Betula nana upernavik kujalleq 2007-07-25 1

The Circumboreal Region in phytogeography is a

floristic region A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both re ...

within the

Holarctic Kingdom The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often v ...

in Eurasia and North America, as delineated by such geobotanists as

Josias Braun-Blanquet Josias Braun-Blanquet (3 August 1884 – 20 September 1980) was an influential phytosociologist and botanist. Braun-Blanquet was born in Chur, Switzerland and died in Montpellier, France. Biography Work In Josias Braun-Blanquet's dissertation, s ...

and

Armen Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( hy, Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; russian: Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JA ...

. It is the largest floristic region in the world by area, comprising most of Canada,

Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...

, Europe, Caucasus and

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eight ...

, as well as North Anatolia (as the southernmost part of the region) and parts of northern New England, Michigan, Minnesota, and the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota. Northern portions of the region include polar desert, taiga and tundra biomes. Many geobotanists divide Eurasian and North American areas into two distinct regions. The continents, however, share much of their boreal flora (e.g. ''

Betula nana ''Betula nana'', the dwarf birch, is a species of birch in the family Betulaceae, found mainly in the tundra of the Arctic region. Description It is a monoecious, deciduous shrub growing up to high. The bark is non-peeling and shiny red-coppe ...

'', ''

Alnus viridis ''Alnus alnobetula'' is a common tree widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North America. Many sources refer to it as ''Alnus viridis'', the green alder, but botanically this is considered an illegitimate name synonymous with ''Alnus alno ...

'', '' Vaccinium vitis-idaea'', ''

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ''Arctostaphylos uva-ursi'' is a plant species of the genus ''Arctostaphylos'' widely distributed across circumboreal regions of the subarctic Northern Hemisphere. Kinnikinnick (First Nations for "smoking mixture") is a common name in Canada and ...

''). The flora was severely impoverished during

glaciation A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate betw ...

s in the Pleistocene. The region is bordered by Eastern Asiatic, North American Atlantic,

Rocky Mountain The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of western Canada, to New Mexico in ...

, Mediterranean and

Irano-Turanian Region The Irano-Turanian Region is a floristic region located within the Tethyan Subkingdom of the Holarctic Kingdom. It is divided into 12 floristic provinces according to the work of Armen Takhtajan, a Soviet-Armenian botanist who created a classific ...

s. There are no biological families endemic to this region, but it has endemic genera (e.g. ''

Lunaria ''Lunaria'', common names honesty, dollar plant, money-in-both-pockets, money plant, moneywort, moonwort, and silver dollar; is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. It is native to central and southern Europe and North Ameri ...

'', '' Borodinia'', '' Gorodkovia'', '' Redowskia'', ''

Soldanella The genus ''Soldanella'', commonly known in English as snowbell, includes about 15 species of flowering plants native to European mountains, from the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkans. They grow in woods, damp p ...

'', '' Physospermum'', ''

Astrantia ''Astrantia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae, native to Central, Eastern and Southern Europe and the Caucasus. There are several species, which have aromatic roots, palmate leaves, and decorative flowers. They are common ...

'', '' Thorella'', ''

Pulmonaria ''Pulmonaria'' (lungwort) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae, native to Europe and western Asia, with one species (''P. mollissima'') east to central Asia. According to various estimates there may be between 10 and 18 spe ...

'', '' Erinus'', '' Ramonda'', '' Haberlea'', ''

Stratiotes ''Stratiotes'' is a genus of submerged aquatic plant commonly known as water soldiers, described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753. Several specific names have been coined within the genus, but at present only one is recognized: '' Stratiotes aloid ...

'', '' Telekia'') and many endemic

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

, especially in the mountains.

Floristic provinces

It is subdivided into a number of

floristic provinces A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both re ...

. Their delineation is debatable. According to a version of Takhtajan's classification, these are the Arctic, Atlantic European, Central European, Illyrian, Euxinian, Caucasian, Eastern European, Northern European, West Siberian,

Altai-Sayan The Altai-Sayan region is an area of Inner Asia proximate to the Altai Mountains and the Sayan Mountains, near to where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together. This region is one of the world centers of temperate plant diversity. Its ...

