion of the formation was laid down in fluvial channel environments and consists primarily of fine- to medium-grained,

crossbedded In geology, cross-bedding, also known as cross-stratification, is layering within a stratum and at an angle to the main bedding plane. The sedimentary structures which result are roughly horizontal units composed of inclined layers. The origina ...

sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicat ...

s. The upper portion, which was deposited in overbank and

floodplain A floodplain or flood plain or bottomlands is an area of land adjacent to a river which stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls, and which experiences flooding during periods of high discharge.Goudi ...

environments, consists primarily of massive to laminated, organic-rich

mudstone Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Mudstone is distinguished from '' shale'' by its lack of fissility (parallel layering).Blatt, H., and R.J. Tracy, 1996, ''Petrology.' ...

s with abundant root traces, and thin beds of

bentonite Bentonite () is an absorbent swelling clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite (a type of smectite) which can either be Na-montmorillonite or Ca-montmorillonite. Na-montmorillonite has a considerably greater swelling capacity than Ca-m ...

. The Lethbridge Coal Zone, which consists of several seams of low-rank

coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is formed when ...

interbedded with mudstones and

siltstone Siltstone, also known as aleurolite, is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of silt. It is a form of mudrock with a low clay mineral content, which can be distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility.Blatt ''et al.'' 1980, ...

s, marks the top of the formation. The sediments of the Dinosaur Park Formation are similar to those of the underlying

and they were originally included in that formation. The two formations are separated by a regional disconformity, however, and are distinguished by petrographic and sedimentologic differences. In addition, articulated skeletal remains and bonebeds are rare in the Oldman Formation but abundant in the Dinosaur Park Formation.

Biostratigraphy

The Dinosaur Park Formation can be divided into at least two distinct faunas. The lower part of the formation is characterized by the abundance of ''

Corythosaurus ''Corythosaurus'' (; ) is a genus of hadrosaurid "duck-billed" dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Period, about 77–75.7 million years ago. It lived in what is now North America. Its name means "helmet lizard", derived from Greek κόρυ ...

'' and ''

Centrosaurus ''Centrosaurus'' ( ; ) is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Canada. Their remains have been found in the Dinosaur Park Formation, dating from 76.5 to 75.5 million years ago. Discovery and naming The firs ...

''. This group of species is replaced higher in the formation by a different ornithischian fauna characterized by the presence of '' Lambeosaurus'' and ''

Styracosaurus ''Styracosaurus'' ( ; meaning "spiked lizard" from the Ancient Greek / "spike at the butt-end of a spear-shaft" and / "lizard") is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Cretaceous Period (Campanian stage), about 75.5 to 74.5 ...

''. The appearance of several new, rare species of ornithischian at the very top of the formation may indicate that a third distinct fauna had replaced the second during the transition into younger, non-Dinosaur Park sediments, at the same time an inland sea transgresses onto land, but there are fewer remains here. An unnamed pachyrhinosaur, '' Vagaceratops irvinensis'', and ''Lambeosaurus magnicristatus'' may be more common in this third fauna. The timeline below follows a synthesis presented by Fowler (2017) with additional information from

Arbour Arbor(s) or Arbour(s) may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Arbor'' (installation), a 2013 public artwork in Indianapolis, Indiana, US * Arbor, a counterweight-carrying device found in theater fly systems * ''The Arbor'', a 1980 play by Andr ...

''et al.'' 2009, Evans ''et al.'' 2009, and Penkalski, 2013. Megaherbivore Assemblage Zones (MAZ) follow data presented by Mallon ''et al.'', 2012.Mallon, J. C., Evans, D. C., Ryan, M. J., & Anderson, J. S. (2012). Megaherbivorous dinosaur turnover in the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-76.9 till:-75.6 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:-76.8 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-76.8 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.675,0.675,0.35) id:jurassic value:rgb(0.753,0.753,0.486) id:triassic value:rgb(0.827,0.827,0.65) id:mesozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM14 bar:NAM15 bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9 bar:NAM10 bar:NAM18 bar:NAM11 bar:NAM12 bar:NAM13 bar:NAM16 bar:NAM17 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -76.1 till: -75.8 color:cretaceous text:Lethbridge Coal z. from: -76.6 till: -76.1 color:jurassic text:Muddy zone from: -76.9 till: -76.6 color:triassic text:Sandy zone bar:eratop from: -76.9 till: -75.8 color:mesozoic text:Biostratigraphy of the Dinosaur Park Formation PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:HER bar:NAM14 from:-76.9 till:-76.8 text:

Mercuriceratops gemini ''Mercuriceratops'' is an extinct genus of herbivorous chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur known from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian stage) of Alberta, Canada and Montana, United States. It contains a single species, ''Mercuriceratops gemini''. ...

color:HER bar:NAM15 from:-76.7 till:-76.6 text:

Chasmosaurus priscus ''Chasmosaurus'' ( ) is a genus of ceratopsid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Period of North America. Its name means 'opening lizard', referring to the large openings ( fenestrae) in its frill (Greek ''chasma'' meaning 'opening' or 'hollow' ...

color:HER bar:NAM1 from:-76.5 till:-76.3 text:

Chasmosaurus belli ''Chasmosaurus'' ( ) is a genus of ceratopsid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Period of North America. Its name means 'opening lizard', referring to the large openings (fenestrae) in its frill ( Greek ''chasma'' meaning 'opening' or 'hollo ...

color:HER bar:NAM2 from:-76.2 till:-76.1 text:

Chasmosaurus russelli ''Chasmosaurus'' ( ) is a genus of ceratopsid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Period of North America. Its name means 'opening lizard', referring to the large openings ( fenestrae) in its frill (Greek ''chasma'' meaning 'opening' or 'hollow' ...

color:HER bar:NAM3 from:-76.2 till:-76.1 text:

Vagaceratops irvinensis ''Vagaceratops'' (meaning "wandering (''vagus'', Latin) horned face", in reference to its close relationship with ''Kosmoceratops'' from Utah) is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur. It is a chasmosaurine ceratopsian which lived during ...

color:HER bar:NAM4 from:-76.9 till:-76.5 text:

Centrosaurus apertus ''Centrosaurus'' ( ; ) is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Canada. Their remains have been found in the Dinosaur Park Formation, dating from 76.5 to 75.5 million years ago. Discovery and naming The firs ...

color:HER bar:NAM5 from:-76.4 till:-76.2 text: Styracosaurus albertensis color:her bar:NAM6 from:-76.0 till:-75.9 text: Pachyrhinosaurinae sp. color:HAD bar:NAM7 from:-76.9 till:-76.5 text:

