Crown corporations in Canada are government organizations with a mixture of

commercial Commercial may refer to: * a dose of advertising conveyed through media (such as - for example - radio or television) ** Radio advertisement ** Television advertisement * (adjective for:) commerce, a system of voluntary exchange of products and s ...

and public-policy objectives.Tupper, Allan. 2006 February 7.
Crown Corporation
" ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' (last edited 2021 March 18). Retrieved 2021 May 19. They are directly and wholly owned by

the Crown The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their subdivisions (such as the Crown Dependencies, overseas territories, provinces, or states). Legally ill-defined, the term has differ ...

(i.e. the government of Canada or a province). Crown corporations represent a specific form of

state-owned enterprise A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a government entity which is established or nationalised by the ''national government'' or ''provincial government'' by an executive order or an act of legislation in order to earn profit for the governmen ...

. Each corporation is ultimately accountable to (federal or provincial)

Parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...

through a relevant minister for the conduct of its affairs. They are established by an

Act of Parliament Acts of Parliament, sometimes referred to as primary legislation, are texts of law passed by the legislative body of a jurisdiction (often a parliament or council). In most countries with a parliamentary system of government, acts of parliame ...

and report to that body via the relevant minister in

Cabinet Cabinet or The Cabinet may refer to: Furniture * Cabinetry, a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and/or drawers * Display cabinet, a piece of furniture with one or more transparent glass sheets or transparent polycarbonate sheets * Filin ...

, though they are "shielded from constant government intervention and legislative oversight" and thus "generally enjoy greater freedom from direct political control than government departments." Crown corporations are distinct from "departmental corporations" such as the

Canada Revenue Agency The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA; ; ) is the revenue service of the Canadian federal government, and most provincial and territorial governments. The CRA collects taxes, administers tax law and policy, and delivers benefit programs and tax cre ...

. Crown corporations have a long-standing presence in the country and have been instrumental in its formation. They can provide services required by the public that otherwise would not be economically viable as a

private enterprise A privately held company (or simply a private company) is a company whose shares and related rights or obligations are not offered for public subscription or publicly negotiated in the respective listed markets, but rather the company's stock is ...

or that do not fit exactly within the scope of any ministry. They are involved in everything from the distribution, use, and price of certain goods and services to energy development, resource extraction, public transportation, cultural promotion, and

property management Property management is the operation, control, maintenance, and oversight of real estate and physical property. This can include residential, commercial, and land real estate. Management indicates the need for real estate to be cared for and monit ...

. , there were 47 federal Crown corporations in Canada. Provinces and territories operate their own Crown corporations independently of the federal government.

Structure

In Canada, Crown corporations within either the federal or provincial level are owned by the Crown as the institution's sole legal

shareholder A shareholder (in the United States often referred to as stockholder) of a corporation is an individual or legal entity (such as another corporation, a body politic, a trust or partnership) that is registered by the corporation as the legal o ...

. This follows the legal premise that the

monarch A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College DictionarMonarch Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. Life tenure, for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority ...

, as the personification of Canada, owns all state property. Established by an

, each corporation is ultimately accountable to (federal or provincial)

through a relevant minister for the conduct of its affairs. Although these corporations are owned by the Crown, they are operated with much greater managerial

autonomy In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one' ...

than government departments. While they report to Parliament via the relevant minister in

, they are "shielded from constant government intervention and legislative oversight" and thus "generally enjoy greater freedom from direct political control than government departments." Direct control over operations are only exerted over the corporation's budget and the appointment of its senior leadership through

Orders-in-Council An Order-in-Council is a type of legislation in many countries, especially the Commonwealth realms. In the United Kingdom this legislation is formally made in the name of the monarch by and with the advice and consent of the Privy Council (' ...

. Further, in the federal sphere, certain Crown corporations can be an agent or non-agent of the Crown. One with agent status is entitled to the same constitutional prerogatives, privileges, and immunities held by the Crown and can bind the Crown by its acts. The Crown is thus entirely responsible for the actions of these organisations. The Crown is not liable for Crown corporations with non-agent status, except for actions of that corporation carried out on instruction from the government, though there may be "moral obligations" on the part of the Crown in other circumstances.

