The ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the ...

Daoguang Emperor (; 16 September 1782 – 26 February 1850), also known by his

temple name Temple names are posthumous titles accorded to monarchs of the Sinosphere for the purpose of ancestor worship. The practice of honoring monarchs with temple names began during the Shang dynasty in China and had since been adopted by other dyna ...

Emperor Xuanxong of Qing, born Mianning, was the seventh

Emperor of the Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty (1636–1912) was a Manchu-led imperial Chinese dynasty and the last orthodox dynasty of China. It was officially founded in 1636 in what is now Northeast China, but only succeeded the Ming dynasty in China proper in 1644. The ...

, and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over

China proper China proper, Inner China, or the Eighteen Provinces is a term used by some Western writers in reference to the "core" regions of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China. This term is used to express a distinction between the "core" regions pop ...

, reigning from 1820 to 1850. His reign was marked by "external disaster and internal rebellion." These included the

First Opium War The First Opium War (), also known as the Opium War or the Anglo-Sino War was a series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty of China between 1839 and 1842. The immediate issue was the Chinese enforcement of the ...

and the beginning of the

Taiping Rebellion The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. It last ...

which nearly brought down the dynasty. The historian

Jonathan Spence Jonathan Dermot Spence (11 August 1936 – 25 December 2021) was an English-born American historian, Sinology, sinologist, and writer who specialized in History of China, Chinese history. He was Sterling Professor of History at Yale Universit ...

characterizes the Daoguang Emperor as a "well meaning but ineffective man" who promoted officials who "presented a purist view even if they had nothing to say about the domestic and foreign problems surrounding the dynasty."

Early years

The Daoguang Emperor was born in the

Forbidden City The Forbidden City () is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, at the center of the Imperial City of Beijing. It is surrounded by numerous opulent imperial gardens and temples including the Zhongshan Park, the sacrifi ...

Beijing } Beijing ( ; ; ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the Capital city, capital of the China, People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's Li ...

, in 1782, and was given the name Mianning (). It was later changed to Minning () when he became emperor. The first character of his private name was changed from ''Mian'' to ''Min'' to avoid the relatively common character ''Mian''. This novelty was introduced by his grandfather, the reigning

Qianlong Emperor The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, born Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1735 ...

, who thought it was inappropriate to use a common character in the emperor's private name due to the longstanding practice of naming taboo. Mianning was the second son of Prince Yongyan, the 15th son and heir of the

. Even though he was Yongyan's second son, he was first in line after Prince Yongyan to his grandfather's throne. This was because according to the dishu system, his mother, Lady Hitara, was Yongyan's primary spouse whereas his elder brother was born to Yongyan's concubine. Mianning was favored by his grandfather, the Qianlong Emperor. He frequently accompanied his grandfather on hunting trips. On one such trip, at the age of nine, Mianning successfully hunted a deer, which greatly amused the Qianlong Emperor. The emperor would abdicate five years after that incident, in 1796, when Mianning was 14. Mianning’s father Prince Yongyan was then enthroned as the Jiaqing Emperor, after which he made Lady Hitara (Mianning's mother) his empress consort. The elderly Qianlong would live three more years in retirement before dying in 1799, aged 87, when Mianning was 17. In 1813, while he was still a prince, Mianning also played a vital role in repelling and killing

Eight Trigrams The bagua or pakua (八卦) are a set of eight symbols that originated in China, used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each li ...

invaders who stormed the

Reign

Khoja rebellion in Xinjiang

The Emperor is presented with prisoners at the Wu-men 1828

In September 1820, at the age of 38, Mianning inherited the throne after the Jiaqing Emperor died suddenly of unknown causes. He became the first Qing emperor who was the eldest legitimate son of his father. Now known as the Daoguang Emperor, he inherited a declining empire with Westerners encroaching upon the borders of China. His

era name A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin ''regnum'' meaning kingdom, rule. Regnal years considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of ...