Gryposaurus notabilis ''Gryposaurus'' (meaning "hooked-nosed (Greek ''grypos'') lizard"; sometimes incorrectly translated as "griffin (Latin ''gryphus'') lizard") was a genus of duckbilled dinosaur that lived about 80 to 75 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceo ...

color:HAD bar:NAM8 from:-76.5 till:-76.0 text: Gryposaurus sp. color:HAD bar:NAM9 from:-76.4 till:-76.2 text: Prosaurolophus maximus color:HAD bar:NAM10 from:-76.9 till:-76.8 text:

Parasaurolophus walkeri ''Parasaurolophus'' (; meaning "near crested lizard" in reference to ''Saurolophus)'' is a genus of herbivorous hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaur that lived in what is now North America and possibly Asia during the Late Cretaceous Period, about ...

color:HAD bar:NAM18 from:-76.7 till:-76.6 text:

Parasaurolophus ''Parasaurolophus'' (; meaning "near crested lizard" in reference to ''Saurolophus)'' is a genus of herbivorous hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaur that lived in what is now North America and possibly Asia during the Late Cretaceous Period, abo ...

sp. color:HAD bar:NAM11 from:-76.9 till:-76.5 text: Corythosaurus casuarius color:HAD bar:NAM12 from:-76.6 till:-76.3 text: Lambeosaurus lambei color:HAD bar:NAM13 from:-76.2 till:-76.1 text: Lambeosaurus magnicristatus color:HER bar:NAM17 from:-76.4 till:-76.3 text: Unescoceratops koppelhusae color:HER bar:NAM16 from:-76.9 till:-76.3 text: Stegoceras validum PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:era from: -76.9 till: -75.8 color:mesozoic text:Biostratigraphy of the Dinosaur Park Formation

Amphibians

Remains of the following amphibians have been found in the formation:

Albanerpetontidae The Albanerpetontidae are an extinct family of small amphibians, native to the Northern Hemisphere during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The only members of the order Allocaudata, they are thought to be allied with living amphibians belonging to Lis ...

(extinct,

salamander Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by their lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. All t ...

-like amphibians) *'' Albanerpeton gracilis'' Caudata (

s) *'' Habrosaurus prodilatus'' *''

Lisserpeton ''Lisserpeton'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric salamander of the Hell Creek Formation. Its closest living relatives are the mole salamanders. Distribution Fossils of ''Lisserpeton'' have been found in * Hell Creek Formation, Williston Basi ...

'' *'' Opisthotriton kayi'' *'' Scapherpeton tectum'' *unnamed caudatan *2 indeterminate caudatans Salienta (

frog A frog is any member of a diverse and largely Carnivore, carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order (biology), order Anura (ανοὐρά, literally ''without tail'' in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-f ...

s) *2 unnamed salientans *'' Tyrrellbatrachus brinkmani'' *'' Hensonbatrachus kermiti''

Dinosaurs

Remains of the following dinosaurs have been found in the formation:

Ornithischians

Remains of the following ornithischians have been found in the formation:

Ankylosaurs

Ceratopsians

An unnamed '' Pachyrhinosaurus''-like taxon has been recovered from the formation.

Ornithopods

At least one indeterminate

thescelosaurid Thescelosauridae is a clade of neornithischians from the Cretaceous of Asia, North America and possibly South America. The group was originally used as a name by Charles M. Sternberg in 1937, but was not formally defined until 2013, where it was ...

specimen has been recovered from the formation. In a 2001 review of hadrosaur

eggshell An eggshell is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer coats. Diversity Worm eggs Nematode eggs present a two layered structure: an external vitellin layer made of chitin that confers mechanical ...

and hatchling material from the Dinosaur Park Formation,

Darren H. Tanke Darren is a masculine given name of uncertain etymological origins. Some theories state that it originated from an Anglicisation of the Irish first name Darragh or Dáire, meaning "Oak Tree". According to other sources, it is thought to come from ...

and M. K. Brett-Surman concluded that hadrosaurs nested in both the ancient upland and lowlands of the formation's depositional environment. The upland nesting grounds may have been preferred by the less common hadrosaurs, like '' Brachylophosaurus'' or ''

''. However, the authors were unable to determine what specific factors shaped nesting ground choice in the formation's hadrosaurs. They suggested that behavior, diet, soil condition, and competition between dinosaur species all potentially influenced where hadrosaurs nested. Sub-centimeter fragments of pebbly-textured hadrosaur eggshell have been reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation. This eggshell is similar to the hadrosaur eggshell of Devil's Coulee in southern

as well as that of the

Two Medicine Two Medicine is the collective name of a region located in the southeastern section of Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. It has a campground alongside Two Medicine Lake. From the period starting in the late 1890s until the com ...

and

Judith River Formations The Judith River Formation is a fossil-bearing geologic formation in Montana, and is part of the Judith River Group. It dates to the Late Cretaceous, between 79 and 75.3 million years ago, corresponding to the "Judithian" land vertebrate age. It ...

in Montana, United States. While present, dinosaur eggshell is very rare in the Dinosaur Park Formation and is only found in two different microfossil sites. These sites are distinguished by large numbers of

pisidiid ''Pisidium'' is a genus of very small or minute freshwater clams known as pill clams or pea clams, aquatic bivalve molluscs in the family Sphaeriidae, the pea clams and fingernail clams. In some bivalve classification systems, the family Spha ...

clams Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs. The word is often applied only to those that are edible and live as infauna, spending most of their lives halfway buried in the sand of the seafloor or riverbeds. Clams have two she ...

and other less common shelled invertebrates like

unionid The Unionidae are a family of freshwater mussels, the largest in the order Unionida, the bivalve molluscs sometimes known as river mussels, or simply as unionids. The range of distribution for this family is world-wide. It is at its most diverse ...

clams and snails. This association is not a coincidence as the invertebrate shells would have slowly dissolved and released enough basic calcium carbonate to protect the eggshells from naturally occurring acids that otherwise would have dissolved them and prevented fossilization. In contrast with eggshell fossils, the remains of very young hadrosaurs are actually somewhat common.

Darren Tanke Darren H. Tanke (born 1960) is a Canadian fossil preparation technician of the Dinosaur Research Program at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller, Alberta. Born in Calgary, Tanke became interested in natural history at an early ...

has observed that an experienced collector could actually discover multiple juvenile hadrosaur specimens in a single day. The most common remains of young hadrosaurs in the Dinosaur Park Formation are dentaries, bones from limbs and feet, as well as vertebral

centra Centra is a convenience shop chain that operates throughout Ireland. The chain operates as a symbol group owned by Musgrave Group, the food wholesaler, meaning the stores are all owned by individual franchisees. The chain has three different ...

