The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between the First French Republic and the

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, signed by First Consul

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

and Pope Pius VII on 15 July 1801 in

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. It remained in effect until 1905, except in Alsace–Lorraine, where it remains in force. It sought national reconciliation between the French Revolution and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, with most of its civil status restored. This resolved the hostility of devout French Catholics against the revolutionary state. It did not restore the vast Church lands and endowments that had been seized during the Revolution and sold off. Catholic clergy returned from exile, or from hiding, and resumed their traditional positions in their traditional churches. Very few parishes continued to employ the priests who had accepted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of the revolutionary regime. While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations tilted firmly in Bonaparte's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Bonaparte and the Pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by France, especially Italy and Germany.

History

During the Revolution, the

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had taken Church properties and issued the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which made the Church a department of the state, effectively removing it from papal authority. At the time, the nationalised Gallican Church was the official church of France, but it was essentially Catholicism. The Civil Constitution caused hostility among the Vendeans towards the change in the relationship between the Catholic Church and the French government. Subsequent laws abolished the traditional

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and Christian holidays. See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution" The Concordat was drawn up by a commission with three representatives from each party. Napoleon Bonaparte, who was First Consul of the French Republic at the time, appointed Joseph Bonaparte, his brother, Emmanuel Crétet, a counselor of state, and Étienne-Alexandre Bernier, a doctor in theology. Pope Pius VII appointed Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, Cardinal Giuseppe Spina, archbishop of Corinth, and his theological adviser, Father Carlo Francesco Maria Caselli. The French bishops, whether still abroad or returned to their own country, had no part in the negotiations. The concordat as finally arranged practically ignored them.Goyau, Georges. "The French Concordat of 1801." The Catholic Encyclopedia
Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 8 November 2015 While the Concordat restored some ties to the

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, it was largely in favour of the state; it wielded greater power ''vis-à-vis'' the Pope than previous French regimes had, and church lands lost during the Revolution were not returned. Napoleon took a utilitarian approach to the role of religion.Vilmer, Jean-Baptiste Jeangéne. "Comment on the Concordat of 1801 between France and the Holy See", ''Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique'', 102: 1, 2007, p. 124-154
/ref> He could now win favour with French Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon once told his brother Lucien in April 1801, "Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them." As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles.

The main terms of the Concordat of 1801 between France and Pope Pius VII included: * A declaration that "Catholicism was the religion of the great majority of the French" but not the official state religion, thus maintaining religious freedom, in particular with respect to Protestants. * The Papacy had the right to depose bishops; the French government still, since the Concordat of Bologna in 1516, nominated them. * The state would pay clerical salaries and the clergy swore an oath of allegiance to the state. * The Catholic Church gave up all its claims to Church lands that were confiscated after 1790. * Sunday was reestablished as a "festival", effective Easter Sunday, 18 April 1802. The rest of the French Republican calendar, which had been abolished, was not replaced by the traditional Gregorian calendar until 1 January 1806. According to Georges Goyau, the law known as "The Organic Articles", promulgated in April 1802, infringed in various ways on the spirit of the concordat. The document claimed Catholicism was "the religion of the majority of Frenchmen", and still gave state recognition to

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and

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as well. The Concordat was abrogated by the law of 1905 on the

separation of church and state The separation of church and state is a philosophical and Jurisprudence, jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the State (polity), state. Conceptually, the term refers to ...

. However, some provisions of the Concordat are still in effect in the Alsace–Lorraine region under the local law of Alsace–Moselle, as the region was controlled by the

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at the time of the 1905 law's passage.

References

External links

Documents upon Napoleon and the Reorganization of Religion
selected text of the Concordat and Organic Articles {{Authority control History of Catholicism in France 1801 1801 in France Peace treaties of the French Revolutionary Wars Religion and the French Revolution 1801 treaties Treaties of the French First Republic France–Holy See relations 1801 in the Papal States July 1801 French Consulate 1800s in Paris Napoleon Pope Pius VII Joseph Bonaparte Paris in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Christianity and law in the 19th century

History

Contents

See also

References

Further reading

External links