, "Daoguang", means "radiant path". The Daoguang Emperor had been ruling for six years when the exiled heir to the

Khoja The Khojas ( sd}; gu, ખોજા, hi, ख़ोजा) are a mainly Nizari Isma'ili Shia community of people originating in Gujarat, India. Derived from the Persian Khwaja, a term of honor, the word Khoja is used to refer to Lohana Rajp ...

Jahangir Khoja Jahanghir Khoja, Jāhangīr Khwāja or Jihangir Khoja (, جهانگير خوجة; ; 1788 – 1828), was a member of the influential East Turkestan Afaqi khoja clan, who managed to wrest Kashgaria from the Qing Empire's power for a few years ...

, attacked

Xinjiang Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwes ...

from Kokand in the

Afaqi Khoja revolts In 1759, the Qing dynasty of China defeated the Dzungar Khanate and completed the conquest of Dzungaria. Concurrent with this conquest, the Qing occupied the Altishahr region of Eastern Turkestan which had been settled by Muslims who followed the ...

. By the end of 1826, the former Qing cities of

Kashgar Kashgar ( ug, قەشقەر, Qeshqer) or Kashi ( zh, c=喀什) is an oasis city in the Tarim Basin region of Southern Xinjiang. It is one of the westernmost cities of China, near the border with Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Pakistan. ...

Yarkand Yarkant County,, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also Shache County,, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also transliterated from Uyghur as Yakan County, is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous ...

Khotan Hotan (also known as Gosthana, Gaustana, Godana, Godaniya, Khotan, Hetian, Hotien) is a major oasis town in southwestern Xinjiang, an autonomous region in Western China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger Hotan County to become ...

, and

Yangihissar Yengisar County, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (also known as Yangi Hissar); via Mandarin Chinese known as Yingjisha, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (Ying-chi-sha), is a county in the southwest of ...

had all fallen to the rebels. After a friend betrayed him in March 1827, Khoja was sent to Beijing in an iron litter and subsequently executed, while the Qing Empire regained control of their lost territory. The Uyghur Muslim

Sayyid ''Sayyid'' (, ; ar, سيد ; ; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master'; Arabic plural: ; feminine: ; ) is a surname of people descending from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali, sons of Muhamm ...

and

Naqshbandi The Naqshbandi ( fa, نقشبندی)), Neqshebendi ( ku, نه‌قشه‌به‌ندی), and Nakşibendi (in Turkish) is a major Sunni order of Sufism. Its name is derived from Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari. Naqshbandi masters trace their ...

Sufi Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, r ...

rebel of the Afaqi suborder,

was sliced to death (Lingchi) in 1828 by the Manchus for leading a rebellion against the Qing.

First Opium War

During the Daoguang Emperor's reign, China experienced major problems with

opium Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: ''Lachryma papaveris'') is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy '' Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which ...

, which was imported into China by British merchants. Opium had started to trickle into China during the reign of the

Yongzheng Emperor The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), also known by his temple name Emperor Shizong of Qing, born Yinzhen, was the fourth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He reigned from ...

, but was limited to approximately 200 chests annually. By the time of the Qianlong era, this amount had increased to 1,000 chests, 4,000 chests by the Jiaqing era and more than 30,000 chests during the Daoguang era. Destroying Chinese war junks, by E

The Daoguang Emperor issued many imperial edicts banning opium in the 1820s and 1830s, which were carried out by

Lin Zexu Lin Zexu (30 August 1785 – 22 November 1850), courtesy name Yuanfu, was a Chinese political philosopher and politician. He was the head of states (Viceroy), Governor General, scholar-official, and under the Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynas ...

, whom he appointed as an Imperial Commissioner to

Canton Canton may refer to: Administrative division terminology * Canton (administrative division), territorial/administrative division in some countries, notably Switzerland * Township (Canada), known as ''canton'' in Canadian French Arts and ente ...