. The material showed little or none of the abrasion that would have resulted from transport, meaning the fossils were buried near their point of origin. Bonebeds 23, 28, 47, and 50 are productive sources of young hadrosaur remains in the formation, especially bonebed 50. The bones of juvenile hadrosaurs and fossil eggshell fragments are not known to have preserved in association with each other, despite both being present in the formation.

Pachycephalosaurs

Theropods

In the Dinosaur Park Formation, small theropods are rare due to the tendency of their thin-walled bones to be broken or poorly preserved. Small bones of small theropods that were preyed upon by larger ones may have been swallowed whole and digested. In this context, the discovery of a small theropod dinosaur with preserved tooth marks was especially valuable. Possible indeterminate avimimid remains are known from the formation.

Ornithomimids

Oviraptorosaurs

Paravians

A new taxon of

troodontid Troodontidae is a clade of bird-like theropod dinosaurs. During most of the 20th century, troodontid fossils were few and incomplete and they have therefore been allied, at various times, with many dinosaurian lineages. More recent fossil disco ...

based solely on teeth is known from the upper part of the formation.

Tyrannosaurs

Other reptiles

Choristoderes

Choristoderes, or champsosaurs, were aquatic reptiles. Small examples looked like lizards, while larger types were superficially similar to crocodilians. Remains of the following Choristoderes have been found in the formation: * ''

Champsosaurus ''Champsosaurus'' is an extinct genus of crocodile-like choristodere reptile, known from the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods of North America and Europe (Campanian-Paleocene). The name ''Champsosaurus'' is thought to come from , () s ...

'' (at least 3 species) * ''

Cteniogenys ''Cteniogenys'' is a genus of choristodere, a morphologically diverse group of aquatic reptiles. It is part of the monotypic family Cteniogenidae. The type and only named species, ''C. antiquus'', was named in 1928 by Charles W. Gilmore. The ho ...

'' sp. cf. ''antiquus'' (possibly another genus)

Crocodylians

Remains of the following Crocodylians have been found in the formation: * ''

Albertochampsa ''Albertochampsa'' is an extinct genus of globidontan alligatoroid (possibly a stem-caiman) from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta. It was named in 1972 by Bruce Erickson, and the type species is ''A. langstoni''. It is known from a skull from ...

'' * '' Leidyosuchus'' * at least 1 unnamed taxon

Lizards

Remains of the following lizards have been found in the formation: * Helodermatids ** '' Labrodioctes'' * Necrosaurids ** '' Parasaniwa'' * Teiids ** '' Glyptogenys'' ** '' Socognathus'' *

Varanids The Varanidae are a family of lizards in the superfamily Varanoidea within the Anguimorpha group. The family, a group of carnivorous and frugivorous lizards, includes the living genus '' Varanus'' and a number of extinct genera more closely rela ...

** '' Palaeosaniwa'' * Xenosaurids ** ?'' Exostinus''

Plesiosaurs

Remains of the following Plesiosaurs have been found in the formation: * ''

Fluvionectes ''Fluvionectes'' (meaning "river swimmer", from both Latin and Greek) is a genus of elasmosaurid plesiosaur found in the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta, Canada. It is known from a holotype, which includes parts of the trunk area, and from a m ...

'' * indeterminate

polycotylids Polycotylidae is a family of plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous, a sister group to Leptocleididae. Polycotylids first appeared during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous, before becoming abundant and widespread during the early Late Cretaceous ...

(shorter-necked)

Pterosaurs

Remains of the following pterosaurs have been found in the formation: * '' Cryodrakon'' (known from small and large specimens) *1 unnamed non-azhdarchid pterosaur

Turtles

Remains of the following turtles have been found in the formation: * ''

Adocus ''Adocus'' is an extinct genus of aquatic turtles belonging to the family Adocidae. ''Adocus'' was once considered to belong to the family Dermatemyidae. Description Species of the genus ''Adocus'' had flattened and smoothly contoured shells ...

'' * "'' Apalone''" * '' Aspideretoides'' (3 species) * ''

Basilemys ''Basilemys'' () is a large, terrestrial trionychoid turtle from the Upper Cretaceous. In Greek, the word "Basil" means royal or kingly and the word "Emys" means turtle. Therefore, ''Basilemys'' means King Turtle. ''Basilemys'' has been found in r ...

'' * '' Boremys'' * '' Judithemys'' * ''

Neurankylus ''Neurankylus'' is an extinct genus of turtles in the family Baenidae that lived between 112 and 61 million years ago in Canada and the United States. It was originally placed within the monotypic family Neurankylidae, but it has since been pl ...

'' * '' Plesiobaena'' * 2 indeterminate taxa

Mammals

Remains of the following mammals have been found in the formation: *

Multituberculata Multituberculata (commonly known as multituberculates, named for the multiple tubercles of their teeth) is an extinct order of rodent-like mammals with a fossil record spanning over 130 million years. They first appeared in the Middle Jurassic, a ...

** ''

Cimexomys ''Cimexomys'' is an extinct North American mammal that lived from the Upper Cretaceous to the Paleocene. For a while, it shared the world with dinosaurs, but outlived them. It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata and lies withi ...

'' sp. ** ''

Cimolodon ''Cimolodon'' is a genus of the extinct mammal order of Multituberculata within the suborder Cimolodonta and the family Cimolodontidae. Specimens are known from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Systematics The genus ''Cimolodon'' was nam ...