, Central Siberian, Transbaikalian, Northeastern Siberian, Okhotsk-Kamtchatkan and Canadian Provinces. *Arctic Province ( Greenland, Iceland, northern treeless parts of Norway, Finland,

and Canada, all the

Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, N ...

Islands), with more than a hundred endemic species (e.g. '' Ranunculus sabinei'', '' Papaver polare'', ''

Salix arctica ''Salix arctica'', the Arctic willow, is a tiny creeping willow (family Salicaceae). It is adapted to survive in Arctic conditions, specifically tundras. Description ''S. arctica'' is typically a low shrub growing to only in height, rarely to ...

'', '' Colpodium vahlianum'', '' Сolpodium wrightii'', '' Puccinellia angustata'') *Atlantic European Province ( Ireland, United Kingdom,

Andorra , image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg , symbol_type = Coat of arms , national_motto = la, Virtus Unita Fortior, label=none (Latin)"United virtue is stro ...

, parts of Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Norway), with two endemic genera ('' Petrocoptis'' and '' Thorella''), few dozens of endemic species (e.g. '' Corydalis claviculata'', ''

Ulex europaeus ''Ulex europaeus'', the gorse, common gorse, furze or whin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to the British Isles and Western Europe. Description Growing to tall, it is an evergreen shrub. The young stems are g ...

'', '' Genista anglica'', '' Deschampsia setacea'') *Central European Province (

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous c ...

, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, parts of Croatia, Slovenia, Italy, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine,

Moldova Moldova ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( ro, Republica Moldova), is a Landlocked country, landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The List of states ...

, Romania), with several endemic genera (e.g. '' Rhizobotrya'', '' Hladnikia'', ''

Berardia ''Berardia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing the single species ''Berardia subacaulis''. It is an alpine plant native to the Alps The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alp ...

'') and 10-15% endemic species (e.g. '' Aconitum paniculatum'', '' Dianthus alpinus'', ''

Rhododendron hirsutum ''Rhododendron hirsutum'', commonly known as the hairy alpenrose is one of the species of ''Rhododendron'' native to the mountains of Europe. It occurs widely in the Alps except for the southwestern region (approximately south and west of the Mat ...

'', '' Soldanella carpatica'', '' Rosa abietina'', '' Saxifraga muscoides'', '' Trifolium saxatile'', '' Chaerophyllum villarsii'', '' Heracleum carpaticum'', '' Syringa josikaea'', '' Valeriana tripteris'', ''

Campanula zoysii ''Favratia zoysii'', known commonly as Zois' bellflower, Zoysi's harebell, or crimped bellflower, is the sole member of the genus ''Favratia'', closely related to '' Campanula '' (bellflowers). Distribution and habitat The plant is endemic to Au ...

'', ''

Campanula carpatica ''Campanula carpatica'', the tussock bellflower or Carpathian harebell, is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae. Description ''Campanula carpatica'' is a low-growing herbaceous perennial. Plants possess basal leaves and thi ...

'', '' Pulmonaria filarzkyana'', '' Leontopodium alpinum'', ''

Narcissus poeticus Narcissus may refer to: Biology * ''Narcissus'' (plant), a genus containing daffodils and others People * Narcissus (mythology), Greek mythological character * Narcissus (wrestler) (2nd century), assassin of the Roman emperor Commodus * Tiberiu ...

'', '' Narcissus angustifolius'', '' Gymnadenia albida'', '' Carex carvula'', '' Calamagrostis villosa'') *Illyrian Province (

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and He ...

, Serbia, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, parts of Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro,

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares la ...

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Maced ...

, Greece and Turkey) with several endemic genera (e.g. '' Haberlea'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Ramonda heldreichii'', ''

Ramonda nathaliae ''Ramonda nathaliae'', also known as Natalie's ramonda ( sr, Наталијина рамонда / , mk, Наталиева рамонда, Natalieva ramonda), is a species of flowering plant in the genus '' Ramonda'' that grows in Serbia, North ...

'', ''

Ramonda serbica ''Ramonda serbica'', also known as Serbian ramonda and Serbian phoenix flower, is a species in the family Gesneriaceae. It is one of the few European representatives of this family, found in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia and Serbi ...

