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The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA, ar, اتفاقية السلام الشامل, Ittifāqiyyah al-salām al-šāmil), also known as the Naivasha Agreement, was an accord signed on January 9, 2005, by the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and the
Government of Sudan Government of Sudan is the federal provisional government created by the constitution of Sudan having the executive, parliament, and the judiciary. Previously, a ''president'' was head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of ...
. The CPA was meant to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, develop democratic governance countrywide, and share oil revenues. It also set a timetable for a Southern Sudanese independence referendum. The peace process was encouraged by the
Intergovernmental Authority on Development The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is an eight-country trade bloc in Africa. It includes governments from the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley and the African Great Lakes. It is headquartered in Djibouti. Member states ;Horn of A ...
(IGAD), as well as IGAD-Partners, a consortium of donor countries.


Components

The process resulted in the following agreements (also referred to as protocols): * The Machakos Protocol (or Chapter I), signed in
Machakos Machakos, also called Masaku is a town in Kenya, southeast of Nairobi. It is the capital of the Machakos County, Kenya. Its population is rapidly growing and was 150,041 as of 2009 and Machakos County had a population of 1,421,932 as of 201 ...
,
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on 20 July 2002. Agreement on broad principles of government and governance. * The Protocol on Power Sharing (or Chapter II), signed in Naivasha,
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on 26 May 2004 * The Agreement on Wealth Sharing (or Chapter III), signed in Naivasha,
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on 7 January 2004 * The Protocol on the Resolution of the Conflict in Abyei Area (or Chapter IV), signed in Naivasha,
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on 26 May 2004 * The Protocol on the Resolution of the Conflict in
Southern Kordofan South Kordofan ( ar, جنوب كردفان ') is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 158,355 km² and an estimated population of approximately 1,100,000 people (2000).Blue Nile States (or Chapter V), signed in Naivasha,
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on 26 May 2004 * The Agreement on Security Arrangements (or Chapter VI), signed in Naivasha,
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on 25 September 2003 * The Permanent Ceasefire and Security Arrangements Implementation Modalities and Appendices (or Annexure I), signed in Naivasha,
Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi , ...
on 30 October 2004 * The Implementation Modalities and Global Implementation Matrix and Appendices (or Annexure II), signed in Naivasha,
Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi , ...
on 31 December 2004 The final, comprehensive agreement was signed on 9 January 2005 and marked the commencement of implementation activities.


Implementation


2007 Southern withdrawal

On 11 October 2007, the SPLM withdrew from the government of national unity (GoNU), accusing the central government of violating the terms of the CPA. In particular, the SPLM states that the Khartoum-based government, which is dominated by the National Congress Party, has failed to withdraw over 15,000 troops from southern oilfields and failed to implement the Protocol on Abyei. The SPLM stated that it was not returning to war, while analysts noted that the agreement had been disintegrating for some time, notably because of international focus on
the conflict ''The Conflict'' is a 1916 American silent drama film directed by Ralph Ince and starring Lucille Lee Stewart, Huntley Gordon and Wilfred Lytell.Connelly p.51 Cast * Lucille Lee Stewart as Madeleine Turner * Jessie Miller as Jeanette Harcourt ...
in nearby
Darfur Darfur ( ; ar, دار فور, Dār Fūr, lit=Realm of the Fur) is a region of western Sudan. ''Dār'' is an Arabic word meaning "home f – the region was named Dardaju ( ar, دار داجو, Dār Dājū, links=no) while ruled by the Daju ...
. The SPLM announced that it was rejoining the government on 13 December 2007, following an agreement. The agreement states that the seat of government will rotate between Juba and
Khartoum Khartoum or Khartum ( ; ar, الخرطوم, Al-Khurṭūm, din, Kaartuɔ̈m) is the capital of Sudan. With a population of 5,274,321, its metropolitan area is the largest in Sudan. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile, flowing n ...
every three months, though it appears that this will be largely symbolic, as well as funding for a census (vital for the referendum) and a timetable for the withdrawal of troops across the border. Northern Sudanese troops finally left Southern Sudan on 8 January 2008.


South Sudan Independence

A
referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a Representative democr ...
was held from 9 to 15 January 2011 to determine if South Sudan should declare its independence from Sudan, with 98.83% of the population voting for independence. It became independent as the Republic of South Sudan on 9 July 2011.


Popular Consultations

Popular consultations for Blue Nile and South Kordofan were suspended as part of the ongoing conflict in those regions between the northern wing of the SPLA and the Justice and Equality Movement against the central government.


See also

*
2011 South Sudanese independence referendum A referendum took place in Southern Sudan from 9 to 15 January 2011, on whether the region should remain a part of Sudan or become independent. The referendum was one of the consequences of the 2005 Naivasha Agreement between the Khartoum centr ...
*
Assessment and Evaluation Commission Assessment may refer to: Healthcare *Health assessment, identifies needs of the patient and how those needs will be addressed *Nursing assessment, gathering information about a patient's physiological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual s ...
* Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile *
UN Peacemaker UN Peacemaker is a United Nations (UN) website for distributing information related to peace processes. The website, managed by the UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), provides an interface to a database of peace agreements, guidance materia ...


References and notes


External links


Full text of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement
UN Peacemaker
Read all peace agreements for Sudan
UN Peacemaker
UNMIS.org
the official web site of the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS)
''Updated Timeline of the Implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan''
Center for International Peace Operations (ZIF), April 2009

Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization, headquartered in New York City, that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures governments, policy makers, companies, and individual human ...
, November 2004
"Sudan after the Naivasha Peace Agreement: No Champagne Yet"
by Denis M. Tull, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 3 February 2005
''The Khartoum-SPLM Agreement: Sudan's Uncertain Peace''
International Crisis Group The International Crisis Group (ICG; also known as the Crisis Group) is a transnational non-profit, non-governmental organisation founded in 1995. It is a think tank, used by policymakers and academics, performing research and analysis on global ...
, 25 July 2005
''Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement: The Long Road Ahead''
International Crisis Group, 31 March 2006
''Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement: Beyond the Crisis''
International Crisis Group, 13 March 2008 {{South Sudan topics Second Sudanese Civil War Treaties concluded in 2005 Peace treaties of Sudan 2005 in South Sudan 2005 in Sudan Treaties of South Sudan South Sudan–Sudan relations Sudanese peace process