Function

Crown corporations are generally formed to fill a need that the federal or provincial government deems in the

national interest The national interest is a sovereign state's goals and ambitions (economic, military, cultural, or otherwise), taken to be the aim of government. Etymology The Italian phrase ''ragione degli stati'' was first used by Giovanni della Casa around ...

or not profitable for private industry. Some Crown corporations are expected to be profitable organisations, while others are non-commercial and rely entirely on public funds to operate.

History

Prior to the formation of Crown corporations as presently understood, much of what later became Canada was settled and governed by a similar type of entity called a ''

chartered company A chartered company is an association with investors or shareholders that is incorporated and granted rights (often exclusive rights) by royal charter (or similar instrument of government) for the purpose of trade, exploration, and/or coloni ...

''. These companies were established by a

royal charter A royal charter is a formal grant issued by a monarch under royal prerogative as letters patent. Historically, they have been used to promulgate public laws, the most famous example being the English Magna Carta (great charter) of 1215, b ...

by the Scottish,

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ...

, or

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

crown, but were owned by private investors. They fulfilled the dual roles of promoting government policy abroad and making a return for shareholders. Certain companies were mainly trading businesses, but some were given a mandate (by royal charter) to govern a specific territory called a charter colony, and the head of this colony, called a

proprietary governor A proprietary colony was a type of English colony mostly in North America and in the Caribbean in the 17th century. In the British Empire, all land belonged to the monarch, and it was his/her prerogative to divide. Therefore, all colonial propert ...

, was both a business manager and the governing authority in the area. The first colonies on the island of

Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador (; french: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region ...

were founded in this manner, between 1610 and 1728. Canada's most famous and influential chartered company was the

Hudson's Bay Company The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC; french: Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson) is a Canadian retail business group. A fur trading business for much of its existence, HBC now owns and operates retail stores in Canada. The company's namesake business di ...

(HBC), founded on May 2, 1670, by royal charter of King Charles II. The HBC became the world's largest land owner, at one point overseeing , territories that today incorporate the provinces of

Manitoba Manitoba ( ) is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada at the Centre of Canada, longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's Population of Canada by province and territory, fifth-most populous province, with a population o ...

Saskatchewan Saskatchewan ( ; ) is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province in Western Canada, western Canada, bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, to the northeast by Nunavut, and on t ...

and

Alberta Alberta ( ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest T ...

, as well as

Nunavut Nunavut ( , ; iu, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ , ; ) is the largest and northernmost territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the '' Nunavut Act'' and the '' Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act'' ...

, the

Northwest Territories The Northwest Territories (abbreviated ''NT'' or ''NWT''; french: Territoires du Nord-Ouest, formerly ''North-Western Territory'' and ''North-West Territories'' and namely shortened as ''Northwest Territory'') is a federal territory of Canada. ...

, and

Yukon Yukon (; ; formerly called Yukon Territory and also referred to as the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories. It also is the second-least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 43,964 as ...

. The HBC were often the point of first contact between the colonial government and First Nations. By the late 19th century, however, the HBC lost its monopoly over Rupert's Land and became a fully privatised company. The first Crown corporation was the Board of Works, established in 1841 by the

Province of Canada The Province of Canada (or the United Province of Canada or the United Canadas) was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867. Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, in the Report on the ...

to construct shipping canals.

Post-confederation

The first major Canadian experience with directly

state-owned enterprises A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a government entity which is established or nationalised by the ''national government'' or ''provincial government'' by an executive order or an act of legislation in order to earn profit for the governme ...

came during the early growth of the

railways Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a prep ...

. The first Canadian Crown corporation after confederation was the Canadian National Railway Company, created in 1922. During the earlier part of the century, many

British North America British North America comprised the colonial territories of the British Empire in North America from 1783 onwards. English colonisation of North America began in the 16th century in Newfoundland, then further south at Roanoke and Jamestow ...

n colonies that now comprise the Canadian federation had Crown corporations, often in the form of railways, such as the

Nova Scotia Railway The Nova Scotia Railway is a historic Canadian railway. It was composed of two lines, one connecting Richmond (immediately north of Halifax) with Windsor, the other connecting Richmond with Pictou Landing via Truro. The railway was incorpo ...

