Cornmeal

Cornmeal is a meal (coarse flour) or a cell membrane ground from dried corn. It is a common staple food, and is ground to coarse, medium, and fine consistencies, but not as fine as wheat flour can be.Herbst, Sharon, ''Food Lover's Companion'', Third Edition, Pg. 165, Barrons Educational Series Inc, 2001 In Mexico, very finely ground cornmeal is referred to as corn flour. When fine cornmeal is made from maize that has been soaked in an alkaline solution, e.g., limewater (a process known as nixtamalization), it is called masa harina (or masa flour), which is used for making arepas, tamales and tortillas. Boiled cornmeal is called polenta in Italy and is also a traditional dish and bread substitute in Romania.

Types

There are various types of cornmeal:

*''Blue cornmeal'' is light blue or violet in color. It is ground from whole blue corn and has a sweet flavor. The cornmeal consists of dried corn kernels that have been ground into a fine or medium texture.
*''Steel-ground yellow cornmeal'', which is common mostly in the United States, has the husk and germ of the maize kernel almost completely removed. It is conserved for about a year if stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place.
*''Stone-ground cornmeal'' retains some of the hull and germ, lending a little more flavor and nutrition to recipes. It is more perishable, but will store longer if refrigerated. However, it too can have a shelf life of many months if kept in a reasonably cool place.
*''White cornmeal'' ( mielie-meal), made from white corn, is more common in parts of Africa. It is also popular in the Southern United States for making cornbread.

Regional usage

Caribbean

*Cornmeal porridge - a popular meal served for breakfast in Jamaica.
*''Cou-cou'' - part of the national dish of Barbados, "cou-cou and flying fish".
*''Funche'' - a typical breakfast in Puerto Rico cornmeal cooked with coconut milk, milk, raisins, butter, cloves, vanilla, ginger, sugar or honey and topped with fruit and cinnamon. There's also a savory funche made with cornmeal, coconut milk, chicken stock, sofrito and other ingredients. These are usually served with fish.
*''Funchi also known as fungi/fungee'' - a cornmeal mush cooked and cooled into a stiff pudding, sometimes eaten with saltfish or pepperpot. It is consumed on the island of Curaçao and is part of the national dish of Antigua and Barbuda.
*Mayi moulen - a cornmeal dish in Haiti often cooked with fish or spinach. Can be eaten with avocado.

East Asia

* '' Tie Bing'' (貼餅 sticking bread) - This product can either be fluffy like a mantou or more flatbread-like. It is traditionally stuck around the outer rim of a large wok while meat or fish is being cooked. Generally, an alkalizing agent such as baking soda is added to increase the nutrient value. It is also found in northern China.
* Corn ''congee'' (棒子麵粥) - A porridge made from plain cornmeal. It is normally thinner than grits or polenta and is often eaten with Chinese pickles.
* ''Wo tou'' (窩頭 nest head) - Shaped like a hollow cone, this cornbread looks like a bird's nest, after which it is named. It is commonly eaten in northern China, and may contain dried jujubes and other flavoring agents.

Sub-Saharan Africa

* Tuwo masara - Northern Nigeria
* Mielie-meal or ''maize meal'' - Southern Africa
* ''Nomadi'' - Democratic Republic of the Congo
* ''Nshima'' or ''bwali'' - Zambia
* ''Nsima'' - Malawi
* ''Oshifima'' or ''Oshimbob'' - Namibia
* '' Sadza'' - Zimbabwe
* '' Ugali'' - Great Lakes (''sima'' and ''posho'' in Uganda)
* Recipes that may use cornmeal as an additional ingredient are ''fufu'' (''foufou'') in Central and West Africa.

Europe

* ''Arapash'' or ''harapash'' - Albania (similar to the Romanian style but often combined with lamb organs, or/and goat cheese)
* ''Farina di granturco'' - Italy (not the same as farina, which is made from wheat)
* ''G'omi'' ( ka, ღომი, tr), '' mchadi'' (Georgian: ), ''tchvishtari'' - Georgia (''g'omi'' is similar to polenta, '' mchadi'' - cornbread, ''tshvishtari'' - cheese cornbread). Known by different names in local languages ( ab, абысҭа ''abysta'', ady, мамрыс ''mamrys'', inh, журан-худар ''juran-hudar'', Nogai: мамырза ''mamyrza'', os, дзыкка ''dzykka'' or сера ''sera''), it is also widespread in other Caucasian cuisines.
* '' Kachamak'' (качамак) - Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Serbia
* ''Mălai'' - Romania (the cornmeal itself; prepared as '' mămăligă'')
* '' Polenta'' - southern Europe, especially North Italy
* '' Banush'' - Ukraine (the dish prepared from cornmeal with added śmietana, topped with pork rind or mushrooms and bryndza etc. The dish is popular in the Carpathian region of western Ukraine)

Horn of Africa

* ''Soor'' - Somalia
*Cornmeal is also often used as an additional ingredient in the preparation of '' injera'' or '' lahoh'', flatbread that is traditionally eaten in the countries of the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia) and nearby Yemen.

East Africa

* ''Ugali'' - Kenya, Tanzania
* ''Posho'' or ''kawunga'' - Uganda
*Cornmeal is a staple food in the East Africa region. It is used to make ''ugali'' and ''uji''.

Indian Ocean

* ''Poudine maïs'' - Mauritius
This is a local dessert dish made from maize flour in which milk, sugar, dried sultanas and cardamon powder are cooked together. The cooked paste is poured on a tray and coconut powder is sprinkled thereon and left to cool. This dessert is often cut into triangular shapes and can be bought from food vendors in the streets of Port Louis and also in market fairs around the island.

South America

* '' Fubá'' - Brazil.
* '' Masarepa -'' Soaked and cooked corn, ground fine into a flour, used in Colombia and Venezuela to make arepas, almojábanas and empanadas.
* '' Polenta'' - a typical dish in many countries, including Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.

North America

*'' Masa'' or ''masa harina'' - Nixtamalized corn used for making tamales and tortillas in Central America, Mexico, and South America.
* As a batter for a fried food, such as corn dogs
* Made into bread, as in corn fritters, cornbread, hushpuppies, jonnycakes, or spoonbread
* As breading for fried or baked foods, such as fried fish
* As a breakfast cereal ingredient
* Cheese curl-type snack foods, such as Cheetos and Cheezies
* In corn chips such as Fritos, but not tortilla chips or corn tortillas, which are made from nixtamalized maize flour
* Peameal bacon, back bacon rolled in cornmeal, known colloquially in the U.S. as ‘Canadian bacon’
* As a release agent to prevent breads and pizza from sticking to their pans when baking
* As grits
* As a porridge, such as cornmeal mush, which is often then sliced and grilled
* Known as " samp", it was used in colonial times as a kind of porridge.

South Asia

* ''Makki di roti'' - a traditional Punjabi bread often eaten with '' saag'' in Punjab province of northern India and eastern Pakistan
In parts of northern India and Pakistan ground corn flour is used to make thick slabs of bread which can be eaten with a wide variety of curry dishes or it can be coated in clarified butter or ghee and eaten with yogurt or lassi which is a yogurt based drink especially in summer.

See also

* Maize flour
* Semolina
* List of maize dishes

References

External links

{{Authority control

Cuisine of the Southern United States
Flour
Maize products