Chinese Turkestan

Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country at the crossroads of Central Asia and East Asia. Being the largest province-level division of China by area and the 8th-largest country subdivision in the world, Xinjiang spans over and has about 25 million inhabitants. Xinjiang borders the countries of Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. The rugged Karakoram, Kunlun and Tian Shan mountain ranges occupy much of Xinjiang's borders, as well as its western and southern regions. The Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract regions, both administered by China, are claimed by India. Xinjiang also borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai. The most well-known route of the historic Silk Road ran through the territory from the east to its northwestern border.

Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range and only about 9.7% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation. It is home to a number of ethnic groups, including the Turkic Uyghur, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, the Han, Tibetans, Hui, Chinese Tajiks (Pamiris), Mongols, Russians and Sibe. There are more than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan, East Turkestan and East Turkistan.

With a documented history of at least 2,500 years, a succession of people and empires have vied for control over all or parts of this territory. The territory came under the rule of the Qing dynasty in the 18th century, which was later replaced by the Republic of China. Since 1949 and the Chinese Civil War, it has been part of the People's Republic of China. In 1954, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) was established to strengthen border defense against the Soviet Union and promote the local economy by settling soldiers into the region. In 1955, Xinjiang was administratively changed from a province into an autonomous region. In recent decades, abundant oil and mineral reserves have been found in Xinjiang and it is currently China's largest natural gas-producing region.

From the 1990s to the 2010s, the East Turkestan independence movement, separatist conflict and the influence of radical Islam have resulted in unrest in the region with occasional terrorist attacks and clashes between separatist and government forces. These conflicts prompted the Chinese government to commit a series of ongoing human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other ethnic and religious minorities in the province including, according to some, genocide.

Names

{{Infobox Chinese
, pic = Xinjiang (Chinese characters).svg
, piccap = "Xīnjiāng" in Chinese characters
, picupright = 0.5
, c = {{linktext, lang=zh, 新疆
, l = "New Frontier"
, p = Xīnjiāng
, w = Hsin¹-chiang¹
, mi = {{IPAc-cmn, x, in, 1, ., j, iang, 1
, bpmf = ㄒㄧㄣ   ㄐㄧㄤ
, gr = Shinjiang
, mps = Shinjihang
, tp = Sinjiang
, myr = Syīnjyāng
, showflag = p
, xej = سٍكِيْا
, zh-dungan = Щинҗён
, psp = Sinkiang
, j = San1goeng1
, y = Sān'gēung
, ci = {{IPAc-yue, s, an, 1, ., g, oeng, 1
, poj = Sin-kiong
, buc = Sĭng-giŏng
, teo = Sing-kiang
, h = Sîn-kiông
, altname = Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
, psp2 = Sinkiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
, s2 = {{nowrap, {{linktext, 新疆维吾尔自治区
, t2 = {{nowrap, {{linktext, 新疆維吾爾自治區
, p2 = {{nowrap, Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū
, bpmf2 = ㄒㄧㄣ   ㄐㄧㄤ
ㄨㄟˊ   ㄨˊ   ㄦˇ
ㄗˋ   ㄓˋ   ㄑㄩ
, w2 = Hsin¹-chiang¹ Wei²-wu²-êrh³ Tzŭ⁴-chih⁴-chʻü¹
, mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn, x, in, 1, ., j, iang, 1, -, wei, 2, ., wu, 2, ., er, 3, -, zi, 4, ., zhi, 4, ., qu, 1
, gr2 = Shinjiang Weiwueel Tzyhjyhchiu
, mps2 = Shinjiang Wheihuel Tzyhgukhickhu
, myr2 = Syīnjyāng Wéiwúěr Dz̀jr̀chyū
, tp2 = Sinjiang Wéiwú'ěr Zìhjhìhcyu
, wuu2 = {{nowrap, sin cian vi ng el zy zy chiu
, poj2 = Sin-kiong Ûi-ngô͘-ní Chū-tī-khu
, teo2 = Sing-kiang Jûi-û-jéu Tsĕu-tī-khu
, buc2 = Sĭng-giŏng Mì-ngù-ī Cê̤ṳ-dê-kṳ̆
, h2 = Sîn-kiông Vì-ngâ-ngì Tshṳ-tshṳ-khî
, xej2 = سٍكِيْا وِءُعَر ذِجِٿُوُ
, zh-dungan2 = Щинҗён Уйгур Зыҗычү
, mon = Шиньжян Уйгурын өөртөө засах орон
, mong = {{MongolUnicode, ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ
ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ
ᠤᠨ
ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ
ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ
ᠣᠷᠤᠨ
, monr = Sinjiyaŋ Uyiɣur-un öbertegen jasaqu orun
(Classical)
{{longitem, Shin'jyan Uiguryn öörtöö zasakh oron (Khalkha)
, uig = {{big, شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى
, uly = {{nowrap, Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni
, uyy = {{nowrap, Xinjang Uyƣur Aptonom Rayoni
, sgs = {{nowrap, Xinjang Uyĝur Aptonom Rayoni
, usy = Шинҗаң Уйғур Аптоном Райони
, lang1 = Kazakh
, lang1_content = {{nowrap, {{lang, kk-Arab, شينجياڭ ۇيعۇر اۆتونوميالى رايونى
{{longitem, {{lang, kk-Latn, Shyńjań Uıǵyr aýtonomııalyq aýdany
, lang2 = Kyrgyz
, lang2_content = {{nowrap, {{lang, ky-Arab, شئنجاڭ ۇيعۇر اپتونوم رايونۇ
{{longitem, {{lang, ky, Шинжаң-Уйгур автоном району {{longitem, {{lang, ky-Latn, Şincañ-Uyğur avtonom rayonu
, lang3 = Oirat
, lang3_content = {{MongolUnicode, ᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊ
ᡇᡕᡅᡎᡇᠷ
ᡅᠨ
ᡄᡋᡄᠷᡄᡃᠨ
ᠴᠠᠰᠠᡍᡇ
ᡆᠷᡇᠨ, style=max-height:5em; word-wrap:normal
Šinǰiyang Uyiγur-in ebereen zasaqu orun
, order = st
, s =
, t =
, mnc = {{ManchuSibeUnicode, ᡳᠴᡝ
ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ
ᡠᡳᡤᡠᡵ
ᠪᡝᠶᡝ
ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᡤᠣᠯᠣ
, mnc_v = Ice Jecen Uigur beye dasangga golo
, lang4 = Xibe
, lang4_content = {{MongolUnicode, ᠰᡞᠨᡪᠶᠠᡢ
ᡠᡞᡤᡠᠷ
ᠪᡝᠶᡝ
ᡩᠠᠰᠠᡢᡤᠠ
ᡤᠣᠯᠣ, style=max-height:4em; word-wrap:normal
Sinjyang Uigur beye dasangga golo

The general region of Xinjiang has been known by many different names in earlier times, in indigenous languages as well as other languages. These names include Altishahr, the historical Uyghur name for the southern half of the region referring to "the six cities" of the Tarim Basin, as well as Khotan, Khotay, Chinese Tartary, High Tartary, East Chagatay (it was the eastern part of the Chagatai Khanate), Moghulistan ("land of the Mongols"), Kashgaria, Little Bokhara, Serindia (due to Indian cultural influence){{sfnp, Tyler, 2004,
3
} and, in Chinese, "Western Regions".{{sfnp, Hill, 2009, pp=xviii, 60

In Chinese, under the Han dynasty, Xinjiang was known as ''Xiyu'' ({{lang, zh, 西域), meaning "Western Regions". Between the 2nd century BCE and 2nd century CE the Han Empire established the Protectorate of the Western Regions or Xiyu Protectorate ({{lang, zh-hant, 西域都護府) in an effort to secure the profitable routes of the Silk Road. The Western Regions during the Tang era were known as ''Qixi'' ({{lang, zh-hant, 磧西). Qi refers to the Gobi Desert while Xi refers to the west. The Tang Empire had established the ''Protectorate General to Pacify the West'' or ''Anxi Protectorate'' ({{lang, zh-hant, 安西都護府) in 640 to control the region.

During the Qing dynasty, the northern part of Xinjiang, Dzungaria was known as Zhunbu ({{lang, zh-hant, 準部, " Dzungar region") and the Southern Tarim Basin was known as ''Huijiang'' ({{lang, zh, 回疆, "Muslim Frontier"). Both regions merged after Qing dynasty suppressed the Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas in 1759 and became the region of "Xiyu Xinjiang" ({{zh, t = 西域新疆, l = Western Regions' New Frontier), later simplified as "Xinjiang" / "Sinkiang" ({{zh, t = 新疆, Manchu: ᡳᠴᡝ
ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ, Romanization: ''ice jecen''). The official name was given during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor in 1878. According to Chinese statesman Zuo Zongtang's report to the Guangxu Emperor, Xinjiang means an "old land newly returned" ({{lang, zh-Hant, 故土新歸) or the "new old land".{{refn, group=n, The imperial-era Chinese word gui {{linktext, lang=zh-Hant, 歸 is not descriptive, but normative: It is a term which seeks to justify new conquests by presenting them as a naturally appropriate "return." It does not indicate that the territory already had been conquered earlier.{{sfnp, Weinstein, 2013, p=4, ps=.{{full citation needed, date=May 2020 It can also be translated as “new frontier” or “new territory.” In fact, the term "Xinjiang" was used in many other places conquered, but never were ruled by Chinese empires directly until the gradual '' Gaitu Guiliu'' administrative reform, including regions in Southern China. For instance, present-day Jinchuan County in Sichuan was then known as "Jinchuan Xinjiang", Zhaotong in Yunnan was named directly as "Xinjiang", Qiandongnan region, Anshun and Zhenning were named as "Liangyou Xinjiang" etc.

In 1955, Xinjiang Province was renamed "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region". The name that was originally proposed was simply "Xinjiang Autonomous Region" because that was the name for the imperial territory. This proposal was not well-received by Uyghurs in the Communist Party, who found the name colonialist in nature since it meant “new territory." Saifuddin Azizi, the first chairman of Xinjiang, registered his strong objections to the proposed name with Mao Zedong, arguing that "autonomy is not given to mountains and rivers. It is given to particular nationalities." Some Uyghur Communists proposed the name "Tian Shan Uyghur Autonomous Region" instead. The Han Communists in the central government denied the name Xinjiang was colonialist and that the central government could be colonialists both because they were communists and because China was a victim of colonialism. But due to the Uyghur complaints, the administrative region would be named "Xinjiang ''Uygur'' Autonomous Region".{{sfnp, Bovingdon, 2010, p=199{{cite podcast , url= https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/episode-39-ethnicity-tibet-and-xinjiang-in-the-prc/id1337064684?i=1000446900247, title= Episode 39: Ethnicity, Tibet, and Xinjiang in the PRC, website=podcasts.apple.com, publisher=Beyond Huaxia: A College History of China and Japan, host=Justin M. Jacobs, date=14 August 2019, time=60:00–62:18, access-date=19 March 2022

Uyghur nationalists refer to Xinjiang as "Uyghurstan".

Description

Xinjiang consists of two main geographically, historically and ethnically distinct regions with different historical names, Dzungaria north of the Tianshan Mountains and the Tarim Basin south of the Tianshan Mountains, before Qing China unified them into one political entity called Xinjiang Province in 1884. At the time of the Qing conquest in 1759, Dzungaria was inhabited by steppe dwelling, nomadic Tibetan Buddhist Dzungar people, while the Tarim Basin was inhabited by sedentary, oasis dwelling, Turkic-speaking Muslim farmers, now known as the Uyghur people. They were governed separately until 1884. The native Uyghur name for the Tarim Basin is Altishahr.

The Qing dynasty was well aware of the differences between the former Buddhist Mongol area to the north of the Tian Shan and the Turkic Muslim area south of the Tian Shan and ruled them in separate administrative units at first.{{sfnp, Liu, Faure, 1996,
69
} However, Qing people began to think of both areas as part of one distinct region called Xinjiang.{{sfnp, Liu, Faure, 1996,
70
} The very concept of Xinjiang as one distinct geographic identity was created by the Qing. It was originally not the native inhabitants who viewed it that way, but rather the Chinese who held that point of view.{{sfnp, Liu, Faure, 1996,
67
} During the Qing rule, no sense of "regional identity" was held by ordinary Xinjiang people; rather, Xinjiang's distinct identity was given to the region by the Qing, since it had distinct geography, history and culture, while at the same time it was created by the Chinese, multicultural, settled by Han and Hui and separated from Central Asia for over a century and a half.{{sfnp, Liu, Faure, 1996,
77
}

In the late 19th century, it was still being proposed by some people that two separate regions be created out of Xinjiang, the area north of the Tianshan and the area south of the Tianshan, while it was being argued over whether to turn Xinjiang into a province.{{sfnp, Liu, Faure, 1996,
78
}

Xinjiang is a large, sparsely populated area, spanning over 1.6 million km² (comparable in size to Iran), which takes up about one sixth of the country's territory. Xinjiang borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and India's Leh district in Ladakh to the south, Qinghai and Gansu provinces to the east, Mongolia ( Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai and Khovd Provinces) to the east, Russia's Altai Republic to the north and Kazakhstan (Almaty and East Kazakhstan Regions), Kyrgyzstan (Issyk-Kul, Naryn and Osh Regions), Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, Afghanistan's Badakhshan Province and Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan to the west.

The east-west chain of the Tian Shan separate Dzungaria in the north from the Tarim Basin in the south. Dzungaria is a dry steppe and the Tarim Basin contains the massive Taklamakan Desert, surrounded by oases. In the east is the Turpan Depression. In the west, the Tian Shan split, forming the Ili River valley.
{{clear left

History

Early history

{{History of Xinjiang
{{Main, History of Xinjiang
{{Further, Western Regions, Kingdom of Khotan, Shule Kingdom, Shanshan, Saka, Tocharians, Sogdia

The earliest inhabitants of the region encompassing modern day Xinjiang were genetically of Ancient North Eurasian and Northeast Asian origin, with later geneflow from during the Bronze Age linked to the expansion of early Indo-Europeans. These population dynamics gave rise to a heterogeneous demographic makeup. Iron Age samples from Xinjiang show intensified levels of admixture between Steppe pastoralists and northeast Asians, with northern and eastern Xinjiang showing more affinities with northeast Asians, and southern Xinjiang showing more affinity with central Asians.