, since there was limited private capital available for such endeavours. When three British colonies joined to create the Canadian federation in 1867, these railways were transferred to the new central government. As well, the construction of the

Intercolonial Railway The Intercolonial Railway of Canada , also referred to as the Intercolonial Railway (ICR), was a historic Canadian railway that operated from 1872 to 1918, when it became part of Canadian National Railways. As the railway was also completely ow ...

between them was one of the terms of the new constitution. The first section of this entirely government-owned railway was completed in 1872.

Western Canada Western Canada, also referred to as the Western provinces, Canadian West or the Western provinces of Canada, and commonly known within Canada as the West, is a Canadian region that includes the four western provinces just north of the Canada� ...

's early railways were all run by privately owned companies backed by government subsidies and loans. By the early twentieth century, however, many of these had become

bankrupt Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor ...

. The federal government

nationalised Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization usually refers to p ...

several failing Western railways and combined them with its existing Intercolonial and other line in the East to create

Canadian National Railways The Canadian National Railway Company (french: Compagnie des chemins de fer nationaux du Canada) is a Canadian Class I freight railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, which serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States. C ...

(CNR) in 1918 as a transcontinental system. The CNR was unique in that was a

conglomerate Conglomerate or conglomeration may refer to: * Conglomerate (company) * Conglomerate (geology) * Conglomerate (mathematics) In popular culture: * The Conglomerate (American group), a production crew and musical group founded by Busta Rhymes ** ...

, and besides passenger and freight rail, it had inherited major business interests in shipping, hotels, and telegraphy and was able create new lines of business in broadcasting and air travel. Many of the components of this business empire were later spun off into new Crown corporations including some the most important businesses in the mid-20th-century economy of Canada, such

Air Canada Air Canada is the flag carrier and the largest airline of Canada by the size and passengers carried. Air Canada maintains its headquarters in the borough of Saint-Laurent, Montreal, Quebec. The airline, founded in 1937, provides scheduled an ...

, the

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (french: Société Radio-Canada), branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is a Canadian public broadcaster for both radio and television. It is a federal Crown corporation that receives funding from the governmen ...

(CBC),

Via Rail Via Rail Canada Inc. (), operating as Via Rail or Via, is a Canadian Crown corporation that is mandated to operate intercity passenger rail service in Canada. It receives an annual subsidy from Transport Canada to offset the cost of operating ...

, and Marine Atlantic. Provincial Crown corporations also re-emerged in the early 20th century, most notably in the selling of alcohol. Government monopoly

liquor stores A liquor store is a retail Retail is the sale of goods and services to consumers, in contrast to wholesaling, which is sale to business or institutional customers. A retailer purchases goods in large quantities from manufacturers, direct ...

were seen as a compromise between the recently ended era of Prohibition in Canada and the excesses of the previous open market which had led to calls for prohibition in the first place. Virtually all the provinces used this system at one point. The largest of these government liquor businesses, the

Liquor Control Board of Ontario The Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) is a Crown corporation that retails and distributes alcoholic beverages throughout the Canadian province of Ontario. It is accountable to the Legislative Assembly through the minister of finance. It wa ...

(founded 1927), was by 2008 one of the world's largest alcohol retailers. Resource and utility companies also emerged at this time, notably

Ontario Hydro Ontario Hydro, established in 1906 as the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, was a publicly owned electricity utility in the Province of Ontario. It was formed to build transmission lines to supply municipal utilities with electricity g ...

and

Alberta Government Telephones Alberta Government Telephones (AGT) was the telephone provider in most of Alberta from 1906 to 1991. AGT was formed by the Liberal government of Alexander Cameron Rutherford in 1906Wilson, Kevin G., Deregulating Telecommunications: U.S. and C ...

in 1906, and SaskTel in 1908. Provincial governments also re-entered the railway business as in Northern Alberta Railways in 1925 and what later became

BC Rail BC Rail is a railway in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Chartered as a private company in 1912 as the Pacific Great Eastern Railway (PGE), it was acquired by the provincial government in 1918. In 1972 it was renamed to the British ...

in 1918. A notable anomaly of this era is Canada's only provincially owned "bank" (though not called that for legal reasons)

Alberta Treasury Branches ATB Financial is a financial institution and Crown corporation wholly owned by the province of Alberta, the only province in Canada with such a financial institution under its exclusive ownership. Originally established as Alberta Treasury B ...