'' spp. ** '' Cimolomys clarki'' ** ''

Meniscoessus ''Meniscoessus'' is a genus of extinct mammal from the Upper Cretaceous Period of what is now North America. It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata, lying within the suborder Cimolodonta and family Cimolomyidae. Taxonomy The ge ...

major'' ** ''

Mesodma ''Mesodma'' is an extinct genus of mammal, a member of the extinct order Multituberculata within the suborder Cimolodonta, family Neoplagiaulacidae. It lived during the upper Cretaceous and Paleocene Periods of what is now North America. The e ...

primaeva'' ** unnamed multituberculates *

Metatheria Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is a more inclusive group than the marsupials; it contains all marsupials as w ...

ns ** '' Alphadon halleyi'' ** '' Eodelphis browni'' ** ''E. cutleri'' ** 5 species of " Pediomys" ** '' Turgidodon russelli'' ** ''T. praesagus'' *

Eutheria Eutheria (; from Greek , 'good, right' and , 'beast'; ) is the clade consisting of all therian mammals that are more closely related to placentals than to marsupials. Eutherians are distinguished from noneutherians by various phenotypic tra ...

ns ** '' Cimolestes'' sp. (uncertain taxonomy) ** ''

Gypsonictops ''Gypsonictops'' is an extinct genus of leptictidan mammals of the monotypic family Gypsonictopidae, which was described in 1927 by George Gaylord Simpson. Species in this genus were small mammals and the first representatives of the order Leptic ...

lewisi'' ** '' Paranyctoides sternbergi'' ** Unknown

theria Theria (; Greek: , wild beast) is a subclass of mammals amongst the Theriiformes. Theria includes the eutherians (including the placental mammals) and the metatherians (including the marsupials) but excludes the egg-laying monotremes. ...

ns: at least 1 species

Fish

Remains of the following fish have been found in the formation:Neuman, A.G., and Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Fishes of the fluvial beds. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 167-185. . * Chondrichthyans ** ''

Cretorectolobus olsoni ''Cretorectolobus'' is an extinct carpet shark. It was described by G.R. Case in 1978, and the type species is ''C. olsoni'', which existed during the Campanian in Canada and the United States. Another species, ''C. gracilis'', was described by C ...

'' (a

carpet shark Carpet sharks are sharks classified in the order Orectolobiformes . Sometimes the common name "carpet shark" (named so because many species resemble ornately patterned carpets) is used interchangeably with "wobbegong", which is the common name o ...

) ** '' Eucrossorhinus microcuspidatus'' (a

) ** '' Ischyrhiza mira'' (a sclerorhynchid) ** '' Meristodonoides montanensis'' (a

shark Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachi ...

) ** ''

Myledaphus bipartitus ''Myledaphus'' is a genus of Late Cretaceous cartilaginous fish whose fossils are known from Canada, the Midwest of the United States, Olmos Formation of the Difunta Group of Mexico, and the Beshtyubin and Bissekty Formations of Uzbekistan. I ...

'' (a

ray Ray may refer to: Fish * Ray (fish), any cartilaginous fish of the superorder Batoidea * Ray (fish fin anatomy), a bony or horny spine on a fin Science and mathematics * Ray (geometry), half of a line proceeding from an initial point * Ray (gr ...

) ** '' Protoplatyrhina renae'' (a

guitarfish The guitarfish, also referred to as shovelnose rays, are a family, Rhinobatidae, of rays. The guitarfish are known for an elongated body with a flattened head and trunk and small, ray-like wings. The combined range of the various species is tro ...

) ** indeterminate orectolobid *

Acipenseriformes Acipenseriformes is an order of basal ray-finned fishes that includes living and fossil sturgeons and paddlefishes (Acipenseroidei), as well as the extinct families Chondrosteidae and Peipiaosteidae. They are the second earliest diver ...

(

sturgeons Sturgeon is the common name for the 27 species of fish belonging to the family Acipenseridae. The earliest sturgeon fossils date to the Late Cretaceous, and are descended from other, earlier acipenseriform fish, which date back to the Early ...

) ** "'' Acipenser albertensis''" ** '' Anchiacipenser acanthaspis'' ** unnamed sturgeon ** unnamed paddlefish * Holostean fish ** '' Lepisosteus occidentalis'' (the gar) ** unnamed

bowfin The bowfin (''Amia calva'') is a bony fish, native to North America. Common names include mudfish, mud pike, dogfish, grindle, grinnel, swamp trout, and choupique. It is regarded as a relict, being the sole surviving species of the Halecomorp ...

** at least 2 other holosteans *

Teleost Teleostei (; Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts ), is, by far, the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, containing 96% of all extant species of fish. Tele ...

fish ** '' Belonostomus longirostris'' ** '' Cretophareodus'' (an osteoglossomorph) ** '' Coriops amnicolus'' ** '' Estesesox foxi'' ** '' Oldmanesox'' ** ''

Paralbula ''Paralbula'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. They can be found in the Hell Creek Formation, in Montana, United States. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List o ...

'' (including ''Phyllodus'') ** ''

Paratarpon apogerontus ''Paratarpon'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Campanian. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to: People * ...

'' (an elopomorph, like the

tarpon Tarpons are fish of the genus ''Megalops''. They are the only members of the family Megalopidae. Of the two species, one (''M. atlanticus'') is native to the Atlantic, and the other (''M. cyprinoides'') to the Indo-Pacific Oceans. Species a ...

) ** at least 8 other teleosts

Invertebrates

Remains of the following invertebrates have been found in the formation: *

Freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does incl ...

bivalve Bivalvia (), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class (biology), class of marine and freshwater Mollusca, molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hing ...

s ** '' Fusconaia'' ** ''

Lampsilis ''Lampsilis'' is a genus of freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. There are over 100 species in the genus. Some species, notably '' Lampsilis ovata'' (pocketbook mussel) use aggressive mimicry ...

'' ** '' Sphaerium'' (2 species) * Freshwater

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

s ** '' Campeloma'' (2 species) ** '' Elimia'' ** '' Goniobasis'' (3 species) ** ''

Hydrobia ''Hydrobia'' is a genus of very small brackish water snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.Gofas, S. (2011). Hydrobia Hartmann, 1821. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at htt ...

'' ** '' Lioplacodes'' (2 species)

Flora

Plant body fossils

The following plant body fossils have been found in the formation: * various ferns * ''

Equisetum ''Equisetum'' (; horsetail, snake grass, puzzlegrass) is the only living genus in Equisetaceae, a family of ferns, which reproduce by spores rather than seeds. ''Equisetum'' is a "living fossil", the only living genus of the entire subclass ...

'' ( Equisetaceae) *

Gymnosperm The gymnosperms ( lit. revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, '' Ginkgo'', and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term ''gymnosperm'' comes from the composite word in el, γυμν ...

s ** '' Platyspiroxylon'' (

Cupressaceae Cupressaceae is a conifer family, the cypress family, with worldwide distribution. The family includes 27–30 genera (17 monotypic), which include the junipers and redwoods, with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious, subdioeci ...

) ** '' Podocarpoxylon'' (

Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae is a large family of mainly Southern Hemisphere conifers, known in English as podocarps, comprising about 156 species of evergreen trees and shrubs.James E. Eckenwalder. 2009. ''Conifers of the World''. Portland, Oregon: Timber P ...