Between 2009 and 2015, the remains of 92 individuals in the Xiaohe Cemetery were analyzed for Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA markers. Genetic analyses of the mummies showed that the paternal lineages of the Xiaohe people were of European{{cite book , last1=Betts , first1=Allison , title=The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads , date=2019 , publisher=Archaeopress , location=Summertown, Oxford , isbn=978-1789694079 , page=50 , url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Cultures_of_Ancient_Xinjiang_Western/rxUSEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA50 "The first settlers had European paternal lineages, and maternal lineages of European and Siberian origin." .."a pattern that continued in to Xiaohe Phase II, in layers 3, 2 and 1, where the genes show greater mixing still (Li, et al. 2015). The origin of the mitochondrial lineages is more widespread, with the presence of west Eurasian, east Eurasian and Indian lineages." .."This may account for the marked genetic change over time in the Xiaohe population (Li 2010, Li, et al. 2010, Li et al. 2015)." The later Xiaohe people carried diverse east Eurasian maternal lineages, including a dominance of C4 and C5, generally linked to southern Siberia." origin, while the maternal lineages of the early population were diverse, featuring both East Eurasian and West Eurasian lineages, as well as a small number of Indian lineages. Over time, the west Eurasian maternal lineages were gradually replaced by east Eurasian maternal lineages. This implies a pattern of outmarriage to women from Siberian communities, which, over many hundreds of years, led to the loss of the original diversity of mtDNA lineages observed in the earlier Xiaohe population.{{cite book , last1=Schurr , first1=Theodore , title=Globalization , date=2015 , publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology , location=Philadelphia , isbn=978-1934536780 , url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Globalization/DD94BgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA91&printsec=frontcover "In this regard, genetic data have recently been discovered from individuals interred in the Xiaohe cemetery from the Tarim Basin. Interestingly, they were shown to have both East Eurasian and West Eurasian mtDNA lineages, but only West Eurasian NRY lineages (Li et al 2010)."{{cite journal , author1=Chunxiang Li , author2=Hongjie Li , author3=Yinqiu Cui , author4=Chengzhi Xie , author5=Dawei Cai , author6=Wenying Li , author7=Victor H Mair , author8=Zhi Xu , author9=Quanchao Zhang , author10=Idelis Abuduresule , author11=Li Jin , author12=Hong Zhu , author13=Hui Zhou , title=Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age , journal=BMC Biology , volume=8 , issue=15 , pages=15, year=2010, pmid=20163704 , pmc=2838831 , doi=10.1186/1741-7007-8-15

The Tarim population was therefore always notably diverse, reflecting a complex history of admixture between people of Ancient North Eurasian, South Asian and Northeast Asian descent. The Tarim mummies have been found in various locations in the Western Tarim Basin such as Loulan, the Xiaohe Tomb complex and Qäwrighul. These mummies have been previously suggested to have been Tocharian or Indo-European speakers, but recent evidence suggest that the earliest mummies belonged to a distinct population unrelated to Indo-European pastoralists and spoke an unknown language, probably a language isolate.

Although many of the Tarim mummies were classified as Caucasoid by anthropologists, Tarim Basin sites also contain both "Caucasoid" and "Mongoloid" remains, indicating contact between newly arrived western nomads and agricultural communities in the east. Mummies have been found in various locations in the Western Tarim Basin such as Loulan, the Xiaohe Tomb complex and Qäwrighul. The earliest of the mummies have been previously suggested to have been Tocharian or Indo-European speakers, but recent evidence suggest that the earliest mummies belonged to a distinct population unrelated to Indo-European pastoralists and spoke an unknown language, probably a language isolate.

Nomadic tribes such as the Yuezhi, Saka and Wusun were probably part of the migration of Indo-European speakers who had settled in Western Central Asia long before the Xiongnu and Han Chinese. By the time the Han dynasty under Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) wrested the western Tarim Basin away from its previous overlords (the Xiongnu), it was inhabited by various peoples who included the Indo-European-speaking Tocharians in Turfan and Kucha, the Saka peoples centered in the Shule Kingdom and the Kingdom of Khotan, the various Tibeto-Burmese groups (especially people related to the Qiang) as well as the Han Chinese people.{{cite book, first=Xavier, last=Tremblay, year=2007, chapter=The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century, editor1=Ann Heirman, name-list-style=amp, editor2=Stephan Peter Bumbacker, title=The Spread of Buddhism, location=Leiden & Boston, publisher=Koninklijke Brill, page=77, isbn=978-90-04-15830-6 Some linguists posit that the Tocharian language had high amounts of influence from Paleosiberian languages, such as Uralic and Yeniseian languages.

Yuezhi culture is documented in the region. The first known reference to the Yuezhi was in 645 BC by the Chinese chancellor Guan Zhong in his work, '' Guanzi'' ({{lang, zh-hant, 管子, Guanzi Essays: 73: 78: 80: 81). He described the ''Yúshì'', {{lang, zh-hant, 禺氏 (or ''Niúshì'', {{lang, zh, 牛氏), as a people from the north-west who supplied jade to the Chinese from the nearby mountains (also known as Yushi) in Gansu. The longtime jade supply from the Tarim Basin is well-documented archaeologically: "It is well known that ancient Chinese rulers had a strong attachment to jade. All of the jade items excavated from the tomb of Fuhao of the Shang dynasty, more than 750 pieces, were from Khotan in modern Xinjiang. As early as the mid-first millennium BC, the Yuezhi engaged in the jade trade, of which the major consumers were the rulers of agricultural China."

Crossed by the Northern Silk Road, the Tarim and Dzungaria regions were known as the Western Regions. At the beginning of the Han dynasty (206 BC{{snd220 AD) the region was ruled by the Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people based in present-day Mongolia. During the 2nd century BC, the Han dynasty prepared for war against Xiongnu when Emperor Wu of Han dispatched Zhang Qian to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and form an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu. As a result of the war, the Chinese controlled the strategic region from the Ordos and Gansu corridor to Lop Nor. They separated the Xiongnu from the Qiang people on the south and gained direct access to the Western Regions. Han China sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the states of the region, beginning several decades of struggle between the Xiongnu and Han China in which China eventually prevailed. In 60 BC, Han China established the Protectorate of the Western Regions ({{lang, zh-hant, 西域都護府) at Wulei ({{lang, zh-hant, 烏壘, near modern Luntai), to oversee the region as far west as the Pamir Mountains. The protectorate was seized during the civil war against Wang Mang (r. AD 9–23), returning to Han control in 91 due to the efforts of general Ban Chao.

The Western Jin dynasty succumbed to successive waves of invasions by nomads from the north at the beginning of the 4th century. The short-lived kingdoms that ruled northwestern China one after the other, including Former Liang, Former Qin, Later Liang and Western Liáng, all attempted to maintain the protectorate, with varying degrees of success. After the final reunification of Northern China under the Northern Wei empire, its protectorate controlled what is now the southeastern region of Xinjiang. Local states such as Shule, Yutian, Guizi and Qiemo controlled the western region, while the central region around Turpan was controlled by Gaochang, remnants of a state (Northern Liang) that once ruled part of what is now Gansu province in northwestern China.

During the Tang dynasty, a series of expeditions were conducted against the Western Turkic Khaganate and their vassals: the oasis states of southern Xinjiang. Campaigns against the oasis states began under Emperor Taizong with the annexation of Gaochang in 640.{{cite book , first2=Howard J. , last2=Wechsler , first1=Denis , last1=Twitchett , chapter=Kao-tsung (reign 649-83) and the Empress Wu: The Inheritor and the Usurper , editor1 = Denis Twitchett , editor2=John Fairbank , title = The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China Part I , year=1979 , publisher=Cambridge University Press , isbn=978-0-521-21446-9 , page=228 The nearby kingdom of Karasahr was captured by the Tang in 644 and the kingdom of Kucha was conquered in 649.{{cite book , first=Jonathan Karem , last=Skaff , editor=Nicola Di Cosmo , title=Military Culture in Imperial China , year=2009 , publisher=Harvard University Press , isbn=978-0-674-03109-8 , pages=183–185 The Tang Dynasty then established the Protectorate General to Pacify the West ({{lang, zh-Hant, 安西都護府) or Anxi Protectorate, in 640 to control the region.

During the Anshi Rebellion, which nearly destroyed the Tang dynasty, Tibet invaded the Tang on a broad front from Xinjiang to Yunnan. It occupied the Tang capital of Chang'an in 763 for 16 days, and controlled southern Xinjiang by the end of the century. The Uyghur Khaganate took control of Northern Xinjiang, much of Central Asia and Mongolia at the same time.

As Tibet and the Uyghur Khaganate declined in the mid-9th century, the Kara-Khanid Khanate (a confederation of Turkic tribes including the Karluks, Chigils and Yaghmas){{cite book , title = A history of Inner Asia , first = Svatopluk , last = Soucek , chapter = Chapter 5 – The Qarakhanids , publisher = Cambridge University Press , year = 2000 , isbn = 978-0-521-65704-4 , chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc controlled Western Xinjiang during the 10th and 11th centuries. After the Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia was destroyed by the Kirghiz in 840, branches of the Uyghurs established themselves in Qocha (Karakhoja) and Beshbalik (near present-day Turfan and Ürümqi). The Uyghur state remained in eastern Xinjiang until the 13th century, although it was ruled by foreign overlords. The Kara-Khanids converted to Islam. The Uyghur state in Eastern Xinjiang, initially Manichean, later converted to Buddhism.

Remnants of the Liao dynasty from Manchuria entered Xinjiang in 1132, fleeing rebellion by the neighboring Jurchens. They established a new empire, the Qara Khitai, which ruled the Kara-Khanid and Uyghur-held parts of the Tarim Basin for the next century. Although Khitan and Chinese were the primary administrative languages, Persian and Uyghur were also used.

{{anchor, Islamification of XinjiangIslamization

{{Islam and China, places
Present-day Xinjiang consisted of the Tarim Basin and Dzungaria and was originally inhabited by Indo-European Tocharians and Iranian Sakas who practiced Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. The Turfan and Tarim Basins were inhabited by speakers of Tocharian languages,{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 ,
15
} with Caucasian mummies found in the region.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 ,
16
} The area became Islamified during the 10th century with the conversion of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, who occupied Kashgar. During the mid-10th century, the Saka Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan was attacked by the Turkic Muslim Karakhanid ruler Musa; the Karakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan around 1006.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 ,
55
}

Mongol period

{{see also, Yarkent Khanate

After Genghis Khan unified Mongolia and began his advance west the Uyghur state in the Turpan-Urumchi region offered its allegiance to the Mongols in 1209, contributing taxes and troops to the Mongol imperial effort. In return, the Uyghur rulers retained control of their kingdom; Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire conquered the Qara Khitai in 1218. Xinjiang was a stronghold of Ögedei Khan and later came under the control of his descendant, Kaidu. This branch of the Mongol family kept the Yuan dynasty at bay until their rule ended.

During the Mongol Empire era the Yuan dynasty vied with the Chagatai Khanate for rule of the region and the latter controlled most of it. After the Chagatai Khanate divided into smaller khanates during the mid-14th century, the politically-fractured region was ruled by a number of Persianized Mongol Khans, including those from Moghulistan (with the assistance of local Dughlat emirs), Uigurstan (later Turpan) and Kashgaria. These leaders warred with each other and the Timurids of Transoxiana to the west and the Oirats to the east: the successor Chagatai regime based in Mongolia and China. During the 17th century, the Dzungars established an empire over much of the region.

The Mongolian Dzungars were the collective identity of several Oirat tribes which formed and maintained, one of the last nomadic empires. The Dzungar Khanate covered Dzungaria, extending from the western Great Wall of China to present-day Eastern Kazakhstan and from present-day Northern Kyrgyzstan to Southern Siberia. Most of the region was renamed "Xinjiang" by the Chinese after the fall of the Dzungar Empire, which existed from the early 17th to the mid-18th century.

The sedentary Turkic Muslims of the Tarim Basin were originally ruled by the Chagatai Khanate and the nomadic Buddhist Oirat Mongols in Dzungaria ruled the Dzungar Khanate. The Naqshbandi Sufi Khojas, descendants of Muhammad, had replaced the Chagatayid Khans as rulers of the Tarim Basin during the early 17th century. There was a struggle between two Khoja factions: the Afaqi (White Mountain) and the Ishaqi (Black Mountain). The Ishaqi defeated the Afaqi and the Afaq Khoja invited the 5th Dalai Lama (the leader of the Tibetans) to intervene on his behalf in 1677. The Dalai Lama then called on his Dzungar Buddhist followers in the Dzungar Khanate to act on the invitation. The Dzungar Khanate conquered the Tarim Basin in 1680, setting up the Afaqi Khoja as their puppet ruler. After converting to Islam, the descendants of the previously- Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) built Buddhist monuments in their region.{{cite book, author1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, author2=Bernard Lewis, author3=Johannes Hendrik Kramers, author4=Charles Pellat, author5=Joseph Schacht, title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ, year=1998, publisher=Brill, page=677, access-date=10 July 2015, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193741/https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ, archive-date=1 January 2016, url-status=live

Qing dynasty

{{Main, Xinjiang under Qing rule



The Turkic Muslims of the Turfan and Kumul oases then submitted to the Qing dynasty and asked China to free them from the Dzungars; the Qing accepted their rulers as vassals. They warred against the Dzungars for decades before defeating them; Qing Manchu Bannermen then conducted the Dzungar genocide, nearly eradicating them and depopulating Dzungaria. The Qing freed the Afaqi Khoja leader Burhan-ud-din and his brother, Khoja Jihan, from Dzungar imprisonment and appointed them to rule the Tarim Basin as Qing vassals. The Khoja brothers reneged on the agreement, declaring themselves independent leaders of the Tarim Basin. The Qing and the Turfan leader Emin Khoja crushed their revolt, and by 1759 China controlled Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin.

The Manchu Qing dynasty gained control of eastern Xinjiang as a result of a long struggle with the Dzungars which began during the 17th century. In 1755, with the help of the Oirat noble Amursana, the Qing attacked Ghulja and captured the Dzungar khan. After Amursana's request to be declared Dzungar khan went unanswered, he led a revolt against the Qing. Qing armies destroyed the remnants of the Dzungar Khanate over the next two years, and many Han Chinese and Hui moved into the pacified areas.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 , p=98

The native Dzungar Oirat Mongols suffered greatly from the brutal campaigns and a simultaneous smallpox epidemic. Writer Wei Yuan described the resulting desolation in present-day northern Xinjiang as "an empty plain for several thousand '' li'', with no Oirat yurt except those surrendered." It has been estimated that 80 percent of the 600,000 (or more) Dzungars died from a combination of disease and warfare, and recovery took generations.{{sfnp, Tyler, 2004 ,
55
}

Han and Hui merchants were initially only allowed to trade in the Tarim Basin; their settlement in the Tarim Basin was banned until the 1830 Muhammad Yusuf Khoja invasion, when the Qing rewarded merchants for fighting off Khoja by allowing them to settle in the basin.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 ,
113
} The Uyghur Muslim Sayyid and Naqshbandi Sufi rebel of the Afaqi suborder, Jahangir Khoja was sliced to death (Lingchi) in 1828 by the Manchus for leading a rebellion against the Qing. According to Robert Montgomery Martin, many Chinese with a variety of occupations were settled in Dzungaria in 1870; in Turkestan (the Tarim Basin), however, only a few Chinese merchants and garrison soldiers were interspersed with the Muslim population.{{sfnp, Martin, 1847 ,
21
}

The 1765 Ush rebellion by the Uyghurs against the Manchu began after Uyghur women were raped by the servants and son of Manchu official Su-cheng.{{sfnp, Millward , 1998 ,
124
} It was said that "Ush Muslims had long wanted to sleep on ucheng and son'shides and eat their flesh" because of the months-long abuse.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 ,
108
} The Manchu emperor ordered the massacre of the Uyghur rebel town; Qing forces enslaved the Uyghur children and women, and killed the Uyghur men.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 ,
109
} Sexual abuse of Uyghur women by Manchu soldiers and officials triggered deep Uyghur hostility against Manchu rule.{{sfnp, Millward , 1998 , p
206–207
}

Yettishar

{{Main, Yettishar

By the 1860s, Xinjiang had been under Qing rule for a century. The region was captured in 1759 from the Dzungar Khanate, whose population (the Oirats) became the targets of genocide. Xinjiang was primarily semi-arid or desert and unattractive to non-trading Han settlers, and others (including the Uyghurs) settled there.

