Dev (mythology)

Div or dev ( Persian: ': ) (with the broader meaning of demons or fiends) are monstrous creatures within Middle Eastern lore. Most of their depictions derive from Persian mythology, integrated to Islam and spread to surrounding cultures including Armenia, Turkic countries and Albania. Although they are not explicitly mentioned within canonical Islamic scriptures, their existence was well accepted by most Muslims just like that of other supernatural creatures. They exist along with jinn, ''peri'' (fairies) and '' shayatin'' (devils) within South- and Central Asia demon-beliefs.

They are described as having a body like that of a human, only of gigantic size, with two horns upon their heads and teeth like the tusks of a boar. Powerful, cruel and cold-hearted, they have a particular relish for the taste of human flesh. Some use only primitive weapons, such as stones: others, more sophisticated, are equipped like warriors, wearing armour and using weapons of metal. Despite their uncouth appearance – and in addition to their great physical strength – many are also masters of sorcery, capable of overcoming their enemies by magic and afflicting them with nightmares.

Their origin is disputed, although it may lie in the Vedic deities (devas) who were later demonized in the Persian religion (see ''daeva''). In Ferdowsi's tenth-century ''Shahnameh'', they are already the evil entities endowed with roughly human shape and supernatural powers familiar from later folklore, in which the ''divs'' are described as ugly demons with supernatural strength and power, who, nonetheless, may sometimes be subdued and forced to do the bidding of a sorcerer.

Terminology and relation to other spirits

The divs are often confused with jinn. Some academics proposed ''div'' is simply the Persian term for ''jinn''. However, this poses a problem, because both terms are not synonymous. While the ''divs'' are considered evil, the jinn have free-will and are morally ambivalent or even benevolent. Others argue that the term ''jinn'' refers to all kinds of spiritual entities, including both benevolent and evil creatures. In early Persian translations of the Quran, when the term ''jinn'' was used to refer to evil spirits, they have been interpreted as divs sometimes.

In other works, such as ''People of the Air'', the ''div'' are explicitly distinguished from jinn. In some cases, the term ''div'' is juxtaposed to the terms '' afarit'', ''shaitan'' (devil), and ''taghut'' (idol), all some sort of demons in Islamic belief, indicating a relationship between those beings but distinct from the (regular) jinn. In Abu Ali Bal'ami's account, the ''div'' are used interchangeable with ''marid'', a type of devil which assaults the heavens in an attempt to steal news from the angels. The term ''marid'' is likewise confused with ''ifrit'', in some works, like the standard MacNaghten edition of One Thousand and One Nights.

History

The ''divs'' seem to have originally been Persian, pre-Zoroastrian, divine or semi-divine beings who were subsequently demonized. By the time of the Islamic conquest, they had faded into Persian folklore and folktales, and hence disseminated throughout the Islamic world. They were modified during that dissemination to include foreign (specifically Hindu) deities, and elements already present in local folklore.

Origins

''Divs'' probably originate from the Avestan ''daevas'', deities who share the same origin with Indian ''Deva'' (gods). It is unknown when and why the former deities turned into rejected gods or even demons.

Zoroastrianism

In the Gathas, the oldest Zorastrian text, they are not yet the evil creatures they will become, although, according to some scholarly interpretations, the texts do indicate that they should be rejected.
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First known opposition

Evident from Xph inscriptions, Xerxes I (reigned 486–465 BCE) ordered the destruction of a sanctuary dedicated to ''Daivas'' and proclaimed that the Daeva shall not be worshipped. Therefore, first opposition of Daeva must be during or before the reign of Xerxes.

However, the original relation between Daeva and Persian religion remains up to debate. There might have been a pantheon with several types of deities, but while the Indians demonized the Asura and deified the Deva, the Persians demonized the Deva, but deified Asura in the form of Ahura Mazda.

Middle persian era

In Middle Persian texts, they are already regarded as equivalent to demons. They are created by Ahriman (the devil) along with sorcerers and everything else that is evil. They roam the earth at night and bring people to ruin. During the advent of Islam in Persia, the term was used for both demonized humans and evil supernatural creatures. In the translations of Tabari's Tafsir, the term ''div'' was used to designate evil jinn, devils and Satan.

Although the term ''dew'' (Middle Persian for ''div'') is not attested in the Babylonian Talmud, they are mentioned in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic bowls next to ''shedim'' (demi-gods), ''ruḥot'' (spirits), ''mazzikin'' ("harmers"), and "satans". The exact differences between these entities are, however, not always clear. Asmodeus is designated as the king of both ''shedim'' and ''devs''.

