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A construction contract is a mutual or legally binding
agreement Agreement may refer to: Agreements between people and organizations * Gentlemen's agreement, not enforceable by law * Trade agreement, between countries * Consensus, a decision-making process * Contract, enforceable in a court of law ** Meeting ...
between two parties based on policies and conditions recorded in document form. The two parties involved are one or more property
owner Ownership is the state or fact of legal possession and control over property, which may be any asset, tangible or intangible. Ownership can involve multiple rights, collectively referred to as title, which may be separated and held by different ...
s and one or more contractors. The owner, often referred to as the 'employer' or the 'client', has full authority to decide what type of contract should be used for a specific development to be constructed and to set out the legally-binding terms and conditions in a
contractual agreement A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties that creates, defines, and governs mutual rights and obligations between them. A contract typically involves the transfer of goods, services, money, or a promise to tran ...
. A construction contract is an important document as it outlines the scope of work, risks, duration, duties, deliverables and
legal rights Some philosophers distinguish two types of rights, natural rights and legal rights. * Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and so are ''universal'', '' fundamental'' a ...
of both the contractor and the owner.


Types

There are three main types of construction contract, identified according to the mechanism for calculating the sum due to be paid by the employer: lump sum contracts, re-measurement contracts and cost-reimbursable contracts. The different types vary primarily with regard to who takes the risks involved, which party has to pay for the cost over runs, and which party can keep the savings if the project costs are less than the estimated costs.Hogos, T. and Shewangzaw, M. (2009)
Construction Law: Teaching Material
sponsored by the Justice and Legal System Research Institute, accessed 29 August 2020
Other types of contract and descriptions of contractual purpose include: *Commercial contract *Domestic building contract *Percentage rate contract *Item rate contract or Unit price contract *Lump sum and scheduled contract *Cost plus fixed fee contract *Cost plus percentage of cost contract *Subcontract agreement *Special contracts


Lump sum contract

Under a lump sum contract, an owner agrees to pay a contractor a specified lump sum after the completion of work without a cost breakdown. After work is complete, no detailed measurement is required.


Lump sum and scheduled contract

In lump sum contract the complete work as per plan and specifications is carried out by contractor for certain fixed amount as per agreement. The owner provides required information and contractor charges certain amount. This contract is suitable when the number of items are limited or when it is possible to work out exact quantities of work to be executed. The detailed specifications of all items of work, plans and detail drawings, security deposit, penalty, progress and other condition of contract are included in agreement. Though it is lump sum and scheduled contract, contractor will be paid at regular interval of 2–3 months as per progress of work on the basis of certificate issued by engineer in charge. A scheduled of rate is included in agreement for making payment of extra items. Under a lump sum contract, a “fixed price” for the work to be done is agreed upon by the client and contractor before the work begins. This contract can also be applied to both home building and commercial contracts. It can be more of a risk to the contractor as there are fewer mechanisms to allow them to vary their price.


Commercial contracts

A commercial contract is an agreement containing all the work that should be performed for the construction of a commercial building or non-residential building. A skillfully constructed commercial contract can protect both parties' interests, minimize risks, and increase profitability for the contractor.


Domestic construction contracts

A domestic building contract is an agreement containing all the work that should be performed for the construction of a commercial or residential building existing or occurring inside a particular country; not foreign or international.


Percentage rate contract

When the lowest rate and comparative position among the contractors are already specified prior to the opening of the tender, then the percentage rate contract is used. Percentage contract is a type of contract where there is no possibility of unbalanced tender.