'', ''

Picea omorika ''Picea omorika'', common name Pančić spruce or Serbian spruce ( sr, Панчићева оморика, Pančićeva omorika, ), is a species of coniferous tree endemic to the Drina River valley in western Serbia, and eastern Bosnia and Herzeg ...

'', '' Pinus heldreichii'', ''

Pinus peuce ''Pinus peuce'' (Macedonian pine or Balkan pine) ( Serbo-Croatian/ Macedonian: молика, molika; Bulgarian: бяла мура, Byala mura) is a species of pine native to the mountains of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, the ...

'', '' Rheum rhaponticum'', ''

Aesculus hippocastanum ''Aesculus hippocastanum'', the horse chestnut, is a species of flowering plant in the maple, soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is a large, deciduous, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered) tree. It is also called horse-chestnut, Europea ...

'', ''

Forsythia europaea ''Forsythia europaea'', commonly known as Albanian forsythia or European forsythia, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family, with a native range from Montenegro to northern Albania. It is the only species of ''Forsythia'' native ...

'', ''

Lathraea rhodopea ''Lathraea'' (toothwort) is a small genus of five to seven species of flowering plants, native to temperate Europe and Asia. They are parasitic plants on the roots of other plants, and are completely lacking chlorophyll. They are classified in t ...

'', '' Wulfenia baldacci'', ''

Solenanthus scardicus ''Solenanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. Species include: * '' Solenanthus albanicus'', (Degen & Bald.) Degen & Bald. * '' Solenanthus apenninus'', (L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. * '' Solenanthus biebersteinii'', DC. ...

'', '' Amphoricarpus neumayeri'', '' Narthecium scardicum'', ''

Dioscorea balcanica ''Dioscorea balcanica'' is a herbaceous perennial in the family Dioscoreaceae. Description Height 2–5 m. Flowers cup-shaped, arranged in racemes, producing loculicidal capsules. Taxonomy This species was named in 1914 by Nedeljk ...

'') *Euxinian Province (parts of Bulgaria, Turkey,

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

and Russia around the Black Sea), with two endemic genera ('' Chymsidia'' and '' Megacaryon'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Abies nordmanniana ''Abies nordmanniana'', the Nordmann fir or Caucasian fir, is a fir indigenous to the mountains south and east of the Black Sea, in Turkey, Georgia and the Russian Caucasus. It occurs at altitudes of 900–2,200 m on mountains with precipi ...

'', '' Epimedium pubigerum'', '' Quercus pontica'', '' Quercus hartwissiana'', '' Веtula medwedewii'', '' Вetula megrelica'', ''

Corylus colchica ''Corylus colchica'' also known as ''Corylus iberica'' is a species of hazelnut endemic to Armenia and Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in ...

'', '' Сorylus pontica'', '' Paeonia wittmanniana'', '' Hypericum bupleuroides'', '' Hypericum xylosteifolium'', '' Rhododendron ungernii'', ''

Rhododendron smirnovii ''Rhododendron'' (; from Ancient Greek ''rhódon'' "rose" and ''déndron'' "tree") is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous. Most species are n ...

'', ''

Epigaea gaultherioides ''Epigaea gaultherioides'' is a species of flowering plant in the Ericaceae family. It is native to Transcaucasia and Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transc ...

'', '' Primula megaseifolia'', '' Cyclamen adsharicum'', '' Andrachne colchica'', '' Trapa colchica'', '' Staphylea colchica'', '' Hedera colchica'', '' Astrantia pontica'', '' Heracleum mantegazzianum'', '' Seseli rupicola'', '' Rhamnus imeretinus'', ''

Osmanthus decorus ''Osmanthus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae. Most of the species are native to eastern Asia ( China, Japan, Korea, Indochina, the Himalayas, etc.), ...

'', '' Trachystemon orientale'', '' Rhamphicarpa medwedewii'', '' Gentiana paradoxa'', '' Scabiosa olgae'', '' Campanula mirabilis'', ''

Campanula lactiflora ''Campanula lactiflora'', the milky bellflower, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Campanula'' of the family Campanulaceae, native to Turkey and the Caucasus. It is a medium-sized herbaceous perennial growing to , with narrow, toot ...