. Lin Zexu's efforts to halt the spread of opium in China led directly to the

. With China losing the war, Lin Zexu was made a scapegoat. The Daoguang Emperor removed his authority and banished him to Yili. The loss in the war exposed Qing China's technological and military inferiority to European powers, this led China in being forced to cede Hong Kong to the British in the

Treaty of Nanjing The Treaty of Nanjing was the peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–1842) between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842. It was the first of what the Chinese later termed the Unequal Treaties. In the ...

in August 1842, and also pay a hefty indemnity which led the treasury desperate for funds. Meanwhile, in the Himalayas, the

Sikh Empire The Sikh Empire was a state originating in the Indian subcontinent, formed under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who established an empire based in the Punjab. The empire existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahor ...

attempted an occupation of Tibet but was defeated in the Sino-Sikh war (1841–1842).

Anti-Christianity

In 1811, a clause sentencing Europeans to death for spreading

Catholicism The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

had been added to the statute called "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術) in the

Great Qing Legal Code The Great Qing Legal Code (or Great Ching Legal Code), also known as the Qing Code (Ching Code) or, in Hong Kong law, as the ''Ta Tsing Leu Lee'' (大清律例), was the legal code of the Qing empire (1644–1912). The code was based on the Min ...

. Protestants hoped that the Qing government would discriminate between

Protestantism Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...

and Catholicism, since the law mentioned the latter by name, but after Protestant

missionaries A missionary is a member of a religious group which is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.Thomas Hale 'On Being a Mi ...

gave Christian books to Chinese people in 1835 and 1836, the Daoguang Emperor demanded to know who were the "traitorous natives" in

Guangzhou Guangzhou (, ; ; or ; ), also known as Canton () and Chinese postal romanization, alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Guangdong Provinces of China, province in South China, sou ...

who had supplied them with books.

Noble titles

The Qing Dynasty Dao-Guang Emperor of China

The Daoguang Emperor granted the title of "Wujing Boshi" () to the descendants of Ran Qiu.

Death and legacy

The Daoguang Emperor died on 26 February 1850 at the

Old Summer Palace The Old Summer Palace, also known as Yuanmingyuan () or Yuanmingyuan Park, originally called the Imperial Gardens (), and sometimes called the Winter Palace, was a complex of palaces and gardens in present-day Haidian District, Beijing, China. ...

, 8 km/5 miles northwest of

, being the last Qing emperor to pass away in that Palace before it was burnt down by Anglo-French troops during the

Second Opium War The Second Opium War (), also known as the Second Anglo-Sino War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a colonial war lasting from 1856 to 1860, which pitted the British Empire#Britain's imperial ...

, a decade later. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Yizhu, who was later enthroned as the Xianfeng Emperor. The Daoguang Emperor failed to understand the intention or determination of the Europeans, or the basic economics of a war on drugs. Although the Europeans were outnumbered and thousands of miles away from logistical support in their native countries, they could bring far superior firepower to bear at any point of contact along the Chinese coast. The Qing government was highly dependent on the continued flow of taxes from southern China via the Grand Canal, which the British expeditionary force easily cut off at

Zhenjiang Zhenjiang, alternately romanized as Chinkiang, is a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu Province, China. It lies on the southern bank of the Yangtze River near its intersection with the Grand Canal. It is opposite Yangzhou (to its north) a ...

. The Daoguang Emperor ultimately had a poor understanding of the British and the

industrial revolution The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going f ...

that Britain and Western Europe had undergone, preferring to turn a blind eye to the rest of the world, though the distance from China to Europe most likely played a part. It was said that the emperor did not even know where Britain was located in the world. His 30-year reign saw rising economic tensions, sectarian instability and foreign interventions which would eventually lead to the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911. The Daoguang Emperor was interred in the Mu (慕; lit. "Longing" or "Admiration") mausoleum complex, which is part of the

Western Qing Tombs The Western Qing tombs (; ) are located some southwest of Beijing in Yi County, Hebei Province. They constitute a necropolis that incorporates four royal mausoleums where seventy-eight royal members are buried. These include four emperors of th ...

, 120 km southwest of Beijing.

Family

Empress *

Empress Xiaomucheng Empress Xiaomucheng (1781 – 17 February 1808), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Niohuru clan, was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor. Life Family background Empress Xiaomucheng's personal name was not recorded in history. * Father: Buyan ...

, of the

Niohuru The Niohuru (Manchu: ; in Manchu) were a prominent Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty. The clan had inhabited the Changbai Mountains since as early as the Liao dynasty. The clan was well known during the Qing dynasty for producing a variety o ...

clan (孝穆成皇后鈕祜祿氏; 1781 – 17 February 1808), fifth cousin eight times removed
Titles: Primary Consort of the Second Prince (二皇子福晋) *

Empress Xiaoshencheng Empress Xiaoshencheng (5 July 1792 – 16 June 1833), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Tunggiya clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and first empress consort of Mianning, the Daoguang Emperor. She was Empress consort of Qing f ...

, of the Tunggiya clan (孝慎成皇后佟佳氏; 5 July 1792 – 16 June 1833)
Titles: Second Primary Consort of the Second Prince (二皇子继福晋) → Princess Consort Zhi of the First Rank (智亲王妃) → Empress (皇后) ** Princess Duanmin of the First Rank (端憫固倫公主; 29 July 1813 – 7 December 1819), first daughter *

Empress Xiaoquancheng Empress Xiaoquancheng (24 March 1808 – 13 February 1840), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Niohuru clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and second empress consort of Mianning, the Daoguang Emperor. She was Empress consort of ...

, of the

clan (孝全成皇后鈕祜祿氏; 24 March 1808 – 13 February 1840)
Titles: Noble Lady Quan (全貴人) → Imperial Concubine Quan (全嬪) → Consort Quan (全妃) → Noble Consort Quan (全貴妃) → Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃) → Empress (皇后) ** ''Miscarriage'' (2 January 1824) ** ''Princess Duanshun of the First Rank'' (端順固倫公主; 8 April 1825 – 27 December 1835), third daughter ** Princess Shou'an of the First Rank (壽安固倫公主; 12 May 1826 – 24 March 1860), fourth daughter *** Married Demchüghjab (德穆楚克扎布; d. 1865) of the Naiman Borjigit clan on 15 November 1841 ** Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor (文宗奕詝; 17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861), fourth son *

Empress Xiaojingcheng Empress Xiaojingcheng (19 June 1812 – 21 August 1855), of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Borjigit clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to a consort of Mianning, the Daoguang Emperor. She was honoured as Empress Dowager Kangci during the rei ...

, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (孝靜成皇后博爾濟吉特氏; 19 June 1812 – 21 August 1855), fifth cousin
Titles: Noble Lady Jing (靜貴人) → Imperial Concubine Jing (靜嬪) → Consort Jing (靜妃) → Noble Consort Jing (靜貴妃) → Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃) → Imperial Noble Consort Dowager Kangci (康慈皇貴太妃) → Empress Dowager Kangci (康慈皇太后) ** Yigang, Prince Shunhe of the Second Rank (順和郡王奕綱; 22 November 1826 – 5 March 1827), second son ** Miscarriage at four months (28 June 1828) ** Yiji, Prince Huizhi of the Second Rank (慧質郡王奕繼; 2 December 1829 – 22 January 1830), third son ** Princess Shou'en of the First Rank (壽恩固倫公主; 20 January 1831 – 15 May 1859), sixth daughter *** Married Jingshou (景壽; 1829–1889) of the Manchu Fuca clan in May/June 1845, and had issue. ** Yixin, Prince Gongzhong of the First Rank (恭忠親王奕䜣; 11 January 1833 – 29 May 1898), sixth son Imperial Noble Consort *

Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun (29 November 1822 – 13 December 1866), of the Manchu Uya clan, was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor. She was 40 years his junior. Life Family background Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun's personal name was ...