) ** '' Elatocladus'' ( Taxodiaceae) ** '' Sequoia'' (Taxodiaceae) ** '' Sequoiaxylon'' (Taxodiaceae) ** '' Taxodioxylon'' (Taxodiaceae) *

Ginkgo ''Ginkgo'' is a genus of non-flowering seed plants. The scientific name is also used as the English name. The order to which it belongs, Ginkgoales, first appeared in the Permian, 270 million years ago, and is now the only living genus with ...

s ** ''

Baiera ''Baiera'' is a genus of prehistoric gymnosperms in the order Ginkgoales. It is one of the oldest fossil foliage types of Ginkgoales, and is related to the genera ''Ginkgo'' and '' Ginkgoites''. Fossils of ''Baiera'' are found worldwide, and ha ...

'' ** ''

Ginkgoites ''Ginkgoites'' is a genus that refers to extinct plants belonging to Ginkgoaceae. Fossils of these plants have been found around the globe during the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, with fossils also known from the Paleogene. The name was created ...

'' *

Angiosperm Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants ...

s ** ''

Artocarpus ''Artocarpus'' is a genus of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the mulberry family, Moraceae. Most species of ''Artocarpus'' are restricted to Southeast Asia; a few cultivated species are more w ...

'' (

Moraceae The Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however ...

) ** ''

Cercidiphyllum ''Cercidiphyllum'' is a genus containing two species of plants, both commonly called katsura. They are the sole members of the monotypic family Cercidiphyllaceae. The genus is native to Japan and China and unrelated to ''Cercis'' (redbuds). ...

'' (

Cercidiphyllaceae ''Cercidiphyllum'' is a genus containing two species of plants, both commonly called katsura. They are the sole members of the monotypic family Cercidiphyllaceae. The genus is native to Japan and China and unrelated to ''Cercis'' (redbuds). D ...

) ** '' Dombeyopsis'' ( Sterculiaceae) ** '' Menispermites'' (

Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form ...

) ** ''

Pistia ''Pistia'' is a genus of aquatic plants in the arum family, Araceae. It is the sole genus in the tribe ''Pistieae'' which reflects its systematic isolation within the family. The single species it comprises, ''Pistia stratiotes'', is often called ...

'' (

Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). A ...

) ** ''

Platanus ''Platanus'' is a genus consisting of a small number of tree species native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are the sole living members of the family Platanaceae. All mature members of ''Platanus'' are tall, reaching in height. All excep ...

'' (

Platanaceae Platanaceae, the "plane-tree family", is a family of flowering plants in the order Proteales. The family consists of only a single extant genus ''Platanus'', with eight known species. The plants are tall trees, native to temperate and subtropic ...

) ** ''

Vitis ''Vitis'' (grapevine) is a genus of 79 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, ...

'' ( Vitaceae) ** '' Trapa'' (

Trapaceae The water caltrop is any of three extant species of the genus ''Trapa'': ''Trapa natans'', ''Trapa bicornis'' and the endangered ''Trapa rossica''. It is also known as buffalo nut, bat nut, devil pod, ling gok ( Chinese: 菱角), ling nut, lin ko ...

)

Palynomorphs

Palynomorphs are organic-walled

microfossil A microfossil is a fossil that is generally between 0.001 mm and 1 mm in size, the visual study of which requires the use of light or electron microscopy. A fossil which can be studied with the naked eye or low-powered magnification, ...

s, like

spore In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, ...

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametop ...

, and

algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular micr ...

. The following palynomorphs have been found in the formation:Braman, D.R., and Koppelhus, E.B. 2005. Campanian palynomorphs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 101-130. . * Unknown producers ** at least 8 species *

Fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately fr ...

** at least 35

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

Chlorophyta Chlorophyta or Prasinophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it refers to a ...

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green Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combin ...

algae and

blue-green algae Cyanobacteria (), also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name ''cyanobacteria'' refers to their color (), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, bl ...

) ** at least 12

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...

* Pyrrhophyta (

dinoflagellates The dinoflagellates ( Greek δῖνος ''dinos'' "whirling" and Latin ''flagellum'' "whip, scourge") are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered algae. Dinoflagellates ...

, a type of marine

) ** unassigned

cyst A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct envelope and division compared with the nearby tissue. Hence, it is a cluster of cells that have grouped together to form a sac (like the manner in which water molecules group together to form a bubble) ...

s *

Bryophyte The Bryophyta s.l. are a proposed taxonomic division containing three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Bryophyta s.s. consists of the mosses only. They are characteristically limited in s ...

s (

moss Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) '' sensu stricto''. Bryophyta ('' sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and ...

es,

liverworts The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of ...

, and

hornwort Hornworts are a group of non-vascular Embryophytes (land plants) constituting the division Anthocerotophyta (). The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, which is the sporophyte. As in mosses and liverworts, hornworts have a ...

s) ** Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) *** at least 5 species **

Marchantiophyta The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of ...

(liverworts) *** at least 14 species ** Bryophyta (mosses) *** at least 5 species *

Lycopodiophyta The lycophytes, when broadly circumscribed, are a vascular plant (tracheophyte) subgroup of the kingdom Plantae. They are sometimes placed in a division Lycopodiophyta or Lycophyta or in a subdivision Lycopodiophytina. They are one of the oldes ...

Lycopodiaceae The Lycopodiaceae (class Lycopodiopsida, order Lycopodiales) are an old family of vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses and firmosses, comprising 16 accepted genera and about 400 known species. This family originated about 380 m ...

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club moss Lycopodiopsida is a class of vascular plants known as lycopods, lycophytes or other terms including the component lyco-. Members of the class are also called clubmosses, firmosses, spikemosses and quillworts. They have dichotomously branching s ...

es) *** at least 11 species ** Selaginellaceae (small club mosses) *** at least 6 species **

Isoetaceae Isoetaceae is a family including living quillworts (''Isoetes'') and comparable extinct herbaceous lycopsids (''Tomiostrobus ''Tomiostrobus'' is an extinct quillwort genus from the Early Triassic of Australia, China and Russia, which was espe ...

( quillworts) *** at least 1 species * Polypodiophyta **

Osmundaceae Osmundaceae (royal fern family) is a family of ferns containing four to six extant genera and 18–25 known species. It is the only living family of the order Osmundales in the class Polypodiopsida (ferns) or in some classifications the only ord ...

( cinnamon ferns) *** at least 6 species **

Schizaeaceae Schizaeaceae is a family of ferns in the order Schizaeales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it includes only two genera. Alternatively, two families kept separate in PPG I, Lygodiaceae and Anemiaceae, may be ...