Cost plus fixed fee contract

In cost plus fixed fee, the owner pays the contractor an agreed amount over and above the documented cost of work. This is a negotiated type of contract where actual and direct costs are paid for and additional fee is given for overhead and profit is normally negotiated among parties. The owner is in more control of the project; however, the risks are transferred to the owner. A cost plus contract states that a client agrees to reimburse a construction company for building expenses such as labor, materials, and other costs, plus additional payment usually stated as a percentage of the contract's full price. This type of construction contract is an alternative to lump sum agreements. It allows flexibility and transparency for the homeowner, and reduces the risk for a contractor since a Cost Plus construction contract guarantees them a profit. The difference between this type of contract which is a cost-based contract with lump-sum contract is that in
guaranteed maximum price A guaranteed maximum price (also known as GMP, not-to-exceed price, NTE, or NTX) contract is a cost-type contract (also known as an open-book contract) such that the contractor is compensated for actual costs incurred plus a fixed fee, limited to a ...
(GMP), if there is any savings resulted from cost under runs, then that would be stipulated price contract, and the contractors will keep the savings obtained from the cost under runs for themselves and there is no obligation for them to give them back to the owners. Nevertheless, this saving can be shared by both the contractor and the owner. Another difference is about status of the plans. The lump-sum contract may be used when the owner does have a complete set of construction plans, specifications etc. available, otherwise, the guaranteed maximum price (GMP) is preferred to be included to compensate for this lacking. When the Cost-Plus is utilized, it is better for the owner to determine the guaranteed maximum price, to prevent any further cost and contractor needed to provide the primary input for owner about the project cost. Duke and Carmen stated "Cost-plus with GMP provides an upper limit on total construction costs and fees for which an owner is responsible. If the party providing the work under this pricing method runs over GMP, it is responsible for such overruns…Cost-plus with GMP and an agreement for sharing cost savings can incentivize both parties to a construction contract to work together as efficiently as possible.” In this type of contract, the owner has more authorities in monitoring, inspecting and auditing the project periodically before ultimate payment. Therefore, the risk will be transferred from owner to contractor and this would be an attraction for the customer.


Cost plus a percentage of cost contract

In cost plus percentage, the owner pays greater than 100 percent of the documented cost, usually requiring detailed expense accounting. In this type of contract, contractor is paid the actual cost of work plus certain percentage as profit. Various contract documents, drawing, specifications are not necessary at the time of signing the agreement. The contractor has to keep all records for cost of material and labour and contractor will be paid accordingly to engineer in charge. This type of contract is suitable for emergency work like difficulties in foundation conditions, construction of expensive structure etc. The U.S.
Federal Acquisition Regulations The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) is the principal set of rules regarding Government procurement in the United States,. and is codified at Chapter 1 of Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations, . It covers many of the contracts issued by ...
specifically prohibit the use of this type for U.S. Federal
Government contracting Government procurement or public procurement is the procurement of goods, services and works on behalf of a public authority, such as a government agency. Amounting to 12 percent of global GDP in 2018, government procurement accounts for a subst ...
.


Re-measurement contract

Under a re-measurement (or remeasurement) contract, the price to be paid for the whole work is to be ascertained by measurement in detail of the various parts of the work and the valuation of the work done by reference to a schedule of prices included in the contract. The
FIDIC The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (commonly known as FIDIC, acronym for its French name ''Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils'') is an international standards organization for construction technology and consul ...
Red Book 4th edition (the predecessor of the 1999 Red Book) is used in some parts of the world as a re-measurement contract for civil engineering works.


Subcontract agreement

A subcontractor agreement is a contract primarily between a builder or a principal contractor and subcontractor. It outlines the perimeters of specialist work to be done for the construction project.


Unit Cost Contract

This contract is based on units put in place rather than a single price. The payment is calculated at a specific rate for each item such as cubic yard for concrete times quantity put in place. “The contractor quotes an owner a price for a particular task or scope of work, though at the time of contracting the parties may not know the actual number of the units of work to be completed.” Consequently, the owner does not have an exact final price till the project is finished. This type of contract is normally utilized where the quantity of work cannot be established such as civil engineering construction projects where excavation of soil and rock are involved. The contractor is paid based on the units that have been put in place and verified by the owner. Unit Cost contracts provide more flexibility in discrepancies in field quantities and because of this, it is always used on heavy and highway construction contracts.
Associated General Contractors of America The Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) is a trade association in the United States construction industry,About us
AGC. Acces ...
(AGC) states that this type of contract is hardly used for the entire project and is mostly applied to when contracting with subcontractors which identification of different quantities are of matter of importance and they are commonly used for repair and maintenance work. For this reason, it is “not particularly useful for most private building projects, except as part of a lump sum or cost-plus contract, applied to select components of work items such as dirt removal or fill, finish hardware, etc.”