, of the Uya clan (莊順皇貴妃烏雅氏; 29 November 1822 – 13 December 1866)
Titles: Noble Lady Lin (琳貴人) → First Class Attendant Xiu (秀常在) → Noble Lady Lin (琳貴人) → Imperial Concubine Lin (琳嬪) → Consort Lin (琳妃) → Noble Consort Lin (琳貴妃) → Noble Consort Dowager Lin (琳貴太妃) → Grand Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Lin (琳太皇貴太妃) ** Yixuan, Prince Chunxian of the First Rank (醇賢親王奕譞; 16 October 1840 – 1 January 1891), seventh son ** Princess Shouzhuang of the First Rank (壽莊固倫公主; 24 March 1842 – 11 March 1884), ninth daughter *** Married Dehui (德徽; d. 1859) of the Bolod (博罗特) clan in December 1859 or January 1860 and had issue (daughter) **

Yihe Aisin Gioro Yihe (奕詥; 14 March 1844 – 17 December 1868) was Daoguang Emperor's eighth son and the first holder of Prince Zhong peerage. As the peerage was not granted perpetual inheritability, Yihe's potential successors would hold diminished ...

, Prince Zhongduan of the Second Rank (鐘端郡王奕詥; 14 March 1844 – 17 December 1868), eighth son **

Yihui Aisin Gioro Yihui (奕譓; 15 November 1845 – 22 March 1877) was the Daoguang Emperor's ninth son and the first holder of the Prince Fu of the Second Rank title. As the peerage was not granted iron-cap status, his successors would hold diminishe ...

, Prince Fujing of the Second Rank (孚敬郡王奕譓; 15 November 1845 – 22 March 1877), ninth son ** Miscarriage (1848) Noble Consort *

Noble Consort Tong Noble Consort Tong (3 June 1817 – 1877), of the Manchu Šumuru clan, was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor. She was 35 years his junior. Life Very little is known about Lady Šumuru's life before she entered the Forbidden City. Family backgr ...

, of the Šumuru clan (彤貴妃舒穆魯氏; 3 June 1817 – 9 November 1875)
Titles: Noble Lady Mu (睦貴人) → Imperial Concubine Tong (彤嬪) → Consort Tong (彤妃) → Noble Consort Tong (彤貴妃) → Noble Lady Tong (彤貴人) → Dowager Imperial Concubine Tong (彤太嬪) → Grand Dowager Noble Consort Tong (彤太貴太妃) ** Seventh daughter (30 July 1840 – 27 January 1845) ** Princess Shouxi of the Second Rank (壽禧和碩公主; 7 January 1842 – 10 September 1866), eighth daughter *** Married Jalafungga (扎拉豐阿; d. 1898) of the Manchu

clan in November/December 1863 ** Tenth daughter (4 May 1844 – 26 February 1845) *

Noble Consort Jia Noble Consort Jia (; 21 November 1816 - 24 May 1890), of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Gogiya clan, was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor. Life Family background Noble Consort Jia was a member of Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Gogiya clan. H ...

, of the Gogiya clan (佳貴妃郭佳氏; 21 November 1816 – 24 May 1890)
Titles: Noble Lady Jia (佳贵人) → Imperial Concubine Jia (佳嬪) → Noble Lady Jia (佳贵人) → Dowager Imperial Concubine Jia (佳太嬪) → Grand Consort Dowager Jia (佳太皇妃) → Grand Dowager Noble Consort Jia (佳太貴太妃) *

Noble Consort Cheng Noble Consort Cheng (; 10 March 1813 – 10 May 1888), of the Plain Red Banner Niohuru clan, was a consort of Daoguang Emperor. Life Family background Noble Consort Cheng's personal name wasn't recorded in history. Her family belonged to the ...