The Dungan Revolt by the Muslim Hui and other Muslim ethnic groups was fought in China's Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu provinces and in Xinjiang from 1862 to 1877. The conflict led to a reported 20.77 million deaths due to migration and war, with many refugees dying of starvation.{{failed verification, date=January 2021 Thousands of Muslim refugees from Shaanxi fled to Gansu; some formed battalions in eastern Gansu, intending to reconquer their lands in Shaanxi. While the Hui rebels were preparing to attack Gansu and Shaanxi, Yaqub Beg (an Uzbek or Tajik commander of the Kokand Khanate) fled from the khanate in 1865 after losing Tashkent to the Russians. Beg settled in Kashgar, and soon controlled Xinjiang. Although he encouraged trade, built caravansareis, canals and other irrigation systems, his regime was considered harsh. The Chinese took decisive action against Yettishar; an army under General Zuo Zongtang rapidly approached Kashgaria, reconquering it on 16 May 1877.

After reconquering Xinjiang in the late 1870s from Yaqub Beg, the Qing dynasty established Xinjiang ("new frontier") as a province in 1884{{sfnp, Mesny , 1905 , p=5{{sndmaking it part of China, and dropping the old names of Zhunbu ({{lang, zh-hant, 準部, Dzungar Region) and Huijiang (Muslimland).{{sfnp, Tyler, 2004 ,
61
}

After Xinjiang became a Chinese province, the Qing government encouraged the Uyghurs to migrate from southern Xinjiang to other areas of the province (such as the region between Qitai and the capital, largely inhabited by Han Chinese, and Ürümqi, Tacheng (Tabarghatai), Yili, Jinghe, Kur Kara Usu, Ruoqiang, Lop Nor and the lower Tarim River.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 ,
151
}

Republic of China

{{see also, History of the Republic of China, Xinjiang Province, Republic of China, First East Turkestan Republic, Second East Turkestan Republic

In 1912, the Qing dynasty was replaced by the Republic of China. Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor of Xinjiang, fled. One of his subordinates, Yang Zengxin, took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of that year. Balancing mixed ethnic constituencies, Yang controlled Xinjiang until his 1928 assassination after the Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang.

The Kumul Rebellion and others broke out throughout Xinjiang during the early 1930s against Jin Shuren, Yang's successor, involving Uyghurs, other Turkic groups and Hui (Muslim) Chinese. Jin enlisted White Russians to crush the revolts. In the Kashgar region on 12 November 1933, the short-lived First East Turkestan Republic was self-proclaimed after debate about whether it should be called "East Turkestan" or "Uyghuristan".R. Michael Feener, "Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives", ABC-CLIO, 2004, {{ISBN, 1-57607-516-8{{cite news , title=Uighurs and China's Xinjiang Region , work=Council on Foreign Relations , url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/uighurs-and-chinas-xinjiang-region , url-status=live , access-date=13 October 2018 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002530/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/uighurs-and-chinas-xinjiang-region , archive-date=13 September 2018 The region claimed by the ETR encompassed the Kashgar, Khotan and Aksu Prefectures in southwestern Xinjiang.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 , p=24 The Chinese Muslim Kuomintang 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) defeated the army of the First East Turkestan Republic in the 1934 Battle of Kashgar, ending the republic after Chinese Muslims executed its two emirs: Abdullah Bughra and Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra. The Soviet Union invaded the province; it was brought under the control of northeast Han warlord Sheng Shicai after the 1937 Xinjiang War. Sheng ruled Xinjiang for the next decade with support from the Soviet Union, many of whose ethnic and security policies he instituted. The Soviet Union maintained a military base in the province and deployed several military and economic advisors. Sheng invited a group of Chinese Communists to Xinjiang (including Mao Zedong's brother, Mao Zemin), but executed them all in 1943 in fear of a conspiracy. In 1944, President and Premier of China Chiang Kai-shek, informed by the Soviet Union of Shicai's intention to join it, transferred him to Chongqing as the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry the following year. During the Ili Rebellion, the Soviet Union backed Uyghur separatists to form the Second East Turkestan Republic (2nd ETR) in the Ili region while most of Xinjiang remained under Kuomintang control.

People's Republic of China

{{see also, Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China, Migration to Xinjiang

The People's Liberation Army entered Xinjiang in 1949, when Kuomintang commander Tao Zhiyue and government chairman Burhan Shahidi surrendered the province to them. Five ETR leaders who were to negotiate with the Chinese about ETR sovereignty died in an air crash that year in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.

The PRC autonomous region was established on 1 October 1955, replacing the province; that year (the first modern census in China was taken in 1953), Uyghurs were 73 percent of Xinjiang's total population of 5.11 million.{{sfnp, Bovingdon, 2010, p=199 Although Xinjiang was designated a "Uygur Autonomous Region" since 1954, more than 50 percent of its area is designated autonomous areas for 13 native non-Uyghur groups.{{sfnp, Bovingdon, 2010, pp=43–46 Modern Uyghurs developed ethnogenesis in 1955, when the PRC recognized formerly separately self-identified oasis peoples.{{sfnp, Hopper, Webber, 2009, p=176 In the 1950s General Wang Zhen coerced thousands of Hunanese women into sexual servitude at PLA units in Xinjiang.

Southern Xinjiang is home to most of the Uyghur population, about nine million people, out of a total population of twenty million; fifty-five percent of the Han population, mainly urban, live in northern Xinjiang.{{sfnp, Guo , Guo , 2007 ,
220
}{{sfnp, Guo , Hickey , 2009 ,
164
} This created an economic imbalance, since the northern Junghar basin (Dzungaria) is more developed than the south.{{sfnp, Howell , 2009 ,
37
}

Since Chinese economic reform since the late 1970s has exacerbated uneven regional development, more Uyghurs have migrated to Xinjiang's cities and some Han have migrated to Xinjiang for economic advancement. Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping made a nine-day visit to Xinjiang in 1981 and described the region as "unsteady".{{cite book, url=https://archive.org/details/forbiddendoor00terz, title=The Forbidden Door, date=1985, publisher=Asia 2000 Ltd, author=Tiziano Terzani, via=Internet Archive, pag
224225
isbn=9789627160014 Increased ethnic contact and labor competition coincided with Uyghur terrorism since the 1990s, such as the 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings.{{sfnp, Hopper, Webber, 2009, pp=173–175

In 2000, Uyghurs were 45 percent of Xinjiang's population and 13 percent of Ürümqi's population. With nine percent of Xinjiang's population, Ürümqi accounts for 25 percent of the region's GDP; many rural Uyghurs have migrated to the city for work in its light, heavy and petrochemical industries.{{sfnp, Hopper, Webber, 2009, pp=178–179 Han in Xinjiang are older, better-educated and work in higher-paying professions than their Uyghur counterparts. Han are more likely to cite business reasons for moving to Ürümqi, while some Uyghurs cite legal trouble at home and family reasons for moving to the city.{{sfnp, Hopper, Webber, 2009, p=184 Han and Uyghurs are equally represented in Ürümqi's floating population, which works primarily in commerce. Auto-segregation in the city is widespread in residential concentration, employment relationships and endogamy.{{sfnp, Hopper, Webber, 2009, pp=187–188 In 2010, Uyghurs were a majority in the Tarim Basin and a plurality in Xinjiang as a whole.{{sfnp, Bovingdon, 2010, p=11

Xinjiang has 81 public libraries and 23 museums, compared to none in 1949. It has 98 newspapers in 44 languages, compared with four in 1952. According to official statistics, the ratio of doctors, medical workers, clinics and hospital beds to the general population surpasses the national average; the immunization rate has reached 85 percent.

The ongoing Xinjiang conflict{{cite web , last=Rudelson , first=Justin Ben-Adam , date=16 February 2000 , title=Uyghur "separatism": China's policies in Xinjiang fuel dissent , url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/newsite/newsite/?q=node/364 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229150459/http://www.cacianalyst.org/newsite/newsite/?q=node%2F364 , archive-date=29 February 2012 , access-date=29 January 2010 , website=CACI Analyst{{cite journal, last1=Gunaratna , first1=Rohan , author-link=Rohan Gunaratna , page=59 , last2=Pereire , first2=Kenneth George , year=2006 , title=An al-Qaeda associate group operating in China? , volume=4 , issue=2 , journal=China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly , url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/GunaratnaPereire.pdf , quote=Since the Ghulja Incident, numerous attacks including attacks on buses, clashes between ETIM militants and Chinese security forces, assassination attempts, attempts to attack Chinese key installations and government buildings have taken place, though many cases go unreported. , url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106144335/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/GunaratnaPereire.pdf , archive-date=6 January 2011 includes the 2007 Xinjiang raid, a thwarted 2008 suicide-bombing attempt on a China Southern Airlines flight, the 2008 Kashgar attack which killed 16 police officers four days before the Beijing Olympics, the August 2009 syringe attacks, the 2011 Hotan attack,{{Cite news, url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-07-19/news/29789314_1_police-station-hotan-muslim-uighurs, title=China: Deadly attack on police station in Xinjiang, author=Richburg, Keith B., date=19 July 2011, access-date=29 July 2011, work=San Francisco Chronicle the 2014 Kunming attack, the April 2014 Ürümqi attack, and the May 2014 Ürümqi attack. Several of the attacks were orchestrated by the Turkistan Islamic Party (formerly the East Turkestan Islamic Movement), identified as a terrorist group by several entities (including Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States until October 2020, and the United Nations).

In 2014, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership in Xinjiang commenced a People's War against the "Three Evil Forces" of separatism, terrorism, and extremism. They deployed two hundred thousand party cadres to Xinjiang and the launched the Civil Servant-Family Pair Up program. Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping was dissatisfied with the initial results of the People's War and replaced Zhang Chunxian with Chen Quanguo as Party Committee Secretary in 2016. Following his appointment Chen oversaw the recruitment of tens of thousands of additional police officers and the division of society into three categories: trusted, average, untrustworthy. He instructed his subordinated to "Take this crackdown as the top project," and "to preëmpt the enemy, to strike at the outset." Following a meeting with Xi in Beijing Chen Quanguo held a rally in Ürümqi with ten thousand troops, helicopters, and armored vehicles. As they paraded he announced a "smashing, obliterating offensive," and declared that they would "bury the corpses of terrorists and terror gangs in the vast sea of the People's War."

Chinese authorities have operated internment camps to indoctrinate Uyghurs and other Muslims as part of the People's War since at least 2017. The camps have been criticized by a number of countries and human-rights organizations for abuse and mistreatment, with some alleging Uyghur genocide. In 2020, CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping said: "Practice has proven that the party's strategy for governing Xinjiang in the new era is completely correct."

In 2021, authorities sentenced Sattar Sawut - the former head of Xinjiang's education department and author of a Uyghur-language textbook used in Xinjiang since the mid 2000s - to death with a two-year reprieve. The textbook had been created and approved by relevant government officials, but the Associated Press reported in 2021 that Chinese government said that the "2003 and 2009 editions of the textbooks contained 84 passages preaching ethnic separatism, violence, terrorism and religious extremism and that several people were inspired by the books to participate in a bloody anti-government riot in the regional capital Urumqi in 2009." Shirzat Bawudun, the former head of the Xinjiang department of justice, received the same sentence. Three other educators and two textbook editors were given lesser sentences.{{cite web , title=China condemns 2 ex-Xinjiang officials in separatism cases , url=https://apnews.com/article/world-news-race-and-ethnicity-beijing-china-national-security-e4d7a915a2e3ebb6c6f50778a2aec81a , access-date=10 April 2021 , website=Associated Press Chen was replaced as Community Party Secretary for Xinjiang by Ma Xingrui in December 2021.

Administrative divisions

{{Main list, List of administrative divisions of Xinjiang, List of township-level divisions of Xinjiang

Xinjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions: four prefecture-level cities, six prefectures and five autonomous prefectures (including the sub-provincial autonomous prefecture of Ili, which in turn has two of the seven prefectures within its jurisdiction) for Mongol, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Hui minorities. At the end of the year 2017, the total population of Xinjiang was 24.45 million.

These are then divided into 13 districts, 25 county-level cities, 62 counties and 6 autonomous counties. Ten of the county-level cities do not belong to any prefecture and are ''de facto'' administered by the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Sub-level divisions of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is shown in the adjacent picture and described in the table below:

{, class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto 0 auto; font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
! colspan="9" , Administrative divisions of Xinjiang
, -
, colspan="9" style="font-size: larger;" ,

{{Image label begin, image=Administrative Division Xinjiang (PRC claimed).svg, width=900, link=, font-size=85%
{{Image label, x=900, y=410, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Ürümqi
{{Image label, x=815, y=240, scale=900/1500, text={{small, {{small, K
{{Image label, x=810, y=250, scale=900/1500, text={{small, {{small, a
{{Image label, x=805, y=260, scale=900/1500, text={{small, {{small, r
{{Image label, x=800, y=270, scale=900/1500, text={{small, {{small, a
{{Image label, x=790, y=280, scale=900/1500, text={{small, {{small, m
{{Image label, x=790, y=290, scale=900/1500, text={{small, {{small, a
{{Image label, x=790, y=300, scale=900/1500, text={{small, {{small, y
{{Image label, x=985, y=485, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Turpan
{{Image label, x=1185, y=450, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Hami
{{Image label, x=960, y=355, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Changji
Hui AP
{{Image label, x=845, y=325, scale=900/1500, text={{small, {{small, (Changji)
{{Image label, x=550, y=295, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Bortala
Mongol AP
{{Image label, x=840, y=670, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Bayingolin
Mongol AP
{{Image label, x=570, y=540, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Aksu
Prefecture
{{Image label, x=280, y=630, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Kizilsu
Kyrgyz AP
{{Image label, x=380, y=700, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Kashgar
Prefecture
{{Image label, x=560, y=800, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Hotan
Prefecture
{{Image label, x=605, y=410, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Ili
Kazakh AP
{{Image label, x=680, y=240, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Tacheng
Prefecture
{{Image label, x=930, y=180, scale=900/1500, text={{small, Altay
Prefecture
{{Image label, x=830, y=360, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ①
{{Image label, x=600, y=605, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ②
{{Image label, x=500, y=650, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ③
{{Image label, x=905, y=350, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ④
{{Image label, x=930, y=150, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑤
{{Image label, x=810, y=530, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑥
{{Image label, x=650, y=325, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑦
{{Image label, x=570, y=385, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑧
{{Image label, x=510, y=810, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑨
{{Image label, x=775, y=325, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑩
{{Image label, x=1210, y=470, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑪
{{Image label, x=1155, y=180, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ① {{small, Shihezi
{{Image label, x=110, y=580, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ② {{small, Aral
{{Image label, x=45, y=780, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ③ {{small, Tumxuk
{{Image label, x=1355, y=180, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ④ {{small, Wujiaqu
{{Image label, x=260, y=180, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑤ {{small, Beitun
{{Image label, x=1355, y=780, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑥ {{small, Tiemenguan
{{Image label, x=260, y=380, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑦ {{small, Shuanghe
{{Image label, x=45, y=380, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑧ {{small, Kokdala
{{Image label, x=1235, y=980, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑨ {{small, Kunyu
{{Image label, x=55, y=180, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑩ {{small, Huyanghe
{{Image label, x=1365, y=380, scale=900/1500, text= {{large, ⑪ {{small, Xinxing
{{Image label, x=450, y=60, scale=900/1500, text=█ {{small, XPCC / Bingtuan administered
county-level divisions
{{Image label, x=450, y=110, scale=900/1500, text=█ {{small, Subordinate to Ili Kazakh A.P.
{{Image label, x=50, y=940, scale=900/1500, text=☐ {{small, Disputed areas claimed by India
and administered by China
(see Sino-Indian border dispute)