, created in 1937. The

Bank of Canada The Bank of Canada (BoC; french: Banque du Canada) is a Crown corporation and Canada's central bank. Chartered in 1934 under the ''Bank of Canada Act'', it is responsible for formulating Canada's monetary policy,OECD. OECD Economic Surveys: C ...

, originally privately owned, became a Crown corporation in 1938. New crown Corporations were also created throughout much of the mid-century. The federal Post Office Department became a Crown corporation as

Canada Post Corporation Canada Post Corporation (french: Société canadienne des postes), trading as Canada Post (french: Postes Canada), is a Crown corporations of Canada, Crown corporation that functions as the primary Postal administration, postal operator in Canada ...

in 1981, and Canada's

export credit agency An export credit agency (known in trade finance as an ECA) or investment insurance agency is a private or quasi-governmental institution that acts as an intermediary between national governments and exporters to issue export insurance solutions ...

, Export Development Canada, was created in 1985. Perhaps the most controversial was

Petro-Canada Petro-Canada is a retail and wholesale marketing brand subsidiary of Suncor Energy. Until 1991, it was a federal Crown corporation (a state-owned enterprise). In August 2009, Petro-Canada merged with Suncor Energy, with Suncor shareholders rec ...

, Canada's short-lived attempt to create a

national oil company A national oil company (NOC) is an oil and gas company fully or in the majority-owned by a national government. According to the World Bank, NOCs accounted for 75% global oil production and controlled 90% of proven oil reserves in 2010. Due to the ...

, founded in 1975. The heyday of Crown corporations ended in the late 1980s, and there has been much privatisation since that time, particularly at the federal level.

Provincial history

Not only the federal government was involved, but also the provinces, who were in engaged in an era of " province building" (expanding the reach and importance of the provincial governments) around this time. The prototypical example is

Hydro-Québec Hydro-Québec is a public utility that manages the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in the Canadian province of Quebec, as well as the export of power to portions of the Northeast United States. It was established by t ...

, founded in 1944 and now Canada's largest electricity generator and the world's largest producer of hydro-electricity. It is widely seen as a symbol of modern Quebec, helping to create the

Quiet Revolution The Quiet Revolution (french: Révolution tranquille) was a period of intense socio-political and socio-cultural change in French Canada which started in Quebec after the election of 1960, characterized by the effective secularization of govern ...

of the 1960s where French-speakers in Quebec rose to positions of influence in the industrial economy for the first time, and

Quebec nationalism Quebec nationalism or Québécois nationalism is a feeling and a political doctrine that prioritizes cultural belonging to, the defence of the interests of, and the recognition of the political legitimacy of the Québécois nation. It has bee ...

emerged as a political force. This model followed by

SaskPower Saskatchewan Power Corporation, operating as SaskPower, is the principal electric utility in Saskatchewan, Canada. Established in 1929 by the provincial government, it serves more than 538,000 customers and manages over $11.8 billion in assets. S ...

in 1944 and

BC Hydro The British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, operating as BC Hydro, is a Canadian electric utility in the province of British Columbia. It is the main electricity distributor, serving more than 4 million customers in most areas, with the exce ...

in 1961. Other areas provinces were active in included insurance (

Saskatchewan Government Insurance Saskatchewan Government Insurance (SGI) is a Canadian insurance company and a Crown corporation wholly owned by the Government of Saskatchewan. SGI's operations consist of the Saskatchewan Auto Fund, the compulsory public auto insurance program f ...

, 1945)

List of federal Crown corporations

List of provincial crown corporations

Alberta

In Alberta, the term ''

public agency In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public (a.k.a. the general public) is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the sociological concept of the ''Öffentlichkei ...

'' is used to describe "boards, commissions, tribunals or other organizations established by government, but not part of a government department." * Agriculture Financial Services Corporation * Alberta Capital Finance Authority (ACFA) *

Alberta Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis Commission Alberta ( ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Ter ...

* Alberta Indigenous Opportunities Corporation *

Alberta Investment Management Corporation Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo) is an Albertan Crown corporation and institutional investor established to manage several public funds and pensions headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta. AIMCo was established by an act of the Legi ...