, of the

clan (成貴妃鈕祜祿氏; 10 March 1813 – 10 May 1888)
Titles: Noble Lady Cheng (成貴人) → First Class Female Attendant Yu (餘常在) → Noble Lady Cheng (成貴人) → Imperial Concubine Cheng (成嬪) → Noble Lady Cheng (成貴人) → Dowager Imperial Concubine Cheng (成太嬪) → Grand Consort Dowager Cheng (成太妃) → Grand Dowager Noble Consort Cheng (成太貴太妃) Consort * Consort He, of the Hoifa Nara clan (和妃輝發那拉氏; d. 18 May 1836)
Titles: Lady-in-waiting (官女子) → Secondary Consort of the Second Prince (二皇子侧妃) → Secondary Consort of Prince Zhi (智亲王侧妃) → Imperial Concubine He (和嬪) → Consort He (和妃) ** Yiwei, Prince Yinzhi of the Second Rank (隱志郡王奕緯; 16 May 1808 – 23 May 1831), first son and ''heir presumptive'' for the greater part of his father's early reign * Consort Xiang, of the

clan (祥妃鈕祜祿氏; 9 February 1808 – 15 February 1861)
Titles: Noble Lady Xiang (祥貴人) → Imperial Concubine Xiang (祥嬪) → Consort Xiang (祥妃) → Noble Lady Xiang (祥貴人) → Dowager Imperial Concubine Xiang (祥太嬪) → Grand Consort Dowager Xiang (祥太皇妃) ** Second daughter (2 March 1825 – 27 August 1825) ** Princess Shouzang of the Second Rank (壽臧和碩公主; 15 November 1829 – 9 August 1856), fifth daughter *** Married Enchong (恩崇; d. 1864) of the Manchu Namdulu (那木都魯) clan on 3 January 1843 ** Yicong, Prince Dunqin of the First Rank (惇勤親王奕誴; 23 July 1831 – 18 February 1889), fifth son; adopted by his uncle Miankai (綿愷) early on *

Consort Chang Consort Chang (31 December 1808 – 10 May 1860), of the Manchu Hešeri clan belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner, was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor. Life Family background Consort Chang's personal name wasn't recorded in history. She w ...

, of the

Hešeri Hešeri ( Chinese: 赫舍里; Pinyin: Hesheli; Manchu: ''Hešeri''), is a clan of Manchu nobility with Jianzhou Jurchens roots, originally hailing from the area which is now the modern Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning. It was once one of ...