, -
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" , Division code
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" , Division
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" , Area in km²{{in lang, zh{{cite book , language=zh-hans , author=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics , publisher= China Statistics Print , script-title=zh:深圳统计年鉴2014 , trans-title=Shenzhen Statistical Yearbook 2014 , url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm , access-date=29 May 2015 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm , archive-date=12 May 2015 , url-status=dead
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" , Population 2010
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" , Seat
!! scope="col" colspan="4" , Divisions
, -
!! scope="col" width="45" , Districts
!! scope="col" width="45" , Counties
!! scope="col" width="45" , Aut. counties
!! scope="col" width="45" , CL cities
, - style="font-weight: bold;"
! 650000 !!Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
, 1664900.00 , , 21,813,334 , , Ürümqi city , , 13 , , 61 , , 6 , , 27
, -
! 650100 !! Ürümqi city
, 13787.90 , , 3,110,280 , , Tianshan District , , 7 , , 1 , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey",
, -
! 650200 !! Karamay city
, 8654.08 , , 391,008 , , Karamay District , , 4 , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey",
, -
! 650400 !! Turpan city
, 67562.91 , , 622,679 , , Gaochang District , , 1 , , 2 , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey",
, -
! 650500 !! Hami city
, 142094.88 , , 572,400 , , Yizhou District , , 1 , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1 , , 1
, -
! 652300 !! Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture
, 73139.75 , , 1,428,592 , , Changji city , , bgcolor="grey", , , 4 , , 1 , , 2
, -
! 652700 !! Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture
, 24934.33 , , 443,680 , , Bole city , , bgcolor="grey", , , 2 , , bgcolor="grey", , , 2
, -
! 652800 !! Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture
, 470954.25 , , 1,278,492 , , Korla city , , bgcolor="grey", , , 7 , , 1 , , 1
, -
! 652900 !! Aksu Prefecture
, 127144.91 , , 2,370,887 , , Aksu city , , bgcolor="grey", , , 7 , , bgcolor="grey", , , 2
, -
! 653000 !! Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture
, 72468.08 , , 525,599 , , Artux city , , bgcolor="grey", , , 3 , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, -
! 653100 !! Kashgar Prefecture
, 137578.51 , , 3,979,362 , , Kashi city , , bgcolor="grey", , , 10 , , 1 , , 1
, -
! 653200 !! Hotan Prefecture
, 249146.59 , , 2,014,365 , , Hotan city , , bgcolor="grey", , , 7 , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="#98fb98"
! 654000 !! Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
, 56381.53 * , , 2,482,627 * , , Yining city , , bgcolor="grey", , , 7 * , , 1 * , , 3 *
, -
! 654200 !! Tacheng Prefecture*
, 94698.18 , , 1,219,212 , , Tacheng city , , bgcolor="grey", , , 4 , , 1 , , 2
, -
! 654300 !! Altay Prefecture*
, 117699.01 , , 526,980 , , Altay city , , bgcolor="grey", , , 6 , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - style = "background: lightgrey; height: 2pt;"
, colspan = "14" ,
, - bgcolor="#98fb98"
! 659000 !! Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
, 13055.57 , , 1,481,165 , , ''Ürümqi city'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 11
, - style = "background: lightgrey; height: 2pt;"
, colspan = "14" ,
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659001 !! Shihezi city   (8th Division)
, 456.84 , , 635,582 , , ''Hongshan Subdistrict'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659002 !! Aral city   (1st Division)
, 5266.00 , , 190,613 , , '' Jinyinchuan Road Subdistrict'', , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659003 !! Tumxuk city   (3rd Division)
, 2003.00 , , 174,465 , , '' Qiganquele Subdistrict'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659004 !! Wujiaqu city   (6th Division)
, 742.00 , , 90,205 , , ''Renmin Road Subdistrict'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659005 !! Beitun city   (10th Division)
, 910.50 , , 86,300 , , ''Xincheng Subdistrict'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659006 !! Tiemenguan city   (2nd Division)
, 590.27 , , 50,000 , , ''Chengqu Subdistrict'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659007 !! Shuanghe city   (5th Division)
, 742.18 , , 53,800 , , '' Tasierhai town'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659008 !! Kokdala city   (4th Division)
, 979.71 , , 75,000 , , '' Jieliangzi Subdistrict'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659009 !! Kunyu city   (14th Division)
, 687.13 , , 45,200 , , '' Kunyu town'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659010 !! Huyanghe city   (7th Division)
, 677.94 , , 80,000 , , '' Gongqing town'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, - bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659011 !! Xinxing city   (13rd Division)
, , , , , '' town'' , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , bgcolor="grey", , , 1
, -
, colspan = "14" , {{legend, #98FB98, Sub-provincial prefecture , border = 1px solid #AAAAAA {{legend, lightyellow, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps cities , border = 1px solid #AAAAAA
* – Altay Prefecture or Tacheng Prefecture are subordinate to Ili Prefecture. / The population or area figures of Ili do not include Altay Prefecture or Tacheng Prefecture which are subordinate to Ili Prefecture.

{, class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
! colspan="5" , Administrative divisions in Uyghur, Chinese and varieties of romanizations
, -
! English !! Uyghur !! SASM/GNC Uyghur Pinyin !! Chinese !! Pinyin
, -
, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region , , {{ug-textonly, شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى , , Xinjang Uyĝur Aptonom Rayoni , , {{lang, zh, 新疆维吾尔自治区 , , Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū
, -
, Ürümqi city , , {{ug-textonly, ئۈرۈمچى شەھىرى , , Ürümqi Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 乌鲁木齐市 , , Wūlǔmùqí Shì
, -
, Karamay city , , {{ug-textonly, قاراماي شەھىرى , , K̂aramay Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 克拉玛依市 , , Kèlāmǎyī Shì
, -
, Turpan city , , {{ug-textonly, تۇرپان شەھىرى , , Turpan Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 吐鲁番市 , , Tǔlǔfān Shì
, -
, Hami city , , {{ug-textonly, قۇمۇل شەھىرى , , K̂umul Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 哈密市 , , Hāmì Shì
, -
, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture , , {{ug-textonly, سانجى خۇيزۇ ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى , , Sanji Huyzu Aptonom Oblasti , , {{lang, zh, 昌吉回族自治州 , , Chāngjí Huízú Zìzhìzhōu
, -
, Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture , , {{ug-textonly, بۆرتالا موڭغۇل ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى , , Börtala Mongĝul Aptonom Oblasti , , {{lang, zh, 博尔塔拉蒙古自治州 , , Bó'ěrtǎlā Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu
, -
, Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture , , {{ug-textonly, بايىنغولىن موڭغۇل ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى , , Bayinĝolin Mongĝul Aptonom Oblasti , , {{lang, zh, 巴音郭楞蒙古自治州 , , Bāyīnguōlèng Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu
, -
, Aksu Prefecture , , {{ug-textonly, ئاقسۇ ۋىلايىتى , , Ak̂su Vilayiti , , {{lang, zh, 阿克苏地区 , , Ākèsū Dìqū
, -
, Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture , , {{ug-textonly, قىزىلسۇ قىرغىز ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى , , K̂izilsu K̂irĝiz Aptonom Oblasti , , {{lang, zh, 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州 , , Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu
, -
, Kashi Prefecture , , {{ug-textonly, قەشقەر ۋىلايىتى , , K̂äxk̂är Vilayiti , , {{lang, zh, 喀什地区 , , Kāshí Dìqū
, -
, Hotan Prefecture , , {{ug-textonly, خوتەن ۋىلايىتى , , Hotän Vilayiti , , {{lang, zh, 和田地区 , , Hétián Dìqū
, -
, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture , , {{ug-textonly, ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى , , Ili K̂azak̂ Aptonom Oblasti , , {{lang, zh, 伊犁哈萨克自治州 , , Yīlí Hāsàkè Zìzhìzhōu
, -
, Tacheng Prefecture , , {{ug-textonly, تارباغاتاي ۋىلايىتى , , Tarbaĝatay Vilayiti , , {{lang, zh, 塔城地区 , , Tǎchéng Dìqū
, -
, Altay Prefecture , , {{ug-textonly, ئالتاي ۋىلايىتى , , Altay Vilayiti , , {{lang, zh, 阿勒泰地区 , , Ālètài Dìqū
, -
, Shihezi city , , {{ug-textonly, شىخەنزە شەھىرى , , Xihänzä Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 石河子市 , , Shíhézǐ Shì
, -
, Aral city , , {{ug-textonly, ئارال شەھىرى , , Aral Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 阿拉尔市 , , Ālā'ěr Shì
, -
, Tumxuk city , , {{ug-textonly, تۇمشۇق شەھىرى , , Tumxuk̂ Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 图木舒克市 , , Túmùshūkè Shì
, -
, Wujiaqu city , , {{ug-textonly, ۋۇجياچۈ شەھىرى , , Vujyaqü Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 五家渠市 , , Wǔjiāqú Shì
, -
, Beitun city , , {{ug-textonly, بەيتۈن شەھىرى , , Bäatün Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 北屯市 , , Běitún Shì
, -
, Tiemenguan city , , {{ug-textonly, باشئەگىم شەھىرى , , Baxägym Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 铁门关市 , , Tiĕménguān Shì
, -
, Shuanghe city , , {{ug-textonly, قوشئۆگۈز شەھىرى , , K̂oxögüz Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 双河市 , , Shuānghé Shì
, -
, Kokdala city , , {{ug-textonly, كۆكدالا شەھىرى , , Kökdala Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 可克达拉市 , , Kěkèdálā Shì
, -
, Kunyu city , , {{ug-textonly, قۇرۇمقاش شەھىرى , , Kurumkax Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 昆玉市 , , Kūnyù Shì
, -
, Huyanghe city , , {{ug-textonly, خۇياڭخې شەھىرى , , Huyanghê Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 胡杨河市 , , Húyánghé Shì
, -
, Xinxing city , , {{ug-textonly, شىنشىڭ شەھىرى , , Xinxing Xäĥiri , , {{lang, zh, 新星市 , , Xīnxīng Shì

Urban areas

{, class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan="6" , Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
, -
!#!!City!!style ="background-color: #aaaaff;", Urban area!!style ="background-color: #aaffaa;", District area!!style ="background-color: #ffaaaa;", City proper{{cite book , author1= 国务院人口普查办公室 epartment of Population Census of the State Council, author2=国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 epartment of Population and Social Science and Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics, date=2012 , script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 , location=Beijing , publisher= China Statistics Print , isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6 !!Census date
, -
, 1, , Ürümqi, , 2,853,398, , 3,029,372, , 3,112,559, , 2010-11-01
, -
, 2, , Korla, , 425,182, , 549,324, , {{small, ''part of Bayingolin Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 3, , Yining, , 368,813, , 515,082, , {{small, ''part of Ili Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 4, , Karamay, , 353,299, , 391,008, , 391,008, , 2010-11-01
, -
, 5, , Shihezi, , 313,768, , 380,130, , 380,130, , 2010-11-01
, -
, 6, , Hami{{efn-lr, name=Hami, Hami Prefecture is currently known as Hami PLC after census; Hami CLC is currently known as Yizhou after census., , 310,500, , 472,175, , 572,400, , 2010-11-01
, -
, 7, , Kashi, , 310,448, , 506,640, , {{small, ''part of Kashi Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 8, , Changji, , 303,938, , 426,253, , {{small, ''part of Changji Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 9, , Aksu, , 284,872, , 535,657, , {{small, ''part of Aksu Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 10, , Usu, , 131,661, , 298,907, , {{small, ''part of Tacheng Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 11, , Bole, , 120,138, , 235,585, , {{small, ''part of Bortala Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 12, , Hotan, , 119,804, , 322,300, , {{small, ''part of Hotan Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 13, , Altay, , 112,711, , 190,064, , {{small, ''part of Altay Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 14, , Turpan{{efn-lr, name=Turpan, Turpan Prefecture is currently known as Turpan PLC after census; Turpan CLC is currently known as Gaochang after census., , 89,719, , 273,385, , 622,903, , 2010-11-01
, -
, 15, , Tacheng, , 75,122, , 161,037, , {{small, ''part of Tacheng Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 16, , Wujiaqu, , 75,088, , 96,436, , 96,436, , 2010-11-01
, -
, 17, , Fukang, , 67,598, , 165,006, , {{small, ''part of Changji Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, -
, 18, , Aral, , 65,175, , 158,593, , 158,593, , 2010-11-01
, -
, 19, , Artux, , 58,427, , 240,368, , {{small, ''part of Kizilsu Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, - bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
, (–), , Beitun{{efn-lr, name=Beitun, Beitun CLC was established from parts of Altay CLC after census., , 57,889, , 57,889, , 57,889, , 2010-11-01
, - bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
, (–), , Kokdala{{efn-lr, name=Kokdala, Kokdala CLC was established from parts of Huocheng County after census., , 57,537, , 57,537, , 57,537, , 2010-11-01
, - bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
, (–), , Shuanghe{{efn-lr, name=Shuanghe, Shuanghe CLC was established from parts of Bole CLC after census., , 53,565, , 53,565, , 53,565, , 2010-11-01
, - bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
, (–), , Korgas{{efn-lr, name=Korgas, Korgas CLC was established from parts of Huocheng County after census., , 51,462, , 51,462, , {{small, ''part of Ili Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, - bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
, (–), , Kunyu{{efn-lr, name=Kunyu, Kunyu CLC was established from parts of Hotan County, Pishan County, Moyu County, & Qira County after census., , 36,399, , 36,399, , 36,399, , 2010-11-01
, -
, 20, , Tumxuk, , 34,808, , 135,727, , 135,727, , 2010-11-01
, - bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
, (–), , Tiemenguan{{efn-lr, name=Tiemenguan, Tiemenguan CLC was established from parts of Korla CLC after census., , 30,244, , 30,244, , 30,244, , 2010-11-01
, - bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
, -
, 21, , Kuytun, , 20,805, , 166,261, , {{small, ''part of Ili Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01
, - bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
, (–), , Alashankou{{efn-lr, name=Alashankou, Alashankou CLC was established from parts of Bole CLC & Jinghe County after census., , 15,492, , 15,492, , {{small, ''part of Bortala Prefecture'', , 2010-11-01

{{notelist-lr

Geography and geology

Xinjiang is the largest political subdivision of China, accounting for more than one sixth of China's total territory and a quarter of its boundary length. Xinjiang is mostly covered with uninhabitable deserts and dry grasslands, with dotted oases conducive to habitation accounting for 9.7% of Xinjiang's total area by 2015 at the foot of Tian Shan, Kunlun Mountains and Altai Mountains, respectively.

Mountain systems and basins

{{Unreferenced section, date=July 2019
Xinjiang is split by the Tian Shan mountain range ({{ug-textonly, تەڭرى تاغ, Tengri Tagh, Тәңри Тағ), which divides it into two large basins: the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south. A small V-shaped wedge between these two major basins, limited by the Tian Shan's main range in the south and the Borohoro Mountains in the north, is the basin of the Ili River, which flows into Kazakhstan's Lake Balkhash; an even smaller wedge farther north is the Emin Valley.

Other major mountain ranges of Xinjiang include the Pamir Mountains and Karakoram in the southwest, the Kunlun Mountains in the south (along the border with Tibet) and the Altai Mountains in the northeast (shared with Mongolia). The region's highest point is the mountain K2, an eight-thousander located {{convert, 8611, m, ft, sp=us above sea level in the Karakoram Mountains on the border with Pakistan.

Much of the Tarim Basin is dominated by the Taklamakan Desert. North of it is the Turpan Depression, which contains the lowest point in Xinjiang and in the entire PRC, at {{convert, 155, m, ft, sp=us below sea level.

The Dzungarian Basin is slightly cooler, and receives somewhat more precipitation, than the Tarim Basin. Nonetheless, it, too, has a large Gurbantünggüt Desert (also known as Dzoosotoyn Elisen) in its center.

The Tian Shan mountain range marks the Xinjiang-Kyrgyzstan border at the Torugart Pass (3752 m). The Karakorum highway (KKH) links Islamabad, Pakistan with Kashgar over the Khunjerab Pass.

Mountain passes

From south to north, the mountain passes bordering Xinjiang are:

{, class="wikitable collapsible collapsed " style="font-size:95%;"
! colspan="5" , Mountain passes bordering Xinjiang
, -
,
{, class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;
! width=125pt, 山口
! width=125pt, Mountain Pass
! width=200pt, Coordinate
! Elev.
! Appendix
, -
, 喀喇昆仑山口
, Karakoram Pass
, {{coord, 35.513333, 77.823056
, 5540m
, {{flagdeco, IND-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 图尔吉斯坦拉山口
, Turkistan La Pass
, {{coord, 35.656667, 76.860556
,
, {{flagdeco, IND-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Windy Gap
, Windy Gap
, {{coord, 35.87318, 76.57692
, 6111m
, {{flagdeco, PAK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 木斯塔山口
, Mustagh Pass
, {{coord, 35.840000, 76.250000
, 5422m
, {{flagdeco, PAK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Sarpo Laggo Pass
, Sarpo Laggo Pass
, {{coord, 35.8234, 76.16249
, 6013m
, {{flagdeco, PAK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, West Muztagh pass
, West Muztagh pass
, {{coord, 35.8532, 76.1424
,
, {{flagdeco, PAK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 红其拉甫口岸
, Khunjerab Pass
, {{coord, 36.850000, 75.427778
, 4693m
, {{flagdeco, PAK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Parpik Pass
, Parpik Pass
, {{coord, 36.95, 75.35
, 5467m
, {{flagdeco, PAK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Mutsjliga Pass
, Mutsjliga Pass
, {{coord, 36.97374, 75.2973
, 5314m
, {{flagdeco, PAK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 明铁盖达坂
, Mintaka Pass
, {{coord, 37.0039, 74.8511
, 4709m
, {{flagdeco, PAK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 基里克达坂
, Kilik Pass
, {{coord, 37.0792, 74.6722
, 4827m
, {{flagdeco, PAK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 瓦根基达坂
, Wakhjir Pass
, {{coord, 37.098, 74.4848
, 4837 m
, {{flagdeco, AFG-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Kara Jilga Pass
, Kara Jilga Pass
, {{coord, 37.2545, 74.6147
, 5386m
, {{flagdeco, AFG-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 麦曼约里达坂
, Mihman Yoli Pass
, {{coord, 37.28395, 74.7328
, 4937m
, {{flagdeco, AFG-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 托克满苏达坂
, Tegermansu Pass
, {{coord, 37.2236, 74.8744
, 5427m
, {{flagdeco, AFG-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 克克敖吊克达坂
别伊克山口
排依克山口
, Beyik Pass
, {{coord, 37.3, 75.0
, 4742m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 纳兹塔什山口
奈扎塔什山隘
, Nezatash Pass
, {{coord, 37.58944, 74.93611
, 4476m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Agachak Pass
, Agachak Pass
, {{coord, 37.82115, 74.94492
, 5127m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 卡拉苏口岸
阔勒买口岸
, Kulma Pass
, {{coord, 38.1498, 74.8038
, 4362m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Saritosh Pass
, Saritosh Pass
, {{coord, 38.27694, 74.80111
, 4538m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Qaratokhterak Pass
, Qaratokhterak Pass
, {{coord, 38.42833, 74.86722
, 4877m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Aromiti Pass
, Aromiti Pass
, {{coord, 38.62833, 74.48472
, 4703m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Budabel Pass
, Budabel Pass
, {{coord, 38.57556, 74.07222
, 4251m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Kiyaz-Ashu
, Kiyaz-Ashu
, {{coord, 38.53333, 74.0
, 4479m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 乌孜别里山口
, Uzbel-Pass
, {{coord, 38.653806, 73.8023917
, 5540m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Qarazoq Pass
, Qarazoq Pass
, {{coord, 38.85, 73.71194
, 5217m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Uch-Bel Pass
, Uch-Bel Pass
, {{coord, 37.82115, 74.94492
, 5127m
, {{flagdeco, TJK-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Togochar Pass
, Togochar Pass
, {{coord, 39.56447, 73.91435
, 4361m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Karachaychaty Pass
, Karachaychaty Pass
, {{coord, 39.59439, 73.92407
, 4284m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 斯姆哈纳
伊尔克什坦口岸
, Erkeshtam
, {{coord, 39.7172, 73.9735
, 3005m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Kashetek Pass
, Kashetek Pass
, {{coord, 39.72847, 73.91437
, 3120m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Bezymyannyy Pass
, Bezymyannyy Pass
, {{coord, 39.74686, 73.89173
, 3306m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Tupik Pass
, Tupik Pass
, {{coord, 39.74583, 73.88416
, 3299m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Vorota Pass
, Vorota Pass
, {{coord, 39.75665, 73.86167
, 3604m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Il'tyk Pass
, Il'tyk Pass
, {{coord, 39.7647, 73.8388
, 3836m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Kara-Bel' Pass
, Kara-Bel' Pass
, {{coord, 39.8652, 73.89535
, 3863m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Ityk Pass
, Ityk Pass
, {{coord, 39.9114, 73.91068
, 4133m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Dungurama Pass
, Dungurama Pass
, {{coord, 40.01417, 73.96673
, 4067m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Karachalsu Pass
, Karachalsu Pass
, {{coord, 40.04483, 73.97866
, 4201m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Muzbel' Pass
, Muzbel' Pass
, {{coord, 40.08405, 74.01892
, 4507m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Achiktash Pass
, Achiktash Pass
, {{coord, 40.0807, 74.0658
, 4191m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Kyz-Dar Pass
, Kyz-Dar Pass
, {{coord, 40.10652, 74.11892
, 4246m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Kurumdu Pass
, Kurumdu Pass
, {{coord, 40.11038, 74.1286
, 4369m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Tart-Kul' Pass
, Tart-Kul' Pass
, {{coord, 40.1134 , 74.2698
, 3786m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Shuralu-Davan Pass
, Shuralu-Davan Pass
, {{coord, 40.26928, 74.58181
, 3875m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Tata Pass
, Tata Pass
, {{coord, 40.1359, 74.4161
, 4036m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Sulyuktur Pass
, Sulyuktur Pass
, {{coord, 40.08974, 74.09467
, 4086m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Talgyy Pass
, Talgyy Pass
, {{coord, 40.21973, 74.5368
, 3672m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Kalmak-Ashu Pass
, Kalmak-Ashu Pass
, {{coord, 40.28128, 74.61626
, 3581m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Tuz-Ashu Pass
, Tuz-Ashu Pass
, {{coord, 40.27238, 74.6524
, 3625m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Dzhetimashu Pass
, Dzhetimashu Pass
, {{coord, 40.42097, 74.81503
, 3838m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 苏约克山口
, Borgun Pass
, {{coord, 40.46778, 74.81406
, 3945m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 吐尔尕特山口
, Torugart Pass
, {{coord, 40.5517, 75.3939
, 3752m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Uselek Pass
, Uselek Pass
, {{coord, 40.63374, 75.5207
, 3638m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Chokolay Pass
, Chokolay Pass
, {{coord, 40.59985, 75.62223
, 3841m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Saryiymek Pass
, Saryiymek Pass
, {{coord, 40.47055, 75.72222
, 3820m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Ortosu Pass
, Ortosu Pass
, {{coord, 40.3261, 75.82059
, 3903m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Terekty Pass
, Terekty Pass
, {{coord, 40.30978, 75.85505
, 3908m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Kurpe-Bel' Pass
, Kurpe-Bel' Pass
, {{coord, 40.37611, 75.96578
, 3667m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Buzaygyr Pass
, Buzaygyr Pass
, {{coord, 40.36648, 76.00256
, 3783m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Khodzhent Pass
, Khodzhent Pass
, {{coord, 40.41093, 76.282
, 3955m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Yerteke Pass
, Yerteke Pass
, {{coord, 40.34612, 76.33113
, 3780m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Tuyukkhodzhent Pass
, Tuyukkhodzhent Pass
, {{coord, 40.38185, 76.36949
, 3780m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Kurumduk Pass
, Kurumduk Pass
, {{coord, 40.41196, 76.45904
, 3822m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Karabel' Pervyy Pass
, Karabel' Pervyy Pass
, {{coord, 40.42914, 76.50312
, 4091m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Karabel' Vtoroy Pass
, Karabel' Vtoroy Pass
, {{coord, 40.47805, 76.53704
, 4083m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Aksaybel' Pass
, Aksaybel' Pass
, {{coord, 40.56114, 76.56965
, 4186m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Tuyukbel' Pass
, Tuyukbel' Pass
, {{coord, 40.64156, 76.6497
, 4091m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 别迭里山口
, Bedel Pass
, {{coord, 41.4114, 78.4131
, 4284m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Chonteren Pass
, Chonteren Pass
, {{coord, 42.04934, 80.21078
, 5331m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, Bysokiy Pass
, Bysokiy Pass
, {{coord, 42.07022, 80.21003
, 5435m
, {{flagdeco, KGZ-{{flagdeco, PRC
, -
, 阿拉山口市
, Alashankou
, {{coord, 45.2, 82.6
, 291m
, {{flagdeco, KAZ-{{flagdeco, PRC Border

Geology

Xinjiang is geologically young. Collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates formed the Tian Shan, Kunlun Shan, and Pamir mountain ranges; said tectonics render it a very active earthquake zone. Older geological formations are located in the far north, where the Junggar Block is geologically part of Kazakhstan, and in the east, where is part of the North China Craton.{{citation needed, date=April 2020

Center of the continent

Xinjiang has within its borders, in the Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert, the location in Eurasia that is furthest from the sea in any direction (a continental pole of inaccessibility): {{coord, 46, 16.8, N, 86, 40.2, E, type:landmark, name=Eurasian pole of inaccessibility. It is at least {{convert, 1645, mi, km, abbr=on, order=flip (straight-line distance) from any coastline.

In 1992, local geographers determined another point within Xinjiang{{spaced ndash{{coord, 43, 40, 52, N, 87, 19, 52, E in the southwestern suburbs of Ürümqi, Ürümqi County{{spaced ndashto be the "center point of Asia". A monument to this effect was then erected there and the site has become a local tourist attraction.

Rivers and lakes

Having hot summer and low precipitation, most of Xinjiang is endorheic. Its rivers either disappear in the desert, or terminate in salt lakes (within Xinjiang itself, or in neighboring Kazakhstan), instead of running towards an ocean. The northernmost part of the region, with the Irtysh River rising in the Altai Mountains, that flows (via Kazakhstan and Russia) toward the Arctic Ocean, is the only exception. But even so, a significant part of the Irtysh's waters were artificially diverted via the Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal to the drier regions of southern Dzungarian Basin.

Elsewhere, most of Xinjiang's rivers are comparatively short streams fed by the snows of the several ranges of the Tian Shan. Once they enter the populated areas in the mountains' foothills, their waters are extensively used for irrigation, so that the river often disappears in the desert instead of reaching the lake to whose basin it nominally belongs. This is the case even with the main river of the Tarim Basin, the Tarim, which has been dammed at a number of locations along its course, and whose waters have been completely diverted before they can reach the Lop Lake. In the Dzungarian basin, a similar situation occurs with most rivers that historically flowed into Lake Manas. Some of the salt lakes, having lost much of their fresh water inflow, are now extensively use for the production of mineral salts (used e.g., in the manufacturing of potassium fertilizers); this includes the Lop Lake and the Manas Lake.

Time

{{main, Xinjiang Time, Time in China#Xinjiang
Despite the province's easternmost point being more than {{Convert, 1600, km west of Beijing, Xinjiang, like the rest of China, is officially in the UTC+8 time zone, known by residents as Beijing Time. Despite this, some residents, local organizations and governments observe UTC+6 as the standard time and refer to this zone as Xinjiang Time. Han people tend to use Beijing Time, while Uyghurs tend to use Xinjiang Time as a form of resistance to Beijing.{{cite journal , last=Han , first=Enze , year=2010 , title=Boundaries, Discrimination, and Interethnic Conflict in Xinjiang, China , url=http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/download/77/196 , url-status=live , journal= International Journal of Conflict and Violence , volume=4 , issue=2 , page=251 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019103838/http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/download/77/196 , archive-date=19 October 2014 , access-date=14 December 2012 Time zones notwithstanding, most schools and businesses open and close two hours later than in the other regions of China.

Deserts

Deserts include:
* Gurbantünggüt Desert, also known as ''Dzoosotoyn Elisen''
* Taklamakan Desert
* Kumtag Desert, east of Taklamakan

Major cities

Due to water scarcity, most of Xinjiang's population lives within fairly narrow belts that are stretched along the foothills of the region's mountain ranges in areas conducive to irrigated agriculture. It is in these belts where most of the region's cities are found.

* Ürümqi
* Turpan
* Kashgar
* Karamay
* Ghulja
* Shihezi
* Hotan
* Atush
* Aksu
* Korla

Climate

A semiarid or desert climate ( Köppen ''BSk'' or ''BWk'', respectively) prevails in Xinjiang. The entire region has great seasonal differences in temperature with cold winters. The Turpan Depression often records some of the hottest temperatures nationwide in summer, with air temperatures easily exceeding {{convert, 40, °C. Winter temperatures regularly fall below {{convert, −20, °C in the far north and highest mountain elevations.

Continuous permafrost is typically found in the Tian Shan starting at the elevation of about 3,500–3,700 m above sea level. Discontinuous alpine permafrost usually occurs down to 2,700–3,300 m, but in certain locations, due to the peculiarity of the aspect and the microclimate, it can be found at elevations as low as 2,000 m.

Politics

{{Further, List of current Chinese provincial leaders

; Secretaries of the CCP Xinjiang Committee
# 1949–1952: Wang Zhen ({{lang, zh-hans, 王震)
# 1952–1967: Wang Enmao ({{lang, zh-hans, 王恩茂)
# 1970–1972: Long Shujin ({{lang, zh-hans, 龙书金)
# 1972–1978: Saifuddin Azizi ({{lang, zh-hans, 赛福鼎·艾则孜; {{lang, ug, سەيپىدىن ئەزىزى)
# 1978–1981: Wang Feng ({{lang, zh-hans, 汪锋)
# 1981–1985: Wang Enmao ({{lang, zh-hans, 王恩茂)
# 1985–1994: Song Hanliang ({{lang, zh-hans, 宋汉良)
# 1994–2010: Wang Lequan ({{lang, zh-hans, 王乐泉)
# 2010–2016: Zhang Chunxian ({{lang, zh-hans, 张春贤)
# 2016–2021: Chen Quanguo ({{lang, zh-hans, 陈全国)
# Since 2021: Ma Xingrui ({{lang, zh-hans, 马兴瑞)

; Chairmen of the Xinjiang Government

# 1949–1955: Burhan Shahidi ({{lang, zh-hans, 包尔汉·沙希迪; {{lang, ug, بۇرھان شەھىدى)
# 1955–1967: Saifuddin Azizi ({{lang, zh-hans, 赛福鼎·艾则孜; {{lang, ug, سەيپىدىن ئەزىزى)
# 1968–1972: Long Shujin ({{lang, zh-hans, 龙书金)
# 1972–1978: Saifuddin Azizi ({{lang, zh-hans, 赛福鼎·艾则孜; {{lang, ug, سەيپىدىن ئەزىزى)
# 1978–1979: Wang Feng ({{lang, zh-hans, 汪锋)
# 1979–1985: Ismail Amat ({{lang, zh-hans, 司马义·艾买提; {{lang, ug, ئىسمائىل ئەھمەد)
# 1985–1993: Tömür Dawamat ({{lang, zh-hans, 铁木尔·达瓦买提; {{lang, ug, تۆمۈر داۋامەت)
# 1993–2003: Abdul'ahat Abdulrixit ({{lang, zh-hans, 阿不来提·阿不都热西提; {{lang, ug, ئابلەت ئابدۇرىشىت)
# 2003–2007: Ismail Tiliwaldi ({{lang, zh-hans, 司马义·铁力瓦尔地; {{lang, ug, ئىسمائىل تىلىۋالدى)
# 2007–2015: Nur Bekri ({{lang, zh-hans, 努尔·白克力; {{lang, ug, نۇر بەكرى)
# 2015–2021: Shohrat Zakir ({{lang, zh-hans, 雪克来提·扎克尔; {{lang, ug, شۆھرەت زاكىر)
# Since 2021: Erkin Tuniyaz ({{lang, zh-hans, 艾尔肯·吐尼亚孜; {{lang, ug, ئەركىن تۇنىياز)

Human rights abuses

{{Main, Human rights in China, Xinjiang internment camps, Uyghur genocide
{{See also, Law of the People's Republic of China
Human Rights Watch has documented ''the denial of due legal process and fair trials and failure to hold genuinely open trials as mandated by law'' e.g. to suspects arrested following ethnic violence in the city of Ürümqi's 2009 riots.