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climbing fern ''Lygodium'' (climbing fern) is a genus of about 40 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern Asia and eastern North America. It is the sole genus in the family Lygodiaceae in the Pter ...

s) *** at least 20 species **

Gleicheniaceae The forked ferns are the family Gleicheniaceae, which includes six genera and about 160 known species. The formerly independent families Dicranopteridaceae and Stromatopteridaceae are generally included in the Gleicheniaceae, whereas the Dipteri ...

('' Gleichenia'' and allies; coral ferns) *** at least 5 species **

Cyatheaceae The Cyatheaceae are a family of ferns, the scaly tree ferns, one of eight families in the order Cyatheales in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family may defined much more broadly (Cyatheaceae '' ...

('' Cyathea'' and allies) *** at least 4 species **

Dicksoniaceae Dicksoniaceae is a group of tropical, subtropical and warm temperate ferns, treated as a family in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), and counting 30-40 species. Alternatively, the family may be sunk into a very bro ...

('' Dicksonia'' and allies) *** at least 3 species **

Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broade ...

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fern A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes exce ...

s) *** at least 4 species **

Matoniaceae Matoniaceae is one of the three families of ferns in the Gleicheniales order of the Polypodiopsida class. Fossil records reveal that Matoniaceae ferns were abundant during the Mesozoic era (about 250-million to 66-million years ago), during which ...

*** at least 1 species **

Marsileaceae Marsileaceae () is a small family of heterosporous aquatic and semi-aquatic ferns, though at first sight they do not physically resemble other ferns. The group is commonly known as the "pepperwort family" or as the "water-clover family" because ...

*** at least 1 species *

Pinophyta Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida. All ext ...

(

gymnosperm The gymnosperms ( lit. revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, '' Ginkgo'', and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term ''gymnosperm'' comes from the composite word in el, γυμν ...

s) **

Cycadaceae ''Cycas'' is a genus of plants belonging to a very ancient lineage, the Cycadophyta, which are not closely related to palms, ferns, trees or any other modern group of plants. They are evergreen perennials which achieved their maximum diversity i ...

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cycad Cycads are seed plants that typically have a stout and woody (ligneous) trunk with a crown of large, hard, stiff, evergreen and (usually) pinnate leaves. The species are dioecious, that is, individual plants of a species are either male o ...

s) *** at least 3 species ** Caytoniaceae *** at least 1 species **

Pinaceae The Pinaceae, or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly kn ...

(

pine A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family (biology), family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The World Flora Online created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanic ...

s) *** at least 4 species **

(

cypress Cypress is a common name for various coniferous trees or shrubs of northern temperate regions that belong to the family Cupressaceae. The word ''cypress'' is derived from Old French ''cipres'', which was imported from Latin ''cypressus'', the l ...

es) *** at least 3 species **

(''

Podocarpus ''Podocarpus'' () is a genus of conifers, the most numerous and widely distributed of the podocarp family, the Podocarpaceae. The name comes from Greek πούς (poús, “foot”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”). ''Podocarpus'' species ...

'' and allies) *** at least 4 species ** Cheirolepidiaceae *** at least 2 species ** Ephedraceae ( Mormon teas) *** at least 6 species ** Unknown gymnosperms: at least 3 species *

Magnoliophyta Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...

(

angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants ...

) **

Magnoliopsida Magnoliopsida is a valid botanical name for a class of flowering plants. By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its circumscription can otherwise vary, being more inclusive or less inclusive depending upon the classif ...

(

dicot The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, ...

s) *** Buxaceae (

boxwood ''Buxus'' is a genus of about seventy species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include box or boxwood. The boxes are native to western and southern Europe, southwest, southern and eastern Asia, Africa, Madagascar, northernmost South ...

) **** at least 1 species *** Gunneraceae ( gunneras) **** at least 1 species ***

Salicaceae The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoods. Genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) have greatly ...

(

willow Willows, also called sallows and osiers, from the genus ''Salix'', comprise around 400 speciesMabberley, D.J. 1997. The Plant Book, Cambridge University Press #2: Cambridge. of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist so ...

s, cottonwood, quaking aspen) **** at least 1 species ***

Droseraceae Droseraceae is a family of carnivorous flowering plants, also known as the sundew family. It consists of approximately 180 species in three extant genera. Representatives of the Droseraceae are found on all continents except Antarctica. Desc ...

(

sundew ''Drosera'', which is commonly known as the sundews, is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with at least 194 species. 2 volumes. These members of the family Droseraceae lure, capture, and digest insects using stalked mucilaginou ...

s) **** at least 1 species *** Olacaceae ( tallowwood) **** at least 2 species ***

Loranthaceae Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants. It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are ''Nuytsia floribunda'' (the W ...

( showy mistletoes) **** at least 1 species ***

Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales known as the soapberry family. It contains 138 genera and 1858 accepted species. Examples include horse chestnut, maples, ackee and lychee. The Sapindaceae occur in temp ...

( soapberry) **** at least 1 species *** Aceraceae (

maple ''Acer'' () is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 nd more or less continuously updated since h ...

s) **** at least 1 species ***

Proteaceae The Proteaceae form a family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises 83 genera with about 1,660 known species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae, they make up the order ...

(

protea ''Protea'' () is a genus of South African flowering plants, also called sugarbushes (Afrikaans: ''suikerbos''). Etymology The genus ''Protea'' was named in 1735 by Carl Linnaeus, possibly after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his form a ...

s) **** at least 9 species ***

Compositae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...

(

sunflowers ''Helianthus'' () is a genus comprising about 70 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae commonly known as sunflowers. Except for three South American species, the species of ''Helianthus'' are native to N ...

) **** at least 1 species ***

Fagaceae The Fagaceae are a family of flowering plants that includes beeches, chestnuts and oaks, and comprises eight genera with about 927 species. Fagaceae in temperate regions are mostly deciduous, whereas in the tropics, many species occur as ever ...

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beech Beech (''Fagus'') is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia, and North America. Recent classifications recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera, ''Engleriana'' and ''Fagus''. The ''Engl ...

es, oaks,

chestnut The chestnuts are the deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus ''Castanea'', in the beech family Fagaceae. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The name also refers to the edible nuts they produce. The unrel ...

s) **** at least 2 species ***

Betulaceae Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams numbering a total of 167 species. They are mostly natives of the ...

(

birch A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus ''Betula'' (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech- oak family Fagaceae. The genus ''Betula'' cont ...

es,

alder Alders are trees comprising the genus ''Alnus'' in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few sp ...

s) **** at least 1 species *** Ulmaceae ( elms) **** at least 1 species ***

Chenopodiaceae Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making i ...

