Dianthus

''Dianthus'' ( ) is a genus of about 340 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, native mainly to Europe and Asia, with a few species in north Africa and in southern Africa, and one species (''D. repens'') in arctic North America. Common names include carnation (''D. caryophyllus''), pink (''D. plumarius'' and related species) and sweet william (''D. barbatus'').

Description

The species are mostly herbaceous perennials, a few are annual or biennial, and some are low subshrubs with woody basal stems. The leaves are opposite, simple, mostly linear and often strongly glaucous grey green to blue green. The flowers have five petals, typically with a frilled or pinked margin, and are (in almost all species) pale to dark pink. One species, ''D.'' ''knappii'', has yellow flowers with a purple centre. Some species, particularly the perennial pinks, are noted for their strong spicy fragrance.

Taxonomy

Species

Selected species include:

Hybrids include;
* 'Devon Xera' – Fire Star Dianthus
* 'John Prichard'

Etymology

The name ''Dianthus'' is from the Greek διόσανθος, a compound from the words Δῖος ''Dios'' ("of Zeus") and ἄνθος ''anthos'' ("flower"), and was cited by the Greek botanist Theophrastus. The colour pink may be named after the flower, coming from the frilled edge of the flowers: the verb "to pink" dates from the 14th century and means "to decorate with a perforated or punched pattern", as demonstrated by the name of " pinking shears", special scissors for cloth that create a zigzag or decorative edge that discourages fraying. Alternatively, "pink" may be derived from the Dutch "pinksteren" alluding to the season of flowering; "pinksteren" meaning "Pentecost" in Dutch. Thus the colour may be named after the flower, rather than the flower after the colour.

Ecology

''Dianthus'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including cabbage moth, double-striped pug, large yellow underwing and the lychnis. Also three species of ''Coleophora'' case-bearers feed exclusively on ''Dianthus''; ''C.'' ''dianthi'', ''C.'' ''dianthivora'' and ''C.'' ''musculella'' (which feeds exclusively on ''D.'' ''superbus'').

Cultivation

Since 1717, dianthus species have been extensively bred and hybridised to produce many thousands of cultivars for garden use and floristry, in all shades of white, pink, yellow and red, with a huge variety of flower shapes and markings. They are often divided into the following main groups:

* Border carnations – fully hardy, growing to , large blooms
* Perpetual flowering carnations – grown under glass, flowering throughout the year, often used for exhibition purposes, growing to
* Malmaison carnations – derived from the variety 'Souvenir de la Malmaison', growing to , grown for their intense "clove" fragrance
* Old-fashioned pinks – older varieties; evergreen perennials forming mounds of blue-green foliage with masses of flowers in summer, growing to
* Modern pinks – newer varieties, growing to , often blooming two or three times per year
* Alpine pinks – mat-forming perennials, suitable for the rockery or alpine garden, growing to

Over 100 varieties have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Culture

In the language of flowers, pink ''Dianthus'' symbolize boldness.

'' Dianthus gratianopolitanus'' – the Cheddar pink – was chosen as the county flower of Somerset in 2002 following a poll by the wild flora conservation charity Plantlife.Plantlife websit
''County Flowers page''.
'' Dianthus japonicus'' is the official flower of Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan.

In Japan, '' Dianthus superbus'' – the fringed pink or nadeshiko – is used in the term Yamato nadeshiko to describe the archetype of a traditional ideal woman.

Gallery

File:Dianthus alpinus Alpennelke Rax.jpg, '' Dianthus alpinus''
File:Spring Flowers.JPG, '' Dianthus barbatus''
File:Dianthus carthusianorum 160505.jpg, '' Dianthus carthusianorum''
File:Starr 070730-7932 Dianthus caryophyllus.jpg, ''Dianthus caryophyllus''
File:Dianthus caryophyllus0.jpg, ''Dianthus caryophyllus'' seed heads
File:Dianthus chinensis × barbatus.jpg, Hybrid ''Dianthus chinensis × barbatus''
File:Dianthus monspessulanus.jpg, '' Dianthus monspessulanus''
File:Dianthus monspessulanus 6.JPG, Carnation '' Dianthus monspessulanus''
File:Dianthus shinanensis Shinanonadeshiko in eboshidake 1997-8-14.jpg, '' Dianthus shinanensis''

See also

* List of Award of Garden Merit dianthus

References

External links

The Plant List

{{Authority control

Caryophyllaceae genera
Saponaceous plants
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus