The Cichorioideae are a
subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classifica ...
of the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...
of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...
s. Familiar members of Cichorioideae include
lettuce
Lettuce (''Lactuca sativa'') is an annual plant of the family Asteraceae. It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. Lettuce is most often used for salads, although it is also seen in other kinds of food, ...
,
dandelion
''Taraxacum'' () is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, which consists of species commonly known as dandelions. The scientific and hobby study of the genus is known as taraxacology. The genus is native to Eurasia and Nor ...
s,
chicory
Common chicory (''Cichorium intybus'') is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Native to the Old World, it has been introduced to North America and Austra ...
and ''
Gazania'' species. The subfamily comprises about 240
genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
and about 2900
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...
. It is heterogeneous and hard to characterize except with molecular characters.
Taxonomy
The subfamily as understood in 1998 turned out to be
paraphyletic
In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In ...
, based on
studies
Study or studies may refer to:
General
* Education
** Higher education
* Clinical trial
* Experiment
* Observational study
* Research
* Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning
Other
* Study (art), a drawing or series of d ...
of
DNA sequence
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. T ...
s,
so a number of
tribes
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confli ...
were moved to new
subfamilies. Names for the new subfamilies were published in 2002.
In 2004, 2007, and 2008,
molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
studies further clarified
relationships within Cichorioideae.
[Sterling C. Keeley, Zac H. Forsman, and Raymund Chan. 2007. "A phylogeny of the "evil tribe" (Vernonieae: Compositae) reveals Old/New World long distance dispersal: Support from separate and combined congruent datasets (''trn''L-F, ''ndh''F, ITS)". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 44(1):89-103.][Jose L. Panero and Vicki A. Funk. 2008. "The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: Major clades of the Asteraceae revealed". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 47(2):757–782.]
Major
works
Works may refer to:
People
* Caddy Works (1896–1982), American college sports coach
* Samuel Works (c. 1781–1868), New York politician
Albums
* '' ''Works'' (Pink Floyd album)'', a Pink Floyd album from 1983
* ''Works'', a Gary Burton album ...
on Asteraceae were published in 2007 and 2009. These were the only comprehensive
treatments of the family since 1994.
[Kåre Bremer (with the assistance of Arne A. Anderberg, Per Ola Karis, Bertil Nordenstam, Johannes Lundberg, and Olof Ryding). 1994. ''Asteraceae: cladistics and classification''. Timber Press: Oregon, USA. .] In the 2007 book, ''
Gundelia'' and ''
Warionia'' were
segregated from the tribe
Cichorieae
The Cichorieae (also called Lactuceae) are a tribe in the plant family Asteraceae that includes 93 genera, more than 1,600 sexually reproductive species and more than 7,000 apomictic species. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the E ...
to form the tribe
Gundelieae. ''
Eremothamnus
''Eremothamnus marlothianus'' is a species of shrub in the family Asteraceae, the only species in the genus ''Eremothamnus''. It is native to the coastal desert of Namibia. It is a small shrub with spiny leaves.
Taxonomy and systematics
The gen ...
'', ''
Hoplophyllum
''Hoplophyllum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.Per Ola Karis. 2007. "Arctotideae" pages 200-207. In: Klaus Kubitzki (series editor); Joachim W. Kadereit and Charles Jeffrey (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of ...
'', ''
Heterolepis
''Heterolepis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family.Per Ola Karis. 2007. "Arctotideae" pages 200-207. In: Klaus Kubitzki (series editor); Joachim W. Kadereit and Charles Jeffrey (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera ...
'', and ''
Platycarpha
''Platycarpha'' is a genus of South African plants dandelion subfamily within the daisy family.incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...
'' in tribe
Arctotideae, while ''
Distephanus'', ''
Trichospira'', ''
Moquinia'', and ''
Pseudostifftia'' were placed in the tribe
Vernonieae.
[Klaus Kubitzki (series editor); Joachim W. Kadereit and Charles Jeffrey (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VIII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ] Some of this
classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood.
Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes.
It may also refer to:
Business, organizat ...
was not supported by
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups ...
studies that came out later.
For example, the tribe Arctotideae was only weakly supported as
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gr ...
, but its two subtribes,
Arctotidinae and
Gorteriinae, were strongly supported.
In the 2009 book, the Gundelieae were sunk into the
Cichorieae
The Cichorieae (also called Lactuceae) are a tribe in the plant family Asteraceae that includes 93 genera, more than 1,600 sexually reproductive species and more than 7,000 apomictic species. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the E ...
. The new tribe
Platycarpheae was recognized, as well as the tribes Eremothamneae and Moquinieae. ''Heterolepis'' was placed in the Arctotideae, at least provisionally. ''Distephanus'' was not placed in the Moquinieae or the Vernonieae, but is closely related to them.
[Vicki A. Funk, Alfonso Susanna, Tod F. Stuessy, and Randall J. Bayer. 2009. ''Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae''. IAPT (International Association for Plant Taxonomy). (see ''External links'' below).] ''
Trichospira'' was placed in the
Vernonieae, but its inclusion there is in doubt.
Phylogeny
The following
phylogeny
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological s ...
is from ''Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae'', except the tribe Gundelieae is recognized and the genus ''
Trichospira'' is now included in Vernonieae.
References
External links
Classification (compositae book, chapter 11At
The International Compositae AllianceCichorioideaeAt
Tree of LifePhylogenetic Analysis of the Cichorioideae (Asteraceae), with Emphasis on the Mutisieae* At
Uniprot TaxonomyAt
Uniprot*
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q133142
Asterales subfamilies