telecommunication Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than tha ...

, data signaling rate (DSR), also known as

gross bit rate In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable ''R'') is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. The bit rate is expressed in the unit bit per second (symbol: bit/s), often in conjunction w ...

, is the aggregate rate at which

data In the pursuit of knowledge, data (; ) is a collection of discrete values that convey information, describing quantity, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of symbols that may be further interpret ...

passes a point in the

transmission Transmission may refer to: Medicine, science and technology * Power transmission ** Electric power transmission ** Propulsion transmission, technology allowing controlled application of power *** Automatic transmission *** Manual transmission ** ...

path A path is a route for physical travel – see Trail. Path or PATH may also refer to: Physical paths of different types * Bicycle path * Bridle path, used by people on horseback * Course (navigation), the intended path of a vehicle * Desire ...

of a data

transmission system :''See Transmission (mechanics) for a car's transmission system'' In telecommunications, a transmission system is a system that transmits a signal from one place to another. The signal can be an electrical, optical or radio signal. Some transmiss ...

. # The DSR is usually expressed in bits per second. # The data

signaling In signal processing, a signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon. Any quantity that can vary over space or time can be used as a signal to share messages between observers. The '' IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing' ...

rate is given by

\sum_^ \frac

where ''m'' is the number of parallel channels, ''n_i'' is the number of significant conditions of the

modulation In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the '' carrier signal'', with a separate signal called the ''modulation signal'' that typically contains informat ...

in the ''i''-th channel, and ''T_i'' is the

unit interval In mathematics, the unit interval is the closed interval , that is, the set of all real numbers that are greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1. It is often denoted ' (capital letter ). In addition to its role in real analys ...

, expressed in seconds, for the ''i''-th channel. # For

serial transmission In telecommunication and data transmission, serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communication, where several bits are s ...

in a single channel, the DSR reduces to (1/''T'')log₂''n''; with a two-condition modulation, i. e. ''n'' = 2, the DSR is 1/''T'', according to

Hartley's law Hartley's is a brand of marmalades, jams and jellies, originally from the United Kingdom, which is manufactured at Histon, Cambridgeshire. The brand was formerly owned by Premier Foods, until it was sold along with the factory in Histon to Hain ...

. # For

parallel transmission In data transmission, parallel communication is a method of conveying multiple binary digits (bits) simultaneously using multiple conductors. This contrasts with serial communication, which conveys only a single bit at a time; this distinction i ...

with equal unit intervals and equal numbers of significant conditions on each channel, the DSR is (''m''/''T'')log₂''n''; in the case of a two-condition

, this reduces to ''m''/''T''. # The DSR may be expressed in

baud In telecommunication and electronics, baud (; symbol: Bd) is a common unit of measurement of symbol rate, which is one of the components that determine the speed of communication over a data channel. It is the unit for symbol rate or modulatio ...

s, in which case, the factor log₂''n_i'' in the above summation formula should be deleted when calculating bauds. # In synchronous

binary Binary may refer to: Science and technology Mathematics * Binary number, a representation of numbers using only two digits (0 and 1) * Binary function, a function that takes two arguments * Binary operation, a mathematical operation that ta ...

, the DSR in bits per second may be numerically the same as the

modulation rate In a digitally modulated signal or a line code, symbol rate, modulation rate or baud rate is the number of symbol changes, waveform changes, or signaling events across the transmission medium per unit of time. The symbol rate is measured in '' ...

expressed in bauds.

Signal In signal processing, a signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon. Any quantity that can vary over space or time can be used as a signal to share messages between observers. The '' IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing' ...

processors, such as four-

phase Phase or phases may refer to: Science *State of matter, or phase, one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist *Phase (matter), a region of space throughout which all physical properties are essentially uniform *Phase space, a mathematica ...

modems, cannot change the DSR, but the modulation rate depends on the

line Line most often refers to: * Line (geometry), object with zero thickness and curvature that stretches to infinity * Telephone line, a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system Line, lines, The Line, or LINE may also refer to: Art ...

modulation scheme, in accordance with Note 4. For example, in a 2400 bit/s 4-phase sending

modem A modulator-demodulator or modem is a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format suitable for an analog transmission medium such as telephone or radio. A modem transmits data by modulating one or more c ...

, the signaling rate is 2400 bit/s on the serial input side, but the modulation rate is only 1200 bauds on the 4-phase output side.

Maximum rate

The ''maximum user signaling rate'', synonymous to

or data signaling rate, is the maximum rate, in bits per second, at which

information Information is an abstract concept that refers to that which has the power to inform. At the most fundamental level information pertains to the interpretation of that which may be sensed. Any natural process that is not completely random, ...

can be transferred in a given direction between users over the

telecommunications system A communications system or communication system is a collection of individual telecommunications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and terminal equipment usually capable of interconnection and interoperatio ...

facilities dedicated to a particular

information transfer In telecommunications, information transfer is the process of moving messages containing user information from a source to a sink via a communication channel. In this sense, information transfer is equivalent to data transmission which highlights ...

transaction, under conditions of continuous

and no

overhead information Overhead information is digital information transferred across the functional interface between a user and a telecommunications system A system is a group of Interaction, interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rul ...

. For a single channel, the

rate is given by

SCSR = \frac

, where ''SCSR'' is the single-channel signaling rate in bits per second, ''T'' is the minimum

time Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, t ...

interval in seconds for which each level must be maintained, and n is the number of significant conditions of

of the channel. In the case where an individual end-to-end

telecommunications service In telecommunication, a telecommunications service is a service provided by a Telecommunications company, telecommunications provider, or a specified set of User (telecommunications), user-information transfer capabilities provided to a group of use ...

is provided by parallel channels, the parallel-channel signaling rate is given by

PCSR = \sum_^ \frac

, where ''PCSR'' is the total

rate for ''m'' channels, ''m'' is the number of parallel channels, ''T_i'' is the minimum interval between significant instants for the ''I''-th channel, and ''n_i'' is the number of significant conditions of

for the ''I''-th channel. In the case where an end-to-end

is provided by

tandem Tandem, or in tandem, is an arrangement in which a team of machines, animals or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction. The original use of the term in English was in ''tandem harness'', which is used for two ...

channels, the end-to-end signaling rate is the lowest signaling rate among the component channels.

Rates and standards

References

* {{FS1037C Data transmission Temporal rates

Maximum rate

Rates and standards

See also

References