( goosefoots) **** at least 1 species **

Liliopsida Liliopsida Batsch (synonym: Liliatae) is a botanical name for the class containing the family Liliaceae (or Lily Family). It is considered synonymous (or nearly synonymous) with the name monocotyledon. Publication of the name is credited to Scopol ...

(

monocot Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one ...

s) ***

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair ...

( lilies) **** at least 6 species ***

Cyperaceae The Cyperaceae are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as sedges. The family is large, with some 5,500 known species described in about 90 genera, the largest being the "true sedges" genus '' Carex'' ...

(sedges) **** at least 1 species ***

Sparganiaceae Sparganiaceae is a family of flowering plants. Such a family was previously recognized by most taxonomists. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the c ...

( bur-reeds) **** possibly 1 species *** Unknown angiosperms: at least 88 species

Timeline of new taxa

The following timeline displays valid taxa first discovered in the dinosaur park formation. Some species may have been referred to other genera subsequent to their initial description. ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:1850 till:2100 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:1850 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:1850 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:1900s value:rgb(0.94,0.25,0.24) id:2000s value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.79) id:2000syears value:rgb(0.52,0.81,0.91) id:1900syears value:rgb(0.95,0.56,0.45) id:1700s value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) id:1700syears value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) id:1800syears value:rgb(0.95,0.98,0.11) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:1800s value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9 bar:NAM10 bar:NAM11 bar:NAM12 bar:NAM13 bar:NAM14 bar:NAM15 bar:NAM16 bar:NAM17 bar:NAM18 bar:NAM19 bar:NAM20 bar:NAM21 bar:NAM22 bar:NAM23 bar:NAM24 bar:NAM25 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: 1850 till: 1860 color:1800syears text: 50s from: 1860 till: 1870 color:1800syears text:

60s Ribosomal particles are denoted according to their sedimentation coefficients in Svedberg units. The 60S subunit is the large subunit of eukaryotic 80S ribosomes. It is structurally and functionally related to the 50S subunit of 70S prokaryotic ...

from: 1870 till: 1880 color:1800syears text: 70s from: 1880 till: 1890 color:1800syears text: 80s from: 1890 till: 1900 color:1800syears text: 90s from: 1900 till: 1910 color:1900syears text: 00s from: 1910 till: 1920 color:1900syears text:

10s The 10s decade ran from January 1, AD 10, to December 31, AD 19. In Europe, the decade saw the end of the Early Imperial campaigns in Germania when Roman forces led by Germanicus defeated Germanic tribes in the Battle of Idistaviso in 16 AD. ...

from: 1920 till: 1930 color:1900syears text: 20s from: 1930 till: 1940 color:1900syears text:

30s The prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit, or 30 S subunit, is the smaller subunit of the 70S ribosome found in prokaryotes. It is a complex of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 19 proteins. This complex is implicated in the binding of transfer R ...

from: 1940 till: 1950 color:1900syears text: 40s from: 1950 till: 1960 color:1900syears text: 50s from: 1960 till: 1970 color:1900syears text:

from: 1970 till: 1980 color:1900syears text: 70s from: 1980 till: 1990 color:1900syears text: 80s from: 1990 till: 2000 color:1900syears text: 90s from: 2000 till: 2010 color:2000syears text: 00s from: 2010 till: 2020 color:2000syears text:

from: 2020 till: 2030 color:2000syears text: 20s from: 2030 till: 2040 color:2000syears text:

from: 2040 till: 2050 color:2000syears text: 40s from: 2050 till: 2060 color:2000syears text: 50s from: 2060 till: 2070 color:2000syears text:

from: 2070 till: 2080 color:2000syears text: 70s from: 2080 till: 2090 color:2000syears text: 80s from: 2090 till: 2100 color:2000syears text: 90s bar:eratop from: 1850 till: 1900 color:1800s text: 19th from: 1900 till: 2000 color:1900s text:

20th 20 (twenty; Roman numeral XX) is the natural number following 19 and preceding 21. A group of twenty units may also be referred to as a score. In mathematics *20 is a pronic number. *20 is a tetrahedral number as 1, 4, 10, 20. *20 is the ba ...

from: 2000 till: 2100 color:2000s text:

21st 21 (twenty-one) is the natural number following 20 and preceding 22. The current century is the 21st century AD, under the Gregorian calendar. In mathematics 21 is: * a composite number, its proper divisors being 1, 3 and 7, and a defici ...

PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1902 mark:(line,black) text:

Euoplocephalus ''Euoplocephalus'' ( ) is a genus of very large, herbivorous ankylosaurid dinosaurs, living during the Late Cretaceous of Canada. It has only one named species, ''Euoplocephalus tutus''. The first fossil of ''Euoplocephalus'' was found in 1 ...

color:1800s bar:NAM2 at:1902 mark:(line,black) text: "Monoclonius" belli color:1900s bar:NAM3 at:1902 mark:(line,black) text: "Ornithomimus" altus color:1900s bar:NAM4 at:1902 mark:(line,black) text:

Stegoceras ''Stegoceras'' is a genus of pachycephalosaurid (dome-headed) dinosaur that lived in what is now North America during the Late Cretaceous period, about 77.5 to 74 million years ago (mya). The first specimens from Alberta, Canada, were descri ...

& S. validum color:1900s bar:NAM5 at:1902 mark:(line,black) text: "Stereocephalus" tutus color:1900s bar:NAM6 at:1904 mark:(line,black) text:

& C. apertus color:1800s bar:NAM7 at:1913 mark:(line,black) text:

& S. albertensis color:1900s bar:NAM8 at:1914 mark:(line,black) text: Chasmosaurus color:1900s bar:NAM9 at:1914 mark:(line,black) text:

& C. casuarius color:1900s bar:NAM10 at:1914 mark:(line,black) text: Gorgosaurus & G. libratus color:1900s bar:NAM11 at:1914 mark:(line,black) text: Gryposaurus & G. notabilis color:1800s bar:NAM12 at:1916 mark:(line,black) text:

Prosaurolophus ''Prosaurolophus'' (; meaning "before ''Saurolophus''", in comparison to the later dinosaur with a similar head crest) is a genus of hadrosaurid (or duck-billed) dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America. It is known from the remains of ...