According to the Radio Free Asia and Human Rights Watch, at least 120,000 members of Kashgar's Muslim Uyghur minority have been detained in internment camps, aimed at changing the political thinking of detainees, their identities and their religious beliefs.{{cite news, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/25/at-least-120000-muslim-uighurs-held-in-chinese-re-education-camps-report, title=China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps', date=25 January 2018, work=The Guardian, access-date=4 August 2018, url-status=live, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819010931/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/25/at-least-120000-muslim-uighurs-held-in-chinese-re-education-camps-report, archive-date=19 August 2018{{cite news, url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html, title=Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture, date=16 May 2018, newspaper=The Washington Post, url-status=live, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921174130/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html, archive-date=21 September 2018, access-date=4 August 2018{{cite web, url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/10/china-free-xinjiang-political-education-detainees, title=China: Free Xinjiang 'Political Education' Detainees, date=10 September 2017, publisher=Human Rights Watch, url-status=live, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025174023/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/10/china-free-xinjiang-political-education-detainees, archive-date=25 October 2018, access-date=5 August 2018 Reports from the World Uyghur Congress submitted to the United Nations in July 2018 suggest that at least 1 million Uyghurs are currently being held in internment camps. The camps were established under CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping's administration.{{Cite news, url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html, title='Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims, last1=Ramzy, first1=Austin, date=16 November 2019, work=The New York Times, access-date=16 November 2019, last2=Buckley, first2=Chris, language=en-US, issn=0362-4331, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222022035/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html, archive-date=22 December 2019, url-status=live

An October 2018 exposé by BBC News claimed based on analysis of satellite imagery collected over time that hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs must be interned in the camps, and they are rapidly being expanded. In 2019, ''The Art Newspaper'' reported that "hundreds" of writers, artists, and academics had been imprisoned, in what the magazine qualified as an attempt to "punish any form of religious or cultural expression" among Uyghurs.

In July 2019, 22 countries—Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK—sent a letter to the UN Human Rights Council, criticizing China for its mass arbitrary detentions and other violations against Muslims in China's Xinjiang region. However, on 12 July, a group of 37 countries submitted a similar letter in defense of China's policies: Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Belarus, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Gabon, Kuwait, Laos, Myanmar, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Togo, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. However, in August 2019, Qatar withdrew its signature for 12 July letter, with Qatari Ambassador to the UN Ali Al-Mansouri quoted as: "co-authorizing the aforementioned letter would compromise our foreign policy key priorities".

On 28 June 2020, the Associated Press published a report which stated the Chinese government was taking draconian measures to slash birth rates among Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities in Xinjiang, even as it encouraged some of the country's Han majority to have more children.{{Cite news , last=AP's global investigative team , date=28 June 2020 , title=China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization , work=The Associated Press , url=https://apnews.com/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c , access-date=1 August 2020 While individual women have spoken out before about forced birth control, the practice was far more widespread and systematic than previously known, according to an AP investigation based on government statistics, state documents and interviews with 30 ex-detainees, family members and a former detention camp instructor. The campaign over the past four years in Xinjiang has been labeled by some experts as a form of "demographic genocide." Pundits from ''Pakistan Observer'', Antara,{{Cite web , last1=M. Irfan Ilmie , last2=Tia Mutiasari , date=2021-01-11 , title=Populasi Uighur naik 25 persen, pemerintah Xinjiang bantu cek keluarga , trans-title=Uighur population up 25 percent, Xinjiang government helps check families , url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1940188/populasi-uighur-naik-25-persen-pemerintah-xinjiang-bantu-cek-keluarga , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614144118/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1940188/populasi-uighur-naik-25-persen-pemerintah-xinjiang-bantu-cek-keluarga , archive-date=2021-06-14 , website=Antara News , language=id and Detik.com challenged the allegations of decreasing Uyghur births, contending that their birth rate was higher than in earlier years and higher than the Han birth rate.

On 28 July 2020, a coalition of over 180 organizations called out dozens of clothing brands and retailers to re-examine and cut any ties they might have to Xinjiang region, where allegations of human rights violations have run rampant for years. The coalition cited "credible investigations and reports" by media outlets, nonprofit groups, government agencies and think tanks to support its claims.

In September 2020, the state-run Xinhua News Agency reported Xi Jinping's position as the following: "practice has proved that the party's strategy for governing Xinjiang in the new era is completely correct and must be adhered to for a long time."

In February 2021, the Dutch government passed a motion stating that the treatment of the Uyghur minority in China amounts to genocide.

East Turkestan independence movement

{{Main, Xinjiang conflict, East Turkestan independence movement

Some factions in Xinjiang province advocate establishing an independent country, which has led to tension and ethnic strife in the region. Autonomous regions in China putatively have a legal right to separate from the nation, however in practice this right can not be exercised.{{cite web , last1=Vassallo , first1=Christopher , title=The Soviet Origins of Xi's Xinjiang Policy , url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/the-soviet-origins-of-xis-xinjiang-policy/ , access-date=13 June 2021 , website=The Diplomat The Xinjiang conflict is an ongoing separatist conflict in the northwestern part of China. The separatist movement claims that the region, which they view as their homeland and refer to as East Turkestan, is not part of China, but was invaded by the CCP in 1949 and has been under occupation since then. Chinese government asserts that the region has been part of China since ancient times. The separatist movement is led by ethnically Uyghur Muslim underground organizations, most notably the East Turkestan independence movement and the Salafist Turkistan Islamic Party, against the Chinese government. According to the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, the two main sources for separatism in the Xinjiang Province are religion and ethnicity. Religiously, the Uyghur peoples of Xinjiang follow Islam; in the large cities of Han China many are Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian, although many follow Islam as well, such as the Hui ethnic subgroup of the Han ethnicity, comprising some 10 million people. Thus, the major difference and source of friction with eastern China is ethnicity and religious doctrinal differences that differentiate them politically from other Muslim minorities elsewhere in the country. Because of turkification from the turkificated Tocharians, the western Uyghurs became linguistically and culturally Turkic in the 10th century, a distinction from the Han that are the majority in the eastern and central regions of Xinjiang, although many other Turkic ethnicities live in Northwest China such as the Salar people, the Chinese Tatars and the Yugur. The capital of Xinjiang, Ürümqi, was originally a Han and Hui (Tungan) city with few Uyghur people before recent Uyghur migration to the city.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 , pp=77–78, 133–134 Since 1996, China has engaged in "strike hard" campaigns targeted at separatists. On 5 June 2014, China sentenced nine people to death for terrorist attacks. They were alleged to be seeking to overthrow the government in Xinjiang and build an independent Uyghur state of East Turkestan.

Economy

{{Update, date=March 2019
{, class="wikitable" align="right"
, -bgcolor=eeeeee
! align=center colspan=2 , Development of GDP
, ----
, -bgcolor=eeeeee
, Year
, align="right" , GDP in billions of Yuan
, ----
, 1995
, align="right" , 82
, ----
, 2000
, align="right" , 136
, ----
, 2005
, align="right" , 260
, ----
, 2010
, align="right" , 544
, ----
, 2015
, align="right" , 932
, ----
, 2020
, align="right" , 1,380
, ----
, colspan=2 , Source:Historical GDP of Provinces {{cite press release , url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103, title=Home – Regional – Annual by Province, publisher=China NBS, date=31 January 2020, access-date=31 January 2020

Xinjiang has traditionally been an agricultural region, but is also rich in minerals and oil.

Nominal GDP was about 932.4 billion RMB (US$140 billion) as of 2015 with an average annual increase of 10.4% for the past four years,{{cite news , url=http://zsyz.sei.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=263642 , title=Bulletin for the economy and society development in 2015 , access-date=6 May 2010 {{Dead link, date=May 2020 , bot=InternetArchiveBot , fix-attempted=yes due to discovery of the abundant reserves of coal, oil, gas as well as the China Western Development policy introduced by the State Council to boost economic development in Western China.{{Cite web , url=http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/xinjiang-province/ , title=Xinjiang Province: Economic News and Statistics for Xinjiang's Economy , access-date=22 October 2011 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008045314/http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/xinjiang-province/ , archive-date=8 October 2011 , url-status=live Its per capita GDP for 2009 was 19,798 RMB (US$2,898), with a growth rate of 1.7%. Southern Xinjiang, with 95% non-Han population, has an average per capita income half that of Xinjiang as a whole.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 , p=305

In July 2010, state media outlet ''China Daily'' reported that:

Local governments in China's 19 provinces and municipalities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Liaoning, are engaged in the commitment of "pairing assistance" support projects in Xinjiang to promote the development of agriculture, industry, technology, education and health services in the region.{{cite news , url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-07/05/content_10058467.htm , title=Efforts to boost 'leapfrog development' in Xinjiang , publisher=China Daily{{\Xinhua , date=5 July 2010 , access-date=14 July 2010 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723193952/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-07/05/content_10058467.htm , archive-date=23 July 2010 , url-status=live

Xinjiang is a major producer of solar panel components due to its large production of the base material polysilicon. In 2020 45% of global production of solar-grade polysilicon occurred in Xinjiang. Concerns have been raised both within the solar industry and outside it that forced labor may occur in the Xinjiang part of the supply chain. The global solar panel industry are under pressure to move sourcing away from the region due to human rights and liability concerns. China's solar association claimed the allegations were baseless and unfairly stigmatized firms with operations there. A 2021 investigation in the United Kingdom (UK) found that 40% of solar farms in the UK had been built using panels from Chinese companies linked to forced labor in Xinjiang.

Agriculture and fishing

Main area is of irrigated agriculture. By 2015, the agricultural land area of the region is 631 thousand km² or 63.1 million ha, of which 6.1 million ha is arable land. In 2016, the total cultivated land rose to 6.2 million ha, with the crop production reaching 15.1 million tons. Wheat was the main staple crop of the region, maize grown as well, millet found in the south, while only a few areas (in particular, Aksu) grew rice.{{sfnp, Bellér-Hann, 2008, pp=112–113

Cotton became an important crop in several oases, notably Khotan, Yarkand and Turpan by the late 19th century.{{sfnp, Bellér-Hann, 2008, pp=112–113 Sericulture is also practiced.{{sfnp, Bellér-Hann, 2008, p=152 The Xinjiang cotton industry is the world's largest cotton exporter, producing 84% of Chinese cotton while the country provides 26% of global cotton export.{{Cite news , last1=Caster , first1=Michael , title=It's time to boycott any company doing business in Xinjiang , work=The Guardian , date=27 October 2019 , url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/its-time-to-boycott-any-company-doing-business-in-xinjiang , language=en-GB , issn=0261-3077 , access-date=27 November 2019 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127183339/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/its-time-to-boycott-any-company-doing-business-in-xinjiang , archive-date=27 November 2019 , url-status=live Xinjiang also produces peppers and pepper pigments used in cosmetics such lipstick for export.

Xinjiang is famous for its grapes, melons, pears, walnuts, particularly Hami melons and Turpan raisins.{{Citation needed, date=November 2019 The region is also a leading source for tomato paste, which it supplies for international brands.{{r, Guardian boycott

The main livestock of the region have traditionally been sheep. Much of the region's pasture land is in its northern part, where more precipitation is available,{{sfnp, Bellér-Hann, 2008, p=37 but there are mountain pastures throughout the region.{{Citation needed, date=October 2021

Due to the lack of access to the ocean and limited amount of inland water, Xinjiang's fish resources are somewhat limited. Nonetheless, there is a significant amount of fishing in Lake Ulungur and Lake Bosten and in the Irtysh River. A large number of fish ponds have been constructed since the 1970s, their total surface exceeding 10,000 hectares by the 1990s. In 2000, the total of 58,835 tons of fish was produced in Xinjiang, 85% of which came from aquaculture. The Sayram Lake is both the largest alpine lake and highest altitude lake in Xinjiang, and is the location of a major cold-water fishery.{{Citation needed, date=October 2021 Originally Sayram had no fish but in 1998, northern whitefish (Coregonus peled) from Russia were introduced and investment in breeding infrastructure and technology has consequently made Sayram into the country's largest exporter of northern whitefish with an annual output of over 400 metric tons.{{Better source needed, date=October 2021

Mining and minerals

Xinjiang was known for producing salt, soda, borax, gold, and jade in the 19th century.{{sfnp, Mesny , 1899 , p=386

The Lop Lake was once a large brackish lake during the end of the Pleistocene but has slowly dried up in the Holocene where average annual precipitation in the area has declined to just 31.2 millimeters (1.2 inches), and experiences annual evaporation rate of 2,901 millimeters (114 inches). The area is rich in brine Potash, a key ingredient in fertilizer and is the second-largest source of potash in the country. Discovery of potash in the mid-1990s, has transformed Lop Nur into a major Potash mining industry.

The oil and gas extraction industry in Aksu and Karamay is growing, with the West–East Gas Pipeline linking to Shanghai. The oil and petrochemical sector get up to 60 percent of Xinjiang's economy. The region contains over a fifth of China's hydrocarbon resources and has the highest concentration of fossil fuel reserves of any region in the country. The region is rich in coal and contains 40 percent of the country's coal reserves or around 2.2 trillion tonnes, which is enough to supply China's thermal coal demand for more than 100 years even if only 15 percent of the estimated coal reserve prove recoverable.

Tarim basin is the largest oil and gas bearing area in the country with about 16 billion tonnes of oil and gas reserves discovered. The area is still actively explored and in 2021, China National Petroleum Corporation found a new oil field reserve of 1 billion tons (about 907 million tonnes). That find is regarded as being the largest one in recent decades. As of 2021, the basin produces hydrocarbons at an annual rate of 2 million tons, up from 1.52 million tons from 2020.

Foreign trade

Xinjiang's exports amounted to US$19.3 billion, while imports turned out to be US$2.9 billion in 2008. Most of the overall import/export volume in Xinjiang was directed to and from Kazakhstan through Ala Pass. China's first border free trade zone (Horgos Free Trade Zone) was located at the Xinjiang-Kazakhstan border city of Horgos. Horgos is the largest "land port" in China's western region and it has easy access to the Central Asian market. Xinjiang also opened its second border trade market to Kazakhstan in March 2006, the Jeminay Border Trade Zone.

