''Dependoparvovirus'' (formerly ''Dependovirus'' or Adeno-associated virus group) is a genus in the subfamily '' Parvovirinae'' of the

virus A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living Cell (biology), cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are ...

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Parvoviridae Parvoviruses are a family of animal viruses that constitute the family ''Parvoviridae''. They have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes that typically contain two genes encoding for a replication initiator protein, called NS1, and the pr ...

''; they are Group II viruses according to the

Baltimore classification Baltimore classification is a system used to classify viruses based on their manner of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis. By organizing viruses based on their manner of mRNA production, it is possible to study viruses that behave similarly as a disti ...

. The name refers to the fact that all dependoviruses, except duck parvovirus and goose parvovirus, cannot replicate productively in their

host cell In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include ...

without the cell being coinfected by a

helper virus A helper virus is a virus that allows an otherwise-deficient coinfecting virus to replicate. These can be naturally occurring as with Hepatitis D virus, which requires Hepatitis B virus to coinfect cells in order to replicate. Helper viruses are a ...

such as an

adenovirus Adenoviruses (members of the family ''Adenoviridae'') are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome. Their name derives from t ...

, a

herpesvirus ''Orthoherpesviridae'', previously named and more widely known as ''Herpesviridae'', is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are commonly known as herp ...

, or a

vaccinia virus The vaccinia virus (VACV or VV) is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. It has a linear, double-stranded DNA genome approximately 190 kbp in length, which encodes approximately 250 genes. The dimensions of the ...

Species

The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * ''Dependoparvovirus anseriform1'', Muscovy duck parvovirus, also called Barbarie duck parvovirus * ''Dependoparvovirus anseriform2'', Anser anser dependoparvovirus * ''Dependoparvovirus anseriform3'', Dependoparvovirus zftwig01adas1 * ''Dependoparvovirus anseriform4'', Adeno-associated_virus_MHH-05-2015 * ''Dependoparvovirus anseriform5'', Dependoparvovirus zftwig05par3 * ''Dependoparvovirus avian1'', Avian adeno-associated virus * ''Dependoparvovirus avian2'', Avian adeno-associated virus BR_DF12 * ''Dependoparvovirus carnivoran1'', Feline dependoparvovirus * ''Dependoparvovirus carnivoran2'', ParvoviridaeDogfe340C1 * ''Dependoparvovirus carnivoran3'', ParvoviridaeDogfe380C5 * ''Dependoparvovirus carnivoran4'', ParvoviridaeDogfe346C1 * ''Dependoparvovirus carnivoran5'', ParvoviridaeDogfe385C1 * ''Dependoparvovirus carnivoran6'', ParvoviridaeDogfe383C2 * ''Dependoparvovirus chiropteran1'', Bat adeno-associated virus * ''Dependoparvovirus chiropteran2'', Desmodus rotundus dependoparvovirus * ''Dependoparvovirus mammalian1'', Adeno-associated virus 5 * ''Dependoparvovirus passeriform1'', Dependoparvovirus swa134par4 * ''Dependoparvovirus passeriform2'', Dependoparvovirus plw155par1 * ''Dependoparvovirus pinniped1'', California sea lion adeno-associated virus 1 * ''Dependoparvovirus primate1'', Adeno-associated virus 2 * ''Dependoparvovirus psittacine1'', Psittacidae dependoparvovirus * ''Dependoparvovirus rodent1'', Murine adeno-associated virus 1 * ''Dependoparvovirus rodent2'', Murine adeno-associated virus 2 * ''Dependoparvovirus rodent3'', Myodes glareolus adeno-associated virus 1 * ''Dependoparvovirus rodent4'', Myodes glareolus adeno-associated virus 2 * ''Dependoparvovirus squamate1'', Snake adeno-associated virus * ''Dependoparvovirus squamate2'', Bearded dragon parvovirus

Virology

Dependoparvoviruses have an icosahedral shape, measure 22 nm and are composed of 60 wedge-shaped proteins (triangulation number = 1). Three proteins (VP1, VP2 and VP3) are present in each capsomere. Each capsid is made from 5 VP1, 5 VP2, and 50 VP3 proteins. The capsid does not have an envelope. The genome is a single molecule of single stranded DNA with a length of 4.7 kilobases. It has only two

open reading frame In molecular biology, reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a prokaryotic DNA sequence, where only one of the six possible reading frames ...

s. The 3' open reading frame is the structural capsid protein, cap, which can be spliced to form two RNAs, one for virion protein 1 (VP1) and the other goes on to eventually make VP2 and VP3. The second gene, rep, can be spliced into four different, nonstructural, regulatory proteins that all aid in the genome replication. These proteins are named Rep 78, Rep68, Rep 52, and Rep 40 based on their molecular weight. Due to inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) at each end of the genome, a T-shaped

secondary structure Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains. The two most common Protein structure#Secondary structure, secondary structural elements are alpha helix, alpha helices and beta ...

is formed. The complementary areas leave a 3'

hydroxyl In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy ...

group single stranded for the replication to begin. This 3' hydroxyl group is used as a primer for the leading strand synthesis. Both positive and negative sense strands of DNA are made. Double stranded intermediates are formed throughout the replication; this means the two strands, positive and negative sense, will be matched up.

Host range

These viruses are capable of replication within all vertebrates. They are only limited by the virus they must infect with, also known as the helper virus. These helper viruses are necessary for the replication of a dependoparvovirus. A common helper virus in humans is the

Gene therapy

References

External links

ViralZone: Dependoparvovirus
{{Authority control Parvovirinae Virus genera