Dissemination into the wider Islamic world

From this Persian origin, belief in ''div'' entered Muslim belief. Abu Ali Bal'ami's work on the history of the world, is the oldest known writing including explicitly Islamic cosmology and the ''div''. He attributes his account on the creation of the world to Wahb ibn Munabbih.

Some divs appear to be considered the incarnation of (false) Indian deities, who, unlike jinn, refused to obey the Prophet Solomon.

Evident from the epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010 CE, that, by his day the ''div'' had become associated with the people of the Mazandaran of legend (which is not to be identified with the Iranian province of Mazandaran).

While some ''div'' appear as supernatural sorcerers, many ''div'' appear to be clearly demonized humans, including black people, attributed with supernatural strength, but no supernatural bodily features. Some people continued to worship ''div'' in their rituals during the early Islamic period, known as "Daevayasna", although probably out of fear. People of Mazdaran might have been associated with such worship and therefore equated with these entities. Despite many ''div'' that appear human in nature, there are also clearly supernatural ''div'', like the white div, who is said to be as huge as a mountain.

Muslim texts

''Div'' (demons or fiends) are the former masters of the world, dispossessed yet not extinguished, they are banished far away from the human realm. They occupy a liminal place both spatial and ontological, between the physical and the metaphysical world. The souls of wicked people could also turn into a demon (''div'') after death, as evident from Al-Razi an idea recalling the concept of original daeva.

Throughout many legends they appear as villains, sorcerers, monsters, ogres, or even helpers of the protagonist. It is usually necessary to overcome the ''div'' to get his aid. After defeating the ''div'', one must attach a horseshoe, a needle or an iron ring on his body to enslave them.

On the other hand, a ''div'' can not be killed by physical combat, even if their body parts are cut off. Instead, one is required to find the object storing the soul of the ''div'': After that object is destroyed, the ''div'' is said to disappear in smoke or thin air. The notion of a demon tied to a physical object, later inspired the European genie.

Sometimes they are referred to as ''maradah''.

Origin legends

Abu Ali Bal'ami reports from Wahb ibn Munabbih that Muhammad said, God first created the demons (''div''), then 70,000 years later the fairies (''peri''), 5000 years later the angels (''fereshtegan''), and then the jinn. Subsequently, God sent Satan (''Iblis'') as the arbiter on earth, whereupon he became proud of himself. Thus, God created Adam and gave him dominion over the earth as the jinn's successor. A similar account is provided by Tabari, who however, omits the existence of fairies and demons, only referring to the jinn as predecessor to mankind, a narration attributed to ibn Abbas.

Edward Smedley (1788–1836) retells Bal'ami's account as an Arabian-Persian legend (not attributed to Bal'ami but to Arabian and Persian authors in general) in greater detail. Accordingly, the jinn were ruled by Jann ibn Jann for 2000 years, before Iblis was sent. After the creation of Adam, Iblis and his angels were sent to hell, along with demons who sided with them. The rest of the demons linger around the surface as a constant threat and test for the faithful. Arab and Persian writers locate their home in Ahriman-abad, the abode of Ahriman the personification of evil and darkness.

The ''div'' were manifest (''ashkar'') and evident (''zaher'') until the great flood. Afterwards, they became hidden.

Sufi Literature

The term ''div'' was still widely used in the '' adab literature'' for personifications of vices. They represent the evil urges of the stage to the ''al-nafs al-ammarah'' in Sufism. As the sensual soul, they oppose the divine spirit, a motif often reflected in the figure of a ''div'' and the prophet Solomon. Attar of Nishapur writes: "If you bind the ''div'', you will set out for the royal pavilion with Solomon" and "You have no command over your self's kingdom ody and mind for in your case the ''div'' is in the place of Solomon".

In Rumi's Masnavi, demons serve as a symbol of pure evil. the existence of demons provide an answer to the question about the existence of evil. He tells a story about an artist who draws both "beautiful houris and ugly demons". Images of demons do not diminish the artists talents, on the opposite, his ability to draw evil in the most grotesque way possible, proves his capabilities. Likewise, when God creates evil, it does not violate but proves his omnipotence. (Masnavī II, 2539–2544; Masnavī II, 2523–2528)

Folklore

Armenian

In Armenian mythology and many various Armenian folk tales, the ''dev'' (in Armenian: դև) appears both in a kind and specially in a malicious role, and has a semi-divine origin. Dev is a very large being with an immense head on his shoulders, and with eyes as large as earthen bowls. Some of them may have only one eye. Usually, there are black and white devs. However, both of them can either be malicious or kind.

The White Dev is present in Hovhannes Tumanyan's tale "Yedemakan Tzaghike" ( Arm.: Եդեմական Ծաղիկը), translated as "The Flower of Paradise". In the tale, the Dev is the flower's guardian.

Jushkaparik, Vushkaparik, or Ass-Pairika is another chimerical being whose name indicates a half-demoniac and half-animal being, or a Pairika—a female Dev with amorous propensities—that appeared in the form of an ass and lived in ruins.

In one medieval Armenian lexicon, the ''dev'' are explained as rebellious angels.

Persian

According to Persian folklore, the ''divs'' are inverted creatures, who do the opposite of what has been told to them. They are active at night, but get sleepy at day. Darkness is said to increase their power. Usually, the approach of a ''div'' is presaged by a change in temperature or foul smell in the air. They are capable of transformation and performing magic. They are said to capture maiden, trying to force them to marry the ''div''. Some have the form of a snake or a dragon with multiple heads, whose heads grow again, after slain, comparable to the Hydra. In his treatise about the supernatural ''Ahl-i Hava'' (people of the air), Ghulam Husayn Sa'idi discusses several folkloric beliefs about different types of supernatural creatures and demons. He describes the Div as tall creatures living far away either on islands or in the desert. With their magical powers, they could turn people into statues by touching them.

The ''divs'' are in constant battle with benevolent ''peris'' (fairies). While the ''divs'' are usually perceived as male, the ''peris'' are often, but not necessarily, depicted as female. According to a story, a man saved a white snake from a black one. The snake later revealed that she was a ''peri'', and the black snake a ''div'', who attacked her. The ''divs'' in turn, frequently try to capture the ''peris'' and imprison them in cages.

Turkic

''Div'' in Turkish language refers to a (primordial) giant. According to Deniz Karakurt, they usually feature as elements of fairy-tales as enemies of a hero, but others also identified them in folktales.

In Kazakh fairy-tales, they often capture women, live in caves, and eat human flesh. Many ancient people probably believed such tales to be true, and that places beneath the earth's surface, where no human has gone before, were inhabited by gods and ''divs''.Zhanar, Abdibek, et al. "The Problems of the Mythological Personages in the Ancient Turkic Literature." Asian Social Science 11.7 (2015): 341. In Tatar folklore, the ''divs'' are described as beings living in the depths of the waters under the earth. They may bewitch people or invite them as guests for dinner. They could smell the spirit of humans, whenever they enter their lairs. If one speaks ''bismillah'', all the offered dishes turn into horse droppings and the demon himself disappears.

In Kisekbasch Destani ("Story of the cut head"), a Turkish Sufi legend from the 13th or 14th Century, Ali encounters a beheaded men, whose head is still reciting the Quran. His wife has been captured and his child has been devoured by a ''div''. Ali descends to the underworld to kill the ''div''. Here, he finds out, the ''div'' further captured 500 Sunnites and the ''div'' threats Ali, to destroy the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and destroy the legacy of Islam. After a battle, Ali manages to kill the ''div'', release the inmates, saves the devoured child and brings the severed head, with aid of Muhammad back to life.

In modern times, the role of the divs are sometimes inverted. Galimyan Gilmanov (2000) drawing from Tatar folklore, reinvents the story of a girl encountering a div in the forest. Here, the div who owns the meadow in the forest is supportive and grants the girl a wish after she offers him her comb.

Occult depictions

''Div'' appear within Islamic treatises on the occult. Their depictions often invoke the idea of Indian deities or are directly identified with them. To enslave a ''div'', one must pierce their skin with a needle or bind them on iron rings. Another method relies on burning their hair in fire, to summon them. As Solomon enslaved the devils, same is said to be true about the ''div''.

Probably, the legends of the Quran about Solomon are conflated with the legends of the Persian hero Jamshid, who is said to have enslaved the ''divs''.
In later Islamic thought, Solomon is said to have bound both devils and the ''divs'' to his will, inspiring Middle Eastern magicians trying to also capture such demons.

In some stories, divs are said to be able to bestow magical abilities upon others. Once, a man encountered a ''div'', and the ''div'' offered him to learn the ability to speak with animals. However, if the man tells someone about this gift, he will die.

Footnotes

See also

* Daeva
* Jötunn
* Marid
* Oni

References

Sources

* {{cite encyclopedia , last1=Herrenschmidt , first1=Clarisse , author-link1=Clarisse Herrenschmidt , last2=Kellens , first2=Jean , title=*Daiva , encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica , volume=6 , year=1993 , pages=599–602 , publisher=Mazda , location=Costa Mesa , url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/daiva-old-iranian-noun

Armenian legendary creatures
Daevas
Chthonic beings
Demons in Islam
Giants in Islam
Ogres
Albanian legendary creatures
Azerbaijani mythology
Persian legendary creatures
Turkic legendary creatures