Economic and Technological Development Zones

{{see also, List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita
* Bole Border Economic Cooperation Area
* Shihezi Border Economic Cooperation Area
* Tacheng Border Economic Cooperation Area

* Ürümqi Economic & Technological Development Zone is northwest of Ürümqi. It was approved in 1994 by the State Council as a national level economic and technological development zones. It is {{cvt, 1.5, km from the Ürümqi International Airport, {{cvt, 2, km from the North Railway Station and {{cvt, 10, km from the city center. Wu Chang Expressway and 312 National Road passes through the zone. The development has unique resources and geographical advantages. Xinjiang's vast land, rich in resources, borders eight countries. As the leading economic zone, it brings together the resources of Xinjiang's industrial development, capital, technology, information, personnel and other factors of production.
* Ürümqi Export Processing Zone is in Urumuqi Economic and Technology Development Zone. It was established in 2007 as a state-level export processing zone.
* Ürümqi New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992 and it is the only high-tech development zone in Xinjiang, China. There are more than 3470 enterprises in the zone, of which 23 are Fortune 500 companies. It has a planned area of {{convert, 9.8, km2, abbr=on and it is divided into four zones. There are plans to expand the zone.
* Yining Border Economic Cooperation Area

Culture

{{Further, Uyghur cuisine, List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Xinjiang
{{Expand section, date=December 2020

Media

The Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited operates the Urumqi People's Broadcasting Station and the Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station, broadcasting in Mandarin, Uyghur, Kazakh and Mongolian.

{{As of, 1995, alt=In 1995, there were 50 minority-language newspapers published in Xinjiang, including the '' Qapqal News'', the world's only Xibe language newspaper.{{Cite news, title=News Media for Ethnic Minorities in China, date=25 October 1995, access-date=13 April 2009, url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17895275.html, periodical=Xinhua News, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025081732/http://www.highbeam.com/Search?searchTerm=News+Media+for+Ethnic+Minorities+in+China&searchType=Article¤tPage=0&orderBy=, archive-date=25 October 2012, url-status=dead The ''Xinjiang Economic Daily'' is considered one of China's most dynamic newspapers.

For a time after the July 2009 riots, authorities placed restrictions on the internet and text messaging, gradually permitting access to state-controlled websites like ''Xinhua'''s, until restoring Internet to the same level as the rest of China on 14 May 2010.

As reported by the BBC, "China strictly controls media access to Xinjiang so reports are difficult to verify."

Demographics

{{Further, Migration to Xinjiang, Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin

{{Historical populations
, title = Historical population
, 1912 , 2,098,000
, 1928 , 2,552,000
, 1936–37 , 4,360,000
, 1947 , 4,047,000
, 1954{{cite web , url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm , script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 , publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China , url-status=dead, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm , archive-date=5 August 2009 , 4,873,608
, 1964{{cite web , url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm , script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 , publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China , url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm , archive-date=14 September 2012 , 7,270,067
, 1982{{cite web , url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm , script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 , publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China , url-status=dead, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm , archive-date=10 May 2012 , 13,081,681
, 1990{{cite web , url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm , script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 , publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China , url-status=dead, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm , archive-date=19 June 2012 , 15,155,778
, 2000{{cite web , url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm , script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 , publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China , url-status=dead, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm , archive-date=29 August 2012 , 18,459,511
, 2010{{cite web , url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm , title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census , publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China , url-status=dead, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm , archive-date=27 July 2013 , 21,813,334
, 2020 , 25,852,345

The earliest Tarim mummies, dated to 1800 BC, are of a Caucasoid physical type. East Asian migrants arrived in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin about 3000 years ago and the Uyghur peoples appeared after the collapse of the Orkon Uyghur Kingdom, based in modern-day Mongolia, around 842 AD.

The Islamization of Xinjiang started around 1000 AD by eliminating Buddhism. Xinjiang Muslim Turkic peoples contain Uyghurs, Kazaks, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Uzbeks; Muslim Iranian peoples comprise Tajiks, Sarikolis/ Wakhis (often conflated as Tajiks); Muslim Sino-Tibetan peoples are such as the Hui. Other ethnic groups in the region are Hans, Mongols (Oirats, Daurs, Dongxiangs), Russians, Xibes, Manchus. Around 70,000 Russian immigrants were living in Xinjiang in 1945.

The Han Chinese of Xinjiang arrived at different times from different directions and social backgrounds. There are now descendants of criminals and officials who had been exiled from China during the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries; descendants of families of military and civil officers from Hunan, Yunnan, Gansu and Manchuria; descendants of merchants from Shanxi, Tianjin, Hubei and Hunan; and descendants of peasants who started immigrating into the region in 1776.{{sfnp, Bellér-Hann, 2008, pp=51–52

Some Uyghur scholars claim descent from both the Turkic Uyghurs and the pre-Turkic Tocharians (or Tokharians, whose language was Indo-European); also, Uyghurs often have relatively-fair skin, hair and eyes and other Caucasoid physical traits.

In 2002, there were 9,632,600 males (growth rate of 1.0%) and 9,419,300 females (growth rate of 2.2%). The population overall growth rate was 1.09%, with 1.63% of birth rate and 0.54% mortality rate.

The Qing began a process of settling Han, Hui, and Uyghur settlers into Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria) in the 18th century. At the start of the 19th century, 40 years after the Qing reconquest, there were around 155,000 Han and Hui Chinese in northern Xinjiang and somewhat more than twice that number of Uyghurs in Southern Xinjiang.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 , p=306 A census of Xinjiang under Qing rule in the early 19th century tabulated ethnic shares of the population as 30% Han and 60% Turkic and it dramatically shifted to 6% Han and 75% Uyghur in the 1953 census. However, a situation similar to the Qing era's demographics with a large number of Han had been restored by 2000, with 40.57% Han and 45.21% Uyghur.{{cite journal , first=Stanley , last=Toops , url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/EWCWwp001.pdf , title=Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949 , date=May 2004 , page=1 , issue=1 , periodical=East-West Center Washington Working Papers , publisher=East–West Center , access-date=14 November 2010 , url-status=live , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070716193518/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/EWCWwp001.pdf , archive-date=16 July 2007 Professor Stanley W. Toops noted that today's demographic situation is similar to that of the early Qing period in Xinjiang.{{sfnp, Starr, 2004,
243
} Before 1831, only a few hundred Chinese merchants lived in Southern Xinjiang oases (Tarim Basin), and only a few Uyghurs lived in Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria).{{sfnp, Millward, 2007, p=104 After 1831, the Qing encouraged Han Chinese migration into the Tarim Basin, in southern Xinjiang, but with very little success, and permanent troops were stationed on the land there as well.{{sfnp, Millward , 2007 , p=105 Political killings and expulsions of non-Uyghur populations during the uprisings in the 1860s{{sfnp, Millward, 2007, p=105 and the 1930s saw them experience a sharp decline as a percentage of the total population{{sfnp, Bellér-Hann, 2008, p=52 though they rose once again in the periods of stability from 1880, which saw Xinjiang increase its population from 1.2 million,{{sfnp, Mesny, 1896, p=272{{sfnp, Mesny , 1899, p=485 to 1949. From a low of 7% in 1953, the Han began to return to Xinjiang between then and 1964, where they comprised 33% of the population (54% Uyghur), like in Qing times. A decade later, at the beginning of the Chinese economic reform in 1978, the demographic balance was 46% Uyghur and 40% Han, which did not change drastically until the 2000 Census, when the Uyghur population had reduced to 42%.{{cite web , title=China: Human Rights Concerns in Xinjiang , url=https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck1017.htm , date=October 2001 , work=Human Rights Watch Backgrounder , publisher=Human Rights Watch , access-date=4 December 2016 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112153554/http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck1017.htm , archive-date=12 November 2008 , url-status=live In 2010, the population of Xinjiang was 45.84% Uyghur and 40.48% Han. The 2020 Census showed the Uyghur population decline slightly to 44.96%, and the Han population rise to 42.24%

Military personnel are not counted and national minorities are undercounted in the Chinese census, as in some other censuses.{{sfnp, Starr, 2004,
242
} While some of the shift has been attributed to an increased Han presence, Uyghurs have also emigrated to other parts of China, where their numbers have increased steadily. Uyghur independence activists express concern over the Han population changing the Uyghur character of the region though the Han and Hui Chinese mostly live in Northern Xinjiang Dzungaria and are separated from areas of historic Uyghur dominance south of the Tian Shan mountains (Southwestern Xinjiang), where Uyghurs account for about 90% of the population.{{cite book, editor1=Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司), editor2=Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司), trans-title=Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China, language=zh-Hans-CN, script-title=zh:2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料, series=2 vols, location=Beijing, publisher=Nationalities PublishingHouse, year=2003, isbn=978-7-105-05425-1, oclc=54494505

In general, Uyghurs are the majority in Southwestern Xinjiang, including the prefectures of Kashgar, Khotan, Kizilsu and Aksu (about 80% of Xinjiang's Uyghurs live in those four prefectures) as well as Turpan Prefecture, in Eastern Xinjiang. The Han are the majority in Eastern and Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria), including the cities of Ürümqi, Karamay, Shihezi and the prefectures of Changjyi, Bortala, Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Bayin'gholin, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Ili (especially the cities of Kuytun, Kuitun) and Kumul. Kazakhs are mostly concentrated in Ili Prefecture in Northern Xinjiang. Kazakhs are the majority in the northernmost part of Xinjiang.

{, class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" , Ethnic groups in Xinjiang
, -
! colspan="3" , {{smaller, {{nobold, {{lang, zh-Hans, 根据2015年底人口抽查统计 
! colspan="2" , {{Smaller, 2018 government data
, -
! List of ethnic groups in China, Nationality !! Population !! Percentage
!Population
!Percentage
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Uyghur, , 11,303,300 , , 46.42%
, 11,678,646
, 51.145%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Han, , 8,611,000 , , 38.99%
, 7,857,370
, 34.410%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Kazakh, , 1,591,200 , , 7.02%
, 1,574,930
, 6.897%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Hui, , 1,015,800 , , 4.54%
, 1,015,700
, 4.448%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Kyrgyz people, Kirghiz, , 202,200 , , 0.88%
, 208,346
, 0.912%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Oirats, Mongols, , 180,600 , , 0.83%
, 178,993
, 0.784%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Tajiks of Xinjiang, Tajiks, , 50,100 , , 0.21%
, 51,355
, 0.225%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Sibe people, Xibe, , 43,200 , , 0.20%
, 42,772
, 0.187%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Manchu, , 27,515 , , 0.11%
, 27,372
, 0.120%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Tujia people, Tujia, , 15,787 , , 0.086%
, N/A
, N/A
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Uzbeks, Uzbek, , 18,769 , , 0.066%
, 19,652
, 0.086%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Russian, , 11,800 , , 0.048%
, 11,604
, 0.051%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Hmong people, Miao, , 7,006 , , 0.038%
, N/A
, N/A
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Daur people, Daur
, N/A
, N/A
, 6,793
, 0.030%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Tibetan people, Tibetan, , 6,153 , , 0.033%
, N/A
, N/A
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Zhuang people, Zhuang, , 5,642 , , 0.031%
, N/A
, N/A
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Chinese Tatars, Tatar, , 5,183 , , 0.024%
, 5,019
, 0.022%
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Salar people, Salar , , 3,762 , , 0.020%
, N/A
, N/A
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Other , , 129,190, , 0.600%
, 156,024
, 0.683%

{, class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
! style="text-align: center;" colspan="5", Major ethnic groups in Xinjiang by region (2018 data){{efn-ur, Does not include members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
P = Prefecture; AP = Autonomous prefecture; PLC = Prefecture-level city; DACLC = Directly administered county-level city.{{Cite web, date=2020-06-10, title=, script-title=zh:3–7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数, trans-title=3–7 Prefectural, Municipal, and County-level Population by Ethnicity, url=http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101062133/http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml, archive-date=2020-11-01, access-date=2021-10-11, publisher=Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, language=zh
, -
! !! Uyghurs {{nobold, (%) !! Han {{nobold, (%) !! Kazakhs {{nobold, (%) !! others {{nobold, (%)
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Xinjiang , , 51.14, , 34.41, , 6.90, , 7.55
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Ürümqi PLC , , 12.85 , , 71.21
, 2.77 , , 13.16
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Karamay PLC , , 15.59 , , 74.67, , 4.05 , , 5.69
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Turpan Prefecture , , 76.96, , 16.84 , , 0.05 , , 6.15
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Hami Prefecture, Kumul Prefecture , , 20.01 , , 65.49, , 10.04 , , 4.46
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Changji AP , , 4.89 , , 72.28, , 10.34 , , 12.49
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Börtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Bortala AP , , 14.76 , , 63.27, , 10.41 , , 11.56
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Bayin'gholin AP , , 36.38 , , 53.31, , 0.11 , , 10.20
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Aksu Prefecture , , 80.08, , 18.56 , , 0.01 , , 1.36
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, Kizilsu AP , , 66.24, , 6.29 , , 0.03 , , 27.44
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Kashgar, Kashgar Prefecture , , 92.56, , 6.01 , , < 0.005 , , 1.42
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Khotan, Khotan Prefecture , , 96.96, , 2.85 , , < 0.005 , , 0.19
, -
, style="text-align:left;", Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Ili AP{{refn, group=n, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture is composed of Kuytun, Kuitun DACLC, Tacheng Prefecture, Altay Prefecture, Aletai Prefecture, and the former Ili Prefecture. Ili Prefecture has been disbanded and its former area is now directly administered by Ili AP. , , 17.95 , , 40.09 , , 27.16 , , 14.80
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , – ''former Ili Prefecture'', , 26.30 , , 35.21 , , 21.57 , , 16.91
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , – ''Tacheng Prefecture'', , 4.25 , , 54.66, , 26.66 , , 14.43
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , – ''Altay Prefecture'', , 1.42 , , 39.85 , , 52.76, , 5.97
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Shihezi DACLC , , 1.09 , , 94.13, , 0.63 , , 4.15
, -
, Aral DACLC
, 3.66
, 91.96
, < 0.005
, 4.38
, -
, Tumushuke DACLC
, 67.49
, 31.73
, < 0.005
, 0.78
, -
, style="text-align:left;" , Wujiaqu DACLC , , 0.05 , , 96.29 , , 0.10 , , 3.55
, -
, Tiemenguan DACLC
, 0.07
, 95.96
, 0.00
, 3.97

{{Notelist-ur

Vital statistics

{, class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
, -
! Year
! Population
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural change
! Crude birth rate
(per 1000)
! Crude death rate
(per 1000)
! Natural change
(per 1000)
, -
, 2011
, 22,090,000
, , , , ,
, 14.99, , 4.42, , 10.57
, -
, 2012
, 22,330,000
, , , , ,
, 15.32, , 4.48, , 10.84
, -
, 2013
, 22,640,000
, , , , ,
, 15.84, , 4.92, , 10.92
, -
, 2014
, 22,980,000
, , , , ,
, 16.44, , 4.97, , 11.47
, -
, 2015
, 23,600,000
, , , , ,
, 15.59, , 4.51, , 11.08
, -
, 2016
, 23,980,000
, , , , ,
, 15.34, , 4.26, , 11.08
, -
, 2017
, 24,450,000
, , , , ,
, 15.88, , 4.48, , 11.40
, -
, 2018
, 24,870,000
, , , , ,
, 10.69, , 4.56, , 6.13
, -
, 2019
, 25,230,000
, , , , ,
, 8.14, , 4.45, , 3.69
, -
, 2020
, 25,852,000
, , , , ,
, 7.01, , , ,
, -
, 2021
, 25,890,000
, , , , ,
, 6.16, , 5.60, , 0.56