& P. maximus color:1800s bar:NAM13 at:1917 mark:(line,black) text:

Struthiomimus ''Struthiomimus'' (meaning "ostrich mimic", from the Greek στρούθειος/''stroutheios'' meaning "of the ostrich" and μῖμος/''mimos'' meaning "mimic" or "imitator") is a genus of ornithomimid dinosaurs from the late Cretaceous of No ...

color:1900s bar:NAM14 at:1919 mark:(line,black) text: Panoplosaurus & P. mirus color:1900s bar:NAM15 at:1922 mark:(line,black) text: Dromaeosaurus & D. albertensis color:1900s bar:NAM16 at:1922 mark:(line,black) text:

& P. walkeri color:1800s bar:NAM17 at:1923 mark:(line,black) text: Lambeosaurus & L. lambei color:1900s bar:NAM18 at:1924 mark:(line,black) text:

Chirostenotes ''Chirostenotes'' ( ; named from Greek 'narrow-handed') is a genus of oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from the late Cretaceous (about 76.5 million years ago) of Alberta, Canada. The type species is ''Chirostenotes pergracilis''. History of discover ...

& C. gracilis color:1900s bar:NAM19 at:1924 mark:(line,black) text: Dyoplosaurus & D. acutosquameus color:1900s bar:NAM20 at:1928 mark:(line,black) text:

Scolosaurus ''Scolosaurus'' is an extinct genus of ankylosaurid dinosaurs within the subfamily Ankylosaurinae. It is known from the lower levels of the Dinosaur Park Formation and upper levels of the Oldman Formation in the Late Cretaceous (latest middle Cam ...

& S. cutleri color:1900s bar:NAM21 at:1929 mark:(line,black) text: Anodontosaurus color:1900s bar:NAM22 at:1932 mark:(line,black) text: "Stenonychosaurus" inequalis color:1900s bar:NAM23 at:1935 mark:(line,black) text: Lambeosaurus magnicristatus color:1900s bar:NAM24 at:1940 mark:(line,black) text: Chasmosaurus russeli color:1900s bar:NAM25 at:1943 mark:(line,black) text: Hanssuesia sternbergi color:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1970 mark:(line,black) text:

Daspletosaurus ''Daspletosaurus'' ( ; meaning "frightful lizard") is a genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur that lived in Laramidia between about 79.5 and 74 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous Period. The genus ''Daspletosaurus'' contains three spec ...

& D. torosus color:1900s bar:NAM2 at:1978 mark:(line,black) text: Saurornitholestes & S. langstoni color:1900s bar:NAM3 at:1979 mark:(line,black) text: Gravitholus & G. albertae color:1900s bar:NAM4 at:1990 mark:(line,black) text:

Richardoestesia ''Richardoestesia'' is a morphogenus of theropod dinosaur teeth, originally described from the Late Cretaceous of what is now North America. It currently contains two species, ''R. gilmorei'' and ''R. isosceles''. It has been used as a morphota ...

& R. gilmorei color:1900s bar:NAM5 at:2001 mark:(line,black) text: "Chasmosaurus" irvinensis color:1900s bar:NAM6 at:2009 mark:(line,black) text: Hesperonychus & H. elizabethae color:1800s bar:NAM7 at:2010 mark:(line,black) text: Vagaceratops color:1800s bar:NAM8 at:2012 mark:(line,black) text:

Unescoceratops ''Unescoceratops'' is a genus of leptoceratopsid ceratopsian dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, southern Canada. It contains a single species, ''Unescoceratops koppelhusae''. Discovery ''Unescoceratops'' is known only from th ...

& U. koppelhusae color:1900s bar:NAM9 at:2013 mark:(line,black) text: Leptorhynchos & L. gaddisi color:1900s bar:NAM10 at:2016 mark:(line,black) text: Rativates & R. evadens color:1900s bar:NAM11 at:2017 mark:(line,black) text: Latenivenatrix & L. mcmasteri color:1900s bar:NAM12 at:2019 mark:(line,black) text: Cryodrakon & C. boreas PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: 1850 till: 1860 color:1800syears text: 50s from: 1860 till: 1870 color:1800syears text:

from: 1920 till: 1930 color:1900syears text: 20s from: 1930 till: 1940 color:1900syears text:

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from: 2020 till: 2030 color:2000syears text: 20s from: 2030 till: 2040 color:2000syears text:

from: 2040 till: 2050 color:2000syears text: 40s from: 2050 till: 2060 color:2000syears text: 50s from: 2060 till: 2070 color:2000syears text:

from: 2070 till: 2080 color:2000syears text: 70s from: 2080 till: 2090 color:2000syears text: 80s from: 2090 till: 2100 color:2000syears text: 90s bar:era from: 1850 till: 1900 color:1800s text: 19th from: 1900 till: 2000 color:1900s text:

from: 2000 till: 2100 color:2000s text:

Footnotes

References

* *Braman, D.R., and Koppelhus, E.B. 2005. Campanian palynomorphs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 101–130. *Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Turtles: diversity, paleoecology, and distribution. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 202–220. *Caldwell, M.W. The squamates: origins, phylogeny, and paleoecology. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds). 2005. ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 235–248. *Currie, P.J. 2005. Theropods, including birds. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 367–397. *Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds). 2005. ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 648 p. *Eberth, D.A. 2005. The geology. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 54–82. *Fox, R.C. 2005. Late Cretaceous mammals. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 417–435. *K. Gao and Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Choristoderes from the Park and its vicinity. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 221–234. *Gardner, J.D. 2005. Lissamphibians. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 186–201. *Godfrey, S.J., and Currie, P.J. 2005. Pterosaurs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 292–311. *Johnston, P.A., and Hendy, A.J.W. 2005. Paleoecology of mollusks from the Upper Cretaceous Belly River Group. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 139–166. *Koppelhus, E.B. 2005. Paleobotany. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 131–138. * *Neuman, A.G., and Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Fishes of the fluvial beds. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 167–185. *Ryan, M.J., and Evans, D.C. 2005. Ornithischian dinosaurs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 312–348. *Sato, T., Eberth, D.A., Nicholls, E.L., and Manabe, M. 2005. Plesiosaurian remains from non-marine to paralic sediments. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 249–276. * Tanke, D.H. and Brett-Surman, M.K. 2001. Evidence of Hatchling and Nestling-Size Hadrosaurs (Reptilia:Ornithischia) from Dinosaur Provincial Park (Dinosaur Park Formation: Campanian), Alberta, Canada. pp. 206–218. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life—New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Edited by D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter. Indiana University Press: Bloomington. xviii + 577 pp. *Xiao-Chun Wu. 2005. Crocodylians. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.'' Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 277-291 {{WCSB, South AB=yes Geologic formations of Alberta Upper Cretaceous Series of North America Cretaceous Alberta Campanian Stage Sandstone formations Mudstone formations Siltstone formations Fluvial deposits Ooliferous formations Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of North America Paleontology in Canada