(AIMCo) * Alberta Pensions Services Corporation * Alberta Petroleum Marketing Commission (APMC) * Alberta Innovates (AI) *

(ATB Financial) *

Credit Union Deposit Guarantee Corporation (Alberta) Credit Union Deposit Guarantee Corporation may refer to: * Credit Union Deposit Guarantee Corporation (Alberta) *Credit Union Deposit Guarantee Corporation (Newfoundland and Labrador) *Credit Union Deposit Guarantee Corporation (Saskatchewan) Credit ...

(CUDGC) * Travel Alberta

British Columbia

* BC Assessment Authority * B.C. Council for International Education *

BC Games Society The BC Games Society is a provincial crown corporation in British Columbia created in 1977. The organization is the governing body responsible for the BC Summer Games and BC Winter Games, and manages the Team BC program at the Canada Games. Ron B ...

* British Columbia Housing Management Commission (BC Housing) *

(formed in 1961) — took over the assets of the

British Columbia Electric Railway The British Columbia Electric Railway (BCER) was an historic railway which operated in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Originally the parent company for, and later a division of, BC Electric Company (now BC Hydro), the BCER assumed contr ...

. * BC Immigrant Investment Fund * BC Infrastructure Benefits (BCIB) * BC Innovation Council (BCIC) * BC Lottery Corporation * BC Liquor Distribution Branch ** BC Liquor Stores ** BC Cannabis Stores * BC Pavilion Corporation — originally created to manage the BC Pavilion during

Expo 86 The 1986 World Exposition on Transportation and Communication, or simply Expo 86, was a World's Fair held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada from May 2 until October 13, 1986. The fair, the theme of which was "Transportation and Communicat ...

, PavCo operates

BC Place Stadium BC Place is a multi-purpose stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Located at the north side of False Creek, it is owned and operated by the BC Pavilion Corporation (PavCo), a crown corporation of the province. The venue is currently ...

and the Vancouver Convention Centre. * BC Pension Corporation *

BC Transit BC Transit is a provincial crown corporation responsible for coordinating the delivery of public transportation within British Columbia, Canada, outside Greater Vancouver. BC Transit is headquartered in Victoria, British Columbia. In , the syst ...

* BC Transportation Financing Authority * British Columbia Investment Management Corporation (bcIMC) * British Columbia Public School Employers' Association * British Columbia Railway Company *

British Columbia Securities Commission The British Columbia Securities Commission (BCSC) is a regulation, regulatory agency which administers and enforces security (finance), securities legislation in the Canadian province of British Columbia. See also * Canadian securities regulation ...

* Columbia Basin Trust * Columbia Power Corporation * Community Living BC * Community Social Services Employers' Association * Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area * Crown Corporations Employers' Association * Destination BC *

First Peoples' Cultural Council The First Peoples’ Cultural Council (FPCC) is a First Nations governed Crown Corporation of the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is based in Brentwood Bay, British Columbia on Tsartlip First Nation. The organization was formerly known as ...

* Forestry Innovation Investment * Health Employers Association of British Columbia * Industry Training Authority *

Insurance Corporation of British Columbia The Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC) is a provincial Crown corporation in British Columbia providing insurance. ICBC was created in 1973 by the NDP government of Premier Dave Barrett. By law, any vehicle registered and driven ...

(ICBC; formed in 1973) *

Knowledge Network Knowledge Network, also branded as British Columbia's Knowledge Network, is a Canadian publicly funded educational cable television network serving the province of British Columbia. It is owned by the Knowledge Network Corporation, a Crown cor ...

* Legal Services Society * Nechako-Kitamaat Development Fund Society *

Oil and Gas Commission The BC Oil and Gas Commission is a Crown Corporation of the province of British Columbia, Canada, established in 1998. Its mandate is to regulate oil and gas activities and pipelines in British Columbia. Their mandate does not extend to regulatin ...

(formed in 1998) *

Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia The Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia (OCABC) is a Designated Policing and Law Enforcement Unit under the Police Act (B.C.) established on March 11, 1999. Similar to the structure and authority of municipal police departments in British ...

* Pacific Carbon Trust * Partnerships British Columbia Inc. * Post-secondary Employers' Association of British Columbia * Private Career Training Institutions Agency * Ridley Terminals, Inc. — Port of Prince Rupert * Royal British Columbia Museum (RBCM) * Transportation Investment Corporation (formed in 2008)

Manitoba

Crown corporations in

are supported by

Manitoba Crown Services Manitoba Crown Services ()—through the Crown Services Secretariat—provides strategic, regulatory, and policy support to the Crown corporations of Manitoba, as well as assisting in the reporting and oversight of all Crown corporations governe ...