clan (常妃赫舍里氏; 31 December 1808 – 10 May 1860)
Titles: Noble Lady Zhen (珍貴人) → Imperial Concubine Zhen (珍嬪) → Consort Zhen (珍妃) → Imperial Concubine Zhen (珍嬪) → Noble Lady Chang (常貴人) → Dowager Imperial Concubine Chang (常太嬪) Imperial Concubine * Imperial Concubine Tian, of the Fuca clan (恬嬪富察氏; 15 April 1789 – 21 August 1845)
Titles: Secondary Consort of the Second Prince (二皇子侧妃) → Secondary Consort of Prince Zhi (智亲王侧妃) → Imperial Concubine Tian (恬嬪) * Imperial Concubine Shun, of the Hoifa Nara clan (順嬪那拉氏; 21 March 1809 – 11 April 1868)
Titles: First Class Female Attendant Shun (顺常在) → Noble Lady Shun (顺贵人) → First Class Female Attendant Shun (顺常在) → Dowager Noble Lady Shun (顺太贵人)→ Grand Dowager Imperial Concubine Shun (顺太嬪) * Imperial Concubine Yu, of the Shang clan (豫嬪尚氏; 20 December 1816 – 24 September 1897)
Titles: First Class Female Attendant Ling (玲常在) → Second Class Female Attendant Shang (尚答应) → Dowager First Class Female Attendant Shang (尚太常在) → Grand Dowager Noble Lady Shang (尚太贵人)→ Grand Dowager Imperial Concubine Yu (豫太嬪) * Imperial Concubine Heng, of the Cai clan (恆嬪蔡氏; d. 28 May 1876)
Titles: Noble Lady Yi (宜貴人) → First Class Female Attendant Yi (宜常在) → Second Class Female Attendant (答应) → Dowager First Class Female Attendant (太常在) → Dowager Noble Lady (太贵人) → Grand Dowager Imperial Concubine Heng (恆太嬪) Noble Lady * Noble Lady Ping, of the Zhao clan (平貴人趙氏; d. 5 May 1823)
Titles: Noble Lady Ping (平貴人) * Noble Lady Li, of the Li clan (李貴人李氏; 25 November 1827 – 26 March 1872)
Titles: First-Class Female Attendant Yi (意常在) → Second-Class Female Attendant Li (李答應) → First-Class Female Attendant (常在) → Noble Lady Li (李貴人) * Noble Lady Na, of the Hoifa Nara clan (那貴人輝發那拉氏; 5 August 1825 – 9 September 1865)
Titles: First-Class Female Attendant Lu (琭常在) → Noble Lady Lu (琭貴人) → First-Class Female Attendant Lu (琭常在) → Second-Class Female Attendant Lu (琭答應) → First-Class Female Attendant Lu (琭常在) → Second-Class Female Attendant Na (那答應) → First-Class Female Attendant Na (那常在) → Noble Lady Na (那貴人) * Noble Lady Ding, of the Sun clan (定貴人孫氏; d. 24 January 1843)
Titles: Noble Lady Ding (定貴人) Second-Class Female Attendant * Second-Class Female Attendant Mu, of the Heseri clan (睦答應赫舍里氏; d. 2 June 1832)
Titles: Noble Lady Mu (睦貴人) → Imperial Concubine Mu (睦嬪) → Noble Lady Mu (睦貴人) → First-Class Female Attendant Mu (睦常在) → Second-Class Female Attendant Mu (睦答應) → Lady-in-waiting (官女子) → Second-Class Female Attendant Mu (睦答應) Lady-in-waiting * Lady-in-waiting, of the Liu clan (劉官女子劉氏; d. 1843)
Titles: First-Class Female Attendant (曼常在) → Second-Class Female Attendant (劉答應) →Lady-in-waiting (官女子)

Ancestry

Popular culture

* Portrayed by Lo Chun-shun in ''

The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty ''The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty'' is a long-running four part television series about the history of the Qing dynasty. The series was produced by Hong Kong's ATV and was aired on ATV Home from September 1987 to May 1992.Yesasia.com.Yesasia.co ...

'' (1988) * Portrayed by

Du Zhiguo Du Zhiguo (born 29 September 1954) is a Chinese actor. Life Du joined the performing arts troupe of Tianjin Military District (天津警备区) at the age of 16. He initially learnt dancing before joining the drama class. Seven years later, he ...

in ''

Sigh of His Highness ''Sigh of His Highness'' is a Chinese historical television series based on the life of Prince Gong, an influential Manchu prince and statesman of the late Qing dynasty. The series was directed by Li Wenlong and starred Chen Baoguo as Prince Gong. ...

'' (2006) * Portrayed by

Sunny Chan Sunny Chan Kam-hung (born 1 January 1967) is a Hong Kong television and film actor. Career His film role the 1998 Hong Kong film '' Hold You Tight'' was the role that made him well known to the Chinese and East Asian public, and for which he ...

in ''

Curse of the Royal Harem ''Curse of the Royal Harem'' (Traditional Chinese: 萬凰之王; literally "The King Among Ten Thousand Phoenixes") is a 2011 Hong Kong period drama produced by TVB under executive producer Chong Wai-kin. The 45-minute episodes aired from 31 ...

'' (2011) * Portrayed by Nono Yeung in '' Succession War'' (2018)

References

Citations

Sources

* * * *

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Daoguang Emperor 1782 births 1850 deaths Qing dynasty emperors 19th-century Chinese monarchs 1820s in China 1830s in China 1840s in China Jiaqing Emperor's sons

Early years

Reign

Khoja rebellion in Xinjiang

First Opium War

Anti-Christianity

Noble titles

Death and legacy

Family

Ancestry

Popular culture

See also

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links