'', '' Inula magnifica'', '' Lilium ponticum'', '' Ruscus colchicus'', ''

Dioscorea caucasica ''Dioscorea'' is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extend ...

'', '' Campanula mirabilis''), some endemic species and genera shared with the Caucasian Province (see below). *Caucasian Province (parts of Russia, Georgia,

Armenia Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''Ox ...

and

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...

), with five endemic genera ('' Pseudovesicaria'', '' Symphyoloma'', '' Pseudobetckea'', '' Trigonocaryum'' and '' Cladochaeta'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Betula raddeana ''Betula raddeana'' is a species of plant in the Betulaceae family. It is found in Georgia and Russia. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural h ...

'', '' Papaver oreophilum'', '' Corydalis pallidiflora'', '' Сorydalis emanuelii'', '' Cerastium kasbek'', '' Сerastium argenteum'', '' Сerastium multiflorum'', '' Minuartia inamoena'', '' Silena lacera'', '' Gypsophila acutifolia'', '' Dianthus fragrans'', '' Sobolevskia caucasica'', '' Draba bryoides'', '' Draba elisabethae'', '' Draba supranivalis'', '' Draba molissima'', '' Draba ossetica'', '' Primula bayernii'', '' Saxifraga subverticillata'', '' Sedum stevenianum'', ''

Geranium renardii Geranium renardii is a species of hardy flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the genus ''Geranium'', in the family Geraniaceae. It is native to the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. Growing to tall and broad, it has palmate leaves and ...

'', '' Oxytropis owerinii'', '' Genliana grossheimii'', '' Gentinana septemfida'' var. ''lagodechiana'', '' Gentiana marcowiczii'', '' Veronica caucasica'', ''

Campanula andina ''Campanula'' () is one of several genera of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae commonly known as bellflowers. They take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers — ''campanula'' is Latin for "little bell". ...

'', '' Centaurea amblyolepis'', ''

Lilium monadelphum ''Lilium monadelphum'' is a bulbous plant native to Crimea and to North North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or ad ...

'', '' Galanthus latifolius'', '' Ornithogalum magnum'', ''

Colchicum laetum ''Colchicum laetum'' is a species of ''Colchicum'' found in south east Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, wi ...

'', '' Asphodoline tenuior'', '' Gagea helenae'', '' Calamagrostis caucasica''), many endemic species and genera shared with the Euxinian Province (e.g. '' Agasyllis'', '' Sredinskya'', '' Rhododendron caucasicum'', '' Vaccinium arctostaphylos'', ''

Daphne pontica ''Daphne pontica'', commonly known as twin-flowered or Pontic daphne, is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae, native to Bulgaria, northern Turkey and the Caucasus. It is a small evergreen shrub growing to tall by wide, ...

'', '' Paris incompleta''). *Eastern European Province (parts of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and Romania) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. '' Anemone uralensis'', '' Papaver maeoticum'', '' Dianthus eugeniae'', '' Dianthus krylovianus'', '' Dianthus volgicus'', '' Diplotaxis cretacea'', '' Sisymbrium wolgense'', '' Syrenia talievii'', '' Pyrus rossica'', '' Hedysarum cretaceum'', '' Нedysarum ucrainicum'', '' Erodium beketowii'', ''

Linaria cretacea ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'', '' Linaria macroura'', '' Scrophularia cretacea'') *Northern European Province (parts of Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), without endemic genera, with but few endemic species (e.g. '' Corispermum algidum'', '' Castilleja schrenkii'') *West Siberian Province (parts of Russia and Kazakhstan), without endemic genera, with few endemic species *

Province (Parts of Russia and Mongolia), with one endemic genus (''

Microstigma ''Microstigma'' is a species of damselflies belonging to the family Pseudostigmatidae The Pseudostigmatidae are a family of tropical damselflies, known as helicopter damselflies, giant damselflies, or forest giants. The family includes the ...

'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Callianthemum sajanense ''Callianthemum'' is a genus that consists of 24 species of little rhizomatous herbs from high mountains in Europe, Central Asia and East Asia. The botanical name comes from the Greek, which means beautiful flower. The plants are low-growing, orn ...