. * Efficiency Manitoba *Manitoba Agricultural Services Corporation *

Manitoba Arts Council The Manitoba Arts Council (MAC; ) is a provincial crown corporation whose purpose is to promote the arts. The Council awards grants to professional artists and arts organizations in Manitoba in all art forms; it also provides related creative act ...

* Combative Sports Commission (formerly Manitoba Boxing Commission) * Manitoba Film and Music * Manitoba Housing and Renewal Corporation *

Manitoba Hydro The Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board, operating as Manitoba Hydro, is the electric power and natural gas utility in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Founded in 1961, it is a provincial Crown Corporation, governed by the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Boa ...

** Centra Gas Manitoba * Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation * Manitoba Public Insurance Corporation

New Brunswick

* Atlantic Lottery Corporation * Financial and Consumer Services Commission * NB Power * New Brunswick Liquor Corporation * Service New Brunswick *

New Brunswick Community College New Brunswick Community College (NBCC) is a community college located throughout various locations in New Brunswick, Canada including Moncton, Miramichi, Fredericton (its head office), Saint John, St. Andrews, and Woodstock. New Brunswick Com ...

* New Brunswick Investment Management Corporation * WorkSafeNB

Newfoundland and Labrador

* Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation Limited *

Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador The Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador (HFNL) or Heritage NL is a non-profit Crown corporation of the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador established in 1984 by the Historic Resources Act. Its mandate is to stimulate an unders ...

* Nalcor Energy * Newfoundland and Labrador Film Development Corporation * Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro * Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Corporation * Newfoundland and Labrador Liquor Corporation * Research & Development Corporation *

Defence Construction Canada Defence Construction Canada (DCC; french: Construction de Défense Canada) is a Crown corporation owned by the Government of Canada. DCC was created in 1951 to help build massive defence infrastructure during the Cold War. It was notably involved ...

Nova Scotia

Art Gallery of Nova Scotia The Art Gallery of Nova Scotia (AGNS) is a public provincial art museum based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The art museum's primary building complex is located in downtown Halifax and takes up approximately of space. The museum complex comp ...

* Develop Nova Scotia (formerly Waterfront Development Corporation Limited) * Film and Creative Industries Nova Scotia * Halifax Convention Centre Corporation (operating as Events East Group) *

Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission The Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission, operating as Halifax Harbour Bridges, is a Nova Scotia Crown corporation created in 1950 by provincial statute. It currently operates under a new statute passed in 2005 named the ''Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge ...

* Harbourside Commercial Park Inc. (HCPI) * Highway 104 Western Alignment Corporation — created by statute but independent of government *

Innovacorp Innovacorp is a Nova Scotia crown corporation managing an early-stage venture capital fund. The organization was established under Nova Scotia’s Innovation Corporation Act, 1994–95, c. 5, s. 1. Its goal is to help early stage Nova Scotia comp ...

* Nova Scotia Arts Council * Nova Scotia Beef Commission * Nova Scotia Business Incorporated * Nova Scotia Crop and Livestock Insurance Commission * Nova Scotia Farm Loan Board * Nova Scotia Fisheries & Aquaculture Loan Board * Nova Scotia Film Development Corporation * Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation * Nova Scotia Harness Racing Incorporated * Nova Scotia Housing Development Corporation * Nova Scotia Lands Incorporated (NSLI) *

Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation The Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation (NSLC) is the Crown corporation which controls sales of alcoholic beverages and recreational cannabis in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is the sole distributor for these products and runs all retail outlets (108 acro ...

(NSLC) * Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation (NSMFC) * Nova Scotia Power Finance Corporation * Nova Scotia Resources Limited * Perennia Food and Agriculture Inc. * Renova Scotia Bioenergy Inc. (former Bowater Mersey assets) * Rockingham Terminal Inc. * Sydney Environmental Resources Limited * Tidal Power Corporation * Tourism Nova Scotia

Ontario

Crown corporations in

Ontario Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central Ca ...

are sometimes referred to as ''Crown agencies''. A Crown agency includes any board, commission, railway, public utility, university, factory, company or agency owned, controlled or operated by the King in Right of Ontario or the

Government of Ontario The government of Ontario (french: Gouvernement de l'Ontario) is the body responsible for the administration of the Canadian province of Ontario. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown—represented in the province by the lieutenant governor� ...