Special contracts

Special contracts are further classified into five types: *Turn key contract Owner exerts governance over the contractor. Contractor exerts governance over internal units and sub suppliers. *Negotiated contract *Package contract *Continuing contract *Running contract


Features of construction contracts


Base date

A "base date" is a reference date from which changes in conditions can be assessed. In a construction contract, the inclusion of a base date is generally used as a mechanism for the allocation of risk between the owner and contractor for changes which might occur in the period between the contractor pricing the tender and the signing of the contract. This period can potentially be very long and changes that occur may have a significant impact on the costs of the works. The base date sets the reference date from which the conditions under which the tender was prepared are considered to have been known by the contractor and so are properly reflected in their price. If specified conditions change before the contract is implemented, then the contract may be adjusted to reflect this. In very small projects, where the time frame is short, this may not be considered necessary. On larger projects, the base date can be used to allow changes to the contract sum, or sometimes extensions of time, or even to determine which rules will apply to the contract (for example, which edition of the
arbitration Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) that resolves disputes outside the judiciary courts. The dispute will be decided by one or more persons (the 'arbitrators', 'arbiters' or 'arbitral tribunal'), which renders the ...
rules). The exact provisions will depend on the specific form of contract being is adopted. For example, in the
Joint Contracts Tribunal The Joint Contracts Tribunal, also known as the JCT, produces standard forms of contract for construction, guidance notes and other standard documentation for use in the construction industry in the United Kingdom. From its establishment in 1931, JC ...
(JCT) Design and Build Contract, the base date determines the allocation of risk in relation to changes in statutory regulations, changes to VAT exemptions and changes to definitions of dayworks. Under the JCT's Standard Building Contract, 2011 Edition, if there are changes to “Statutory Requirements” after the contract's base date, then the contractor must alter the scope of work to comply. The change will be deemed to be a variation for which the contractor is entitled to be paid, even if no formal instructions have been issued.


Practical completion

Practical completion occurs when the contractor returns possession of the site to the owner, usually at the time when the work has been completed and accepted by the client. A certificate of practical completion usually confirms this acceptance. Typically half of the retention monies are released, the contractor's potential liability for liquidated damages ends and the defects rectification period begins.


Retention

A retention is a sum of money withheld by the owner under the contract to act as security against incomplete or defective works. It can be a percentage of the work that has been completed, but cannot be unlawful.


Sectional completion

Sectional completion refers to a provision within a construction contract which allows different completion dates for different sections of the works. This is common in larger projects which are completed in stages, allowing the client to take possession of the completed parts whilst construction continues on others.


Snagging

Snagging Snagging, also known as snag fishing, snatching, snatch fishing, jagging (Australia), or foul hooking, is a fishing technique for catching fish that uses sharp grappling hooks tethered to a fishing line to externally pierce (i.e. "snag") into th ...
refers to a process where the owner or the owner's agent checks for any defects, which the contractor needs to put right before the final payment is made. The UK consumer organisation ''
Which? ''Which?'' is a United Kingdom brand name that promotes informed consumer choice in the purchase of goods and services by testing products, highlighting inferior products or services, raising awareness of consumer rights and offering independ ...
'' states that the most common issues picked up by snagging surveys for residential properties tend to be concerned with the completion of
plastering Plasterwork is construction or ornamentation done with plaster, such as a layer of plaster on an interior or exterior wall structure, or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls. This is also sometimes called pargeting. The process of ...
, tiling,
skirting board In architecture, a baseboard (also called skirting board, skirting, wainscoting, mopboard, trim, floor molding, or base molding) is usually wooden or vinyl board covering the lowest part of an interior wall. Its purpose is to cover the joint be ...
s and external
brickwork Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar. Typically, rows of bricks called ''courses'' are laid on top of one another to build up a structure such as a brick wall. Bricks may be differentiated from blocks by si ...
.Which?
Snagging surveys
accessed 3 September 2020


See also

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Australian Construction Contracts Australian Construction Contracts govern how the parties to a construction contract behave and how the project manager and the contract manager administer the relationship between the parties. There are several popular standard forms of constructio ...
*
Economics Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics anal ...
*
Engineering, procurement and construction Engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contracts (a type of turnkey contract) are a form of contract used to undertake construction works by the private sector on large-scale and complex infrastructure projects. Overview Under an EPC c ...


References

{{Reflist, 30em Civil engineering Contract law