'', '' Eranthis sibirica'', ''

Aquilegia borodinii ''Aquilegia'' (common names: granny's bonnet, columbine) is a genus of about 60–70 species of perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher altitudes throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the spurred petals ...

'', '' Delphinium mirabile'', ''

Delphinium inconspicuum ''Delphinium'' is a genus of about 300 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. The genus was erected by Carl ...

'', '' Aconitum krylovii'', '' Aconitum altaicum'', ''

Anemone baicalensis ''Anemonastrum baicalense'' is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Anemonastrum''. It is native to forests, scrub, and grassy places at 500–3100 m. altitude in Siberia, Mongolia, northern China, and North Korea in Northeast Asia Nor ...

'', '' Ranunculus sajanensis'', '' Gymnospermium altaicum'', '' Betula kelleriana'', '' Stellaria martjanovii'', '' Stellaria imbricata'', '' Stellaria irrigua'', '' Silene turgida'', '' Aphragmus involucratus'', '' Erysimum inense'', '' Euphorbia alpina'', '' Euphorbia altaica'', '' Euphorbia tshuiensis'', '' Rhodiola algida'', '' Sedum populifolium'', '' Chrysosplenium filipes'', '' Caragana altaica'', ''

Vicia lilacina ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...

'', '' Lathyrus frolovii'', '' Lathyrus krylovii'', '' Linum violascens'', '' Scrophularia altaica'', '' Schizonepeta annua'', '' Valeriana petrophila'', '' Brachanthemum baranovii'', ''

Echinops humilis ''Echinops'' is a genus of about 120 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, commonly known as globe thistles. They have spiny foliage and produce blue or white spherical flower heads. They are native to Europe, east to central As ...

'', '' Saussurea serratuloides'', '' Saussurea sajanensis'', '' Allium pumilum'', '' Carex tatjanae'', species of ''

Astragalus ''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to tempe ...

'' and ''

Oxytropis ''Oxytropis'' is a genus of plants in the legume family. It is one of three genera of plants known as locoweeds, and are notorious for being toxic to grazing animals. The other locoweed genus is the closely related ''Astragalus''. There are abo ...

'') *Central Siberian Province (parts of Russia) without endemic genera, with but few endemic species *Transbaikalian Province (Parts of Russia and Mongolia) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. '' Aconitum montibaicalensis'', '' Draba baicalensis'', '' Saxifraga algisii'', '' Potentilla adenotricha'', '' Astragalus trigonocarpus'', '' Oxytropis heterotricha'', '' Mertensia serrulata'') *Northeastern Siberian Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus ('' Gorodkovia'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Corydalis gorodkovii'', '' Androsace gorodkovii'', '' Saxifraga anadyrensis'', '' Potentilla anadyrensis'', '' Potentilla tollii'', '' Helictotrichon krylovii'', '' Poa lanatiflora''). *Okhotsk-Kamchatkan Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus ('' Redowskia'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Abies gracilis'', '' Picea kamtschatkensis'', '' Delphinium ochotense'', '' Aconitum ajanense'', '' Aconitum ochotense'', '' Corydalis redowskii'', '' Stellaria peduncularis'', '' Arenaria redowskii'', '' Lychnis ajanensis'', '' Sorbus kamtschatcensis'', ''

Oxytropis ajanensis ''Oxytropis'' is a genus of plants in the legume family. It is one of three genera of plants known as locoweeds, and are notorious for being toxic to grazing animals. The other locoweed genus is the closely related ''Astragalus''. There are ab ...

'', '' Oxytropis tilingii'', '' Sambucus kamtschatica''). *Canadian Province (

St. Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon (), officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (french: link=no, Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon ), is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in t ...

, parts of Canada and the United States)David Lewis Lentz. 2000

Notes

Bibliography

* C.Michael Hogan. 2011
''Taiga''. eds. M.McGinley & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
* David Lewis Lentz. 2000. ''Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas'', Science, 547 pages, page * Robert F. Thorne
Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico
'' Flora of North America'', Vol. 1, Ch. 6. {{Flora of the United States by political division Floristic regions Holarctic

Floristic provinces

See also

Notes

Bibliography