, or under the authority of the

Legislature A legislature is an assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial powers of government. Laws enacted by legislatures are usually known ...

or the

Lieutenant Governor A lieutenant governor, lieutenant-governor, or vice governor is a high officer of state, whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction. Often a lieutenant governor is the deputy, or lieutenant, to or ranked under a governor — a "second-in-comm ...

-in-Council.
Crown Agency Act
', R.S.O. 1990, c. 48. * Agricultural Research Institute of Ontario *

Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Ontario The Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Ontario (FSRA; french: Autorité ontarienne de réglementation des services financiers) is a self-funding Crown agency which acts as the financial regulator for the province of Ontario, Canada. Est ...

* GroupeMédia TFO * Independent Electricity System Operator * Infrastructure Ontario *

Metrolinx Metrolinx is a Crown agency of the Government of Ontario that manages and integrates road and public transport in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA), which comprises much of Ontario's Golden Horseshoe region. Headquartered at Union ...

* Municipal Property Assessment Corporation * Niagara Escarpment Commission *

Niagara Parks Commission The Niagara Parks Commission, commonly shortened to Niagara Parks, is an agency of the Government of Ontario which maintains the Ontario shoreline of the Niagara River. History The Commission was founded in 1885 and charged with preserving and ...

* Northern Ontario Heritage Fund * Ontario Agricorp * Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion *

Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation The Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation, operating as Ontario Cannabis Store (OCS), is a Crown corporation that manages a legal monopoly over the online retail and wholesale distribution of recreational cannabis to consumers and privately opera ...

* Ontario Clean Water Agency *

Ontario Educational Communications Authority TVO (stylized as tvo), formerly known as TVOntario, is a publicly funded English-language educational television network and media organization serving the Canadian province of Ontario. It operates flagship station CICA-DT (channel 19) in Toron ...

* Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation *

Ontario Northland Transportation Commission The Ontario Northland Transportation Commission (ONTC), or simply Ontario Northland, is a Crown agency of the Government of Ontario responsible for providing transportation services for passengers and goods in northern Ontario. It reports to ...

* Ontario Health *

Ontario Power Generation Ontario Power Generation Inc. (OPG) is a Crown corporation and "government business enterprise" that is responsible for approximately half of the electricity generation in the province of Ontario, Canada. It is wholly owned by the government ...

Ontario Science Centre The Ontario Science Centre, formally the Centennial Museum of Science and Technology, is a science museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located near the Don Valley Parkway about northeast of downtown on Don Mills Road just south of ...

Ontario Securities Commission The Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) is a regulatory agency which administers and enforces securities legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario. The OSC is an Ontario Crown agency which reports to the Ontario legislature through the ...

Royal Ontario Museum The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) is a museum of art, world culture and natural history in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the largest museums in North America and the largest in Canada. It attracts more than one million visitors every year ...

* Science North * St. Lawrence Parks Commission * TRILCOR

Prince Edward Island

* Charlottetown Area Development Corporation * Innovation PEI * Island Investment Development Inc. * P.E.I. Student Financial Assistance Corporation * Island Waste Management Corporation * P.E.I. Aquaculture and Fisheries Research Initiative Inc. * Prince Edward Island Agricultural Insurance Corporation * Prince Edward Island Energy Corporation * Prince Edward Island Grain Elevators Corporation * Prince Edward Island Liquor Control Commission * Prince Edward Island Self-Insurance and Risk Management Fund * Summerside Regional Development Corporation

Quebec

Finances Québec published a list 60 Quebec Crown corporations (french: sociétés d'État) in June 2017. The following entities were among those listed: * Agence du Revenu du Québec *

Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec The Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec ( 'National Library and Archives of Quebec') or BAnQ is a Quebec government agency which manages the province's legal deposit system, national archives, and national library. Located at the ...

Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ; ) is an institutional investor that manages several public and parapublic pension plans and insurance programs in Quebec. CDPQ was founded in 1965 by an act of the National Assembly, under the go ...

** Société de développement de la Baie-James — became a full subsidiary of Hydro-Québec in 1978. * Investissement Québec (merged with the Société générale de financement in 2010) *

Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal The Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal (MACM) is a contemporary art museum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located on the Place des festivals in the Quartier des spectacles and is part of the Place des Arts complex. Founded in 1964, it is ...

* Musée de la civilisation *

Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec The Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( en, National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec), abbreviated as MNBAQ, is an art museum in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The museum is situated in Battlefield Park and is a complex consisting of four bu ...

(founded in 1933) — became a ''société d'État'' in 1983, and changed back in 2003) * Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec *

Société des alcools du Québec The Société des alcools du Québec (SAQ; ) is a provincial Crown corporation and monopoly in Quebec responsible for the trade of alcoholic beverages within the province. Organization The official legislation governing the SAQ's operations a ...

(SAQ) ** Société québécoise du cannabis (SQDC) *

Société de développement des entreprises culturelles The Société de Développement des Entreprises Culturelles (SODEC) (English: Society for the Development of Cultural Enterprises) is a Quebec government agency founded in 1983 under the name of Société Générale du Cinéma du Québec (SGCQ) (En ...

* Société de la Place des arts de Montréal * Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec *

Société des casinos du Québec The Société des casinos du Québec is a subsidiary of Loto-Québec, a government of Québec corporation. The Société des casinos du Québec oversees all four government-run casinos in the province of Québec: the Casino de Montréal, the C ...

* Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (Sépaq) *

Société des traversiers du Québec The Société des traversiers du Québec (STQ) is a ferry company which has operated some intra-provincial ferry services in Quebec since 1971. It is a crown corporation owned by the Government of Quebec. STQ operates the following services: ...

* Société du Centre des congrès de Québec * Société du Grand Théâtre de Québec * Société du Palais des congrès de Montréal *

Télé-Québec The Société de télédiffusion du Québec (; en, Quebec Television Broadcasting Corporation), branded as Télé-Québec (), is a Canadian French-language public educational television network in the province of Quebec. It is a provincial Cro ...

Loto-Québec Loto-Québec is a crown corporation in the Canadian province of Quebec. Established in 1969, it is responsible for overseeing lottery and gaming in the province. The corporation operates lottery games such as draw games and scratch cards, ca ...

Saskatchewan

* Crown Investments Corporation of Saskatchewan (CIC) * eHealth Saskatchewan * Financial and Consumer Affairs Authority * Global Transportation Hub (GTH) * Municipal Financing Corporation of Saskatchewan (MFC) * Saskatchewan Distance Learning Corporation (DLC) *

(SGI) * Saskatchewan Housing Corporation (SHC) * Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority (SLGA) * Saskatchewan Opportunities Corporation (SOCO) * Saskatchewan Public Safety Agency * Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) * SaskBuilds * SaskEnergy * SaskGaming *

* SaskTel *

SaskWater Saskatchewan Water Corporation, operating as SaskWater, is a Crown corporation owned by the Government of Saskatchewan and supplies water, wastewater and related services to municipalities, industries and farms. In turn, municipalities supply wat ...

* Tourism Saskatchewan *

Water Security Agency Water (chemical formula ) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a ...

Northwest Territories

* Northwest Territories Hydro Corporation * Northwest Territories Power Corporation * NWT Business Development and Investment Corporation * NWT Housing Corporation * Aurora College

Nunavut

* Qulliq Energy *

Nunavut Arctic College Nunavut Arctic College ( iu, ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥᓯᓚᑦᑐᖅᓴᕐᕕᒃ, french: Collège de l’Arctique du Nunavut, Inuinnaqtun: ''Nunavunmi Inirnirit Iliharviat'') is a public community college in the territory of Nunavut, Canada. The colle ...

Yukon

* Yukon Arts Centre * Yukon Energy * Yukon Hospital Corporation * Yukon Liquor Corporation

Former Crown corporations

Several private Canadian companies were once Crown corporations, while others have gone defunct.

References

Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: 2001 Annual Report To Parliament - Crown Corporations and Other Corporate Interests of Canada

Canadian Heritage Performance Report; March 31, 1998

Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: 2007 Annual Report to Parliament - Crown Corporations and other Corporate Interests of Canada

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crown Corporations Of Canada Monarchy in Canada Lists of companies of Canada

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by to ...