Religion

{{Pie chart
, caption = Religion in Xinjiang (around 2010)
, label1 = Islam
, value1 = 58
, color1 = Green
, label2 = Buddhism
, value2 = 32
, color2 = Yellow
, label3 = Taoism
, value3 = 9
, color3 = Red
, label4 = Christianity
, value4 = 1
, color4 = DodgerBlue

The major religions in Xinjiang are Islam in China, Islam, among the Uyghurs and the Hui Chinese minority, while many of the Han Chinese practice Chinese folk religions, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. According to a demographic analysis of the year 2010, Muslims form 58% of the province's population.Min Junqing. ''The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China''. JISMOR, 8
2010 Islam by province, page 29
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427140204/https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf , date=27 April 2017 . Data from Yang Zongde, ''Study on Current Muslim Population in China'', Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010. In 1950, there were 29,000 mosques and 54,000 imams in Xinjiang, which fell to 14,000 mosques and 29,000 imams by 1966. Following the Cultural Revolution, there were only about 1,400 remaining mosques. By the mid-1980's, the number of mosques had returned to 1950 levels.{{cite book, url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightsdevel0000seym, title=China Rights Annals 1 Human Rights Developments in the People's Republic of China from October 1983 through September 1984, author=James D. Seymour, publisher=M. E. Sharpe, date=1985, pag
90
isbn=9780873323208, via=Internet Archive According to a 2020 report by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, since 2017, Chinese authorities have destroyed or damaged 16,000 mosques in Xinjiang – 65% of the region's total. Christianity in Xinjiang is the religion of 1% of the population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009.{{cite thesis , degree=PhD , title=Explaining Christianity in China: Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground , url=https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 , first=Xiuhua , last=Wang , year=2015 , page=15 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 , archive-date=25 September 2015 , publisher=Baylor University

A majority of the Uyghur Muslims adhere to Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence or madhab. A minority of Shia Islam, Shias, almost exclusively of the Nizari Isma'ilism, Nizari Ismaili (Seveners) rites are located in the higher mountains of Tajik and Tian Shan. In the western mountains (the Tajiks), almost the entire population of Tajiks ( Sarikolis and Wakhis), are Nizari Isma'ilism, Nizari Isma'ilism, Ismaili Shia. In the north, in the Tian Shan, the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz are Sunni.

Afaq Khoja Mausoleum and Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar are most important Islamic Xinjiang sites. Emin Minaret in Turfan is a key Islamic site. Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves is a noticeable Buddhist site.

File:SerindianGroup.jpg, "Heroic Gesture of Bodhisattvathe Bodhisattva", example of 6th-7th-century terracotta Greco-Buddhist art (local populations were Buddhist) from Tumxuk, Xinjiang
File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg, Sogdian people, Sogdian donors to the Buddha, 8th century fresco (with detail), Bezeklik, Eastern Tarim Basin
File:Ulumuqi3.jpg, A mosque in Ürümqi
File:People sporting in snow by a statue of goddess Guanyin in Wujiaqu, Xinjiang.jpg, People engaging in snow sports by a statue of bodhisattva Guanyin in Wujiaqu
File:Christian Church Hami, Xinjiang - 2011 - panoramio.jpg, Christian Church in Hami
File:Catholic Church in Urumqi2.jpg, Catholic Church in Urumqi


File:Buddhist temple in Midong, Urumqi, Xinjiang (2).jpg, Temple of the Great Buddha in Midong District, Midong, Ürümqi
File:Fushou (Fortune and Longevity) Taoist Temple at Tianchi (Heavenly Lake) in Fukang, Changji, Xinjiang.jpg, Taoist Temple of Fortune and Longevity at the Heavenly Lake of Tianshan in Fukang, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture
File:Emin Minaret (40010270790).jpg, Emin Minaret
File:Kashgar-mezquita-id-kah-d01.jpg, Id Kah mosque in Kashgar, largest mosque in China

{{clear

Sports

Xinjiang is home to the Xinjiang Guanghui Flying Tigers professional basketball team of the Chinese Basketball Association, and to Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard F.C., a football team that plays in China League One.

The capital, Ürümqi, is home to the Xinjiang University baseball team, an integrated Uyghur and Han group profiled in the documentary film ''Diamond in the Dunes''.

Transportation

Roads

In 2008, according to the Xinjiang Transportation Network Plan, the government has focused construction on State Road 314, Alar-Hotan Desert Highway, State Road 218, Qingshui River Line-Yining Highway and State Road 217, as well as other roads.

The construction of the first expressway in the mountainous area of Xinjiang began a new stage in its construction on 24 July 2007. The {{convert, 56, km, abbr=on highway linking Sayram Lake and Guozi Valley in Northern Xinjiang area had cost 2.39 billion yuan. The expressway is designed to improve the speed of national highway 312 in northern Xinjiang. The project started in August 2006 and several stages have been fully operational since March 2007. Over 3,000 construction workers have been involved. The 700 m-long Guozi Valley Cable Bridge over the expressway is now currently being constructed, with the 24 main pile foundations already completed. Highway 312 national highway Xinjiang section, connects Xinjiang with China's east coast, Central Asia, Central and West Asia, plus some parts of Europe. It is a key factor in Xinjiang's economic development. The population it covers is around 40% of the overall in Xinjiang, who contribute half of the GDP in the area.

The Zulfiya Abdiqadir, head of the Transport Department was quoted as saying that 24,800,000,000 RMB had been invested into Xinjiang's road network in 2010 alone and, by this time, the roads covered approximately {{convert, 152000, km, abbr=on.{{cite web , date=3 March 2011 , editor=Su Qingxia ({{lang, zh-hans, 苏清霞) , title=祖丽菲娅·阿不都卡德尔代表：见证新疆交通事业的日益腾飞 , trans-title=Representative Zulfiya Abdiqadir: evidence that Xinjiang's transport projects are developing more with each passing day , url=http://news.ts.cn/content/2011-03/03/content_5636418.htm , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224215419/http://news.ts.cn/content/2011-03/03/content_5636418.htm# , archive-date=24 February 2017 , access-date=24 February 2017 , website=Tianshannet , language=zh-hans

Rail

{{multiple image
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, caption1 =Ürümqi South railway station
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, caption3 = Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway
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, caption4 = Southern Xinjiang Railway

Xinjiang's rail hub is Ürümqi. To the east, Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway, a conventional and Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway, a high-speed rail line runs through Turpan and Hami to Lanzhou in Gansu, Gansu Province. A Ejin–Hami railway, third outlet to the east connects Hami and Inner Mongolia.

To the west, the Northern Xinjiang Railway, Northern Xinjiang runs along the northern footslopes of the Tian Shan range through Changji, Shihezi, Kuytun and Jinghe County, Jinghe to the Kazakhstan, Kazakh border at Alashankou, where it links up with the Turkestan–Siberia Railway. Together, the Northern Xinjiang and the Lanzhou-Xinjiang lines form part of the Eurasian Land Bridge, Trans-Eurasian Continental Railway, which extends from Rotterdam, on the North Sea, to Lianyungang, on the East China Sea. The Second Ürümqi-Jinghe Railway provides additional rail transport capacity to Jinghe, from which the Jinghe-Yining-Horgos Railway heads into the Ili River Valley to Yining (city), Yining, Huocheng and Khorgos, a second rail border crossing with Kazakhstan. The Kuytun-Beitun Railway runs from Kuytun north into the Junggar Basin to Karamay and Beitun, near Altay.

In the south, the Southern Xinjiang Railway, Southern Xinjiang Line from Turpan runs southwest along the southern footslopes of the Tian Shan into the Tarim Basin, with stops at Karasahr, Yanqi, Korla, Kuqa, Xinjiang, Kuqa, Aksu, Maralbexi County, Maralbexi (Bachu), Artux and Kashgar. From Kashgar, the Kashgar–Hotan railway, follows the southern rim of the Tarim to Hotan, with stops at Shule County, Shule, Akto, Yengisar, Shache, Shache (Yarkant), Kargilik Town, Yecheng (Karghilik), Moyu County, Moyu (Karakax).

The Ürümqi-Dzungaria Railway connects Ürümqi with coal fields in the eastern Junggar Basin. The Hami–Lop Nur Railway connects Hami with potash, potassium salt mines in and around Lop Nur. The Golmud-Korla Railway, opened in 2020, provides an outlet to Qinghai. Planning is underway on additional intercity railways.{{Cite web, last=, first=, date=, title=新疆将重点规划城际铁路 4小时经济圈已形成, trans-title=Xinjiang will focus on planning the formation of a four-hour economic circle for intercity railways, url=http://news.hebei.cm/newsshow-54187.html, access-date=2021-02-09, website=news.hebei.cm, language=zh Railways Khunjerab Railway, to Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan have been proposed.{{citation needed, date=November 2020

See also

{{Portal, China
* East Turkestan
* Administrative divisions of China

Notes

{{Reflist, group=n

References

Citations

{{Reflist

Sources

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* {{cite book , title=State Capitalism, Contentious Politics and Large-Scale Social Change , editor-first=Vincent , editor-last=Pollard , volume=29 , series=Studies in Critical Social Sciences , year=2011 , publisher=BRILL , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5p_rjMLgj_8C , isbn=978-90-04-19445-8
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* {{cite book, title=The modern approach to history, first=Buddha, last=Prakash, year=1963, publisher=University Publishers, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-1HAAAAMAAJb
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* {{cite book , title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat , first1=J. Todd , last1=Reed , first2=Diana , last2=Raschke , year=2010 , publisher=ABC-CLIO , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5I2b_hrJO8sC , isbn=978-0-313-36540-9
* {{cite book , title=A History of China , first=John A.G. , last=Roberts , edition=revised , year=2011 , publisher=Palgrave Macmillan , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZNiAQAAQBAJ , isbn=978-0-230-34411-2
* {{cite book , title=Bones in the Sand: The Struggle to Create Uighur Nationalist Ideologies in Xinjiang, China , first1=Justin Jon , last1=Rudelson , first2=Justin Ben-Adam , last2=Rudelson , edition=reprint , year=1992 , publisher=Harvard University , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ
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* {{cite book , title=Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19–25, 1987 , editor-first=Denis , editor-last=Sinor , year=1990 , publisher=Psychology Press , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWbAbwxMZXEC , isbn=978-0-7007-0380-7
* {{cite book , title = Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland , editor-first = S. Frederick , editor-last = Starr , year = 2004 , publisher = M.E. Sharpe , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC , isbn = 978-0-7656-1318-9
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* {{cite book , title=The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China , first=Eric , last=Tamm , year=2013 , publisher=Counterpoint , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpG8QEguXEC , isbn=978-1-58243-876-4
* {{cite book , title=War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776) , first=Ulrich , last=Theobald , year=2013 , publisher=BRILL , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUodAAAAQBAJ , isbn=978-90-04-25567-8
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* {{cite news , last=Tinibai , first=Kenjali , date=27 May 2010 , title=Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street , url=http://www.tol.org/client/article/21490-kazakhstan-and-china-a-two-way-street.html , newspaper=Transitions Online , url-access=subscription
* {{cite book , title=Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang , first=Christian , last=Tyler , year=2004 , publisher=Rutgers University Press , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C , isbn=978-0-8135-3533-3
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* {{cite journal , jstor = 20062627 , doi = 10.1177/0097700405282349 , title=Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century , journal= Modern China , last = Zhao , first=Gang , volume= 32 , pages = 3–30 , number=1 , year = 2006 , s2cid = 144587815
* {{cite book , title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia , first=Andrei , last=Znamenski , edition=illustrated , year=2011 , publisher=Quest Books , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC , isbn=978-0-8356-0891-6
{{refend

Further reading

{{Library resources box
* {{cite journal, last=Côté, first=Isabelle, title=Political mobilization of a regional minority: Han Chinese settlers in Xinjiang, journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies, date=2011, volume=34, issue=11, pages=1855–1873, doi= 10.1080/01419870.2010.543692, s2cid=144071415
* {{cite web , last=Croner, first=Don, year=2009, url= http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf, title=False Lama – The Life and Death of Dambijantsan, website=dambijantsan.doncroner.com, location=Ulaan Baatar, publisher=Don Croner, url-status=dead, archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140903091310/http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf, archive-date=3 September 2014
* {{cite web , last1=Croner, first1=Don, year=2010, url= http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama.1-5.pdf, title=Ja Lama – The Life and Death of Dambijantsan, website=dambijantsan.doncroner.com, location=Ulaan Baatar, publisher=Don Croner , url-status=dead, archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140903091401/http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama.1-5.pdf, archive-date=3 September 2014
* Hierman, Brent. "The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988–2002." Problems of Post-Communism, May/June 2007, Vol. 54 Issue 3, pp. 48–62.
* {{cite book , last=Kim, first=Hodong, title=Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877, year=2004, url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC, publisher=Stanford University Press, isbn= 978-0-8047-6723-1
* {{cite book , last=Kim, first=Kwangmin, title=Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696–1814, year=2008, url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AywctwAACAAJ, publisher= University of California, isbn= 978-1-109-10126-3
* {{cite book , title=Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory, editor1-first=Susan Allen, editor1-last=Nan, editor2-first=Zachariah Cherian, editor2-last=Mampilly, editor3-first=Andrea, editor3-last=Bartoli, year=2011, publisher=ABC-CLIO, isbn=978-0-313-37576-7, url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx0p4RCdD4wC, oclc=715288234 {{ISBN, 978-0-3133-7576-7 (set); {{ISBN, 978-0-3133-7578-1 (v. 1); {{ISBN, 978-0-3133-7580-4 (v. 2); {{ISBN, 978-0-3133-7577-4 (ebk.).
* Norins, Martin R. iarchive:gatewaytoasiasin00nori/, Gateway to Asia : Sinkiang, Frontier of the Chinese Far West (1944)
* Yap, Joseph P. (2009). ''Wars With The Xiongnu – A translation From Zizhi Tongjian''. AuthorHouse. {{ISBN, 978-1-4490-0604-4
* {{Cite magazine, last=Yellinek, first=Roie, url= https://jamestown.org/program/islamic-countries-engage-with-china-against-the-background-of-repression-in-xinjiang/, title=Islamic Countries Engage with China Against the Background of Repression in Xinjiang, magazine=China Brief, volume=19, issue=5, publisher=Jamestown Foundation, date=5 March 2019, access-date=2020-05-08
* {{cite conference, title=Asiatische Forschungen, Volumes 73–75, conference=Universität Bonn. Ostasiatische Seminar, year=1982, publisher=O. Harrassowitz, url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qbILAAAAIAAJ, isbn=978-3-447-02237-8, lang=de
* {{cite book , title= Bulletin de la Section de géographie , volume=10 , others=Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. Section de géographie , language=fr , year=1895 , location=Paris , publisher=IMPRIMERIE NATIONALE , url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6MysOTiETbsC
* {{cite book , title=Ethnological Information on China: A Collection; Articles from Various Issues of Sovetskai͡a Ėtnografii͡a (Moscow), year=1969, publisher=CCM Information Corporation, url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2RA5AAAAIAAJ
* {{cite book , title=Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1–2, year=2002, publisher=The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge , isbn= 978-0-8047-2933-8 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ
* {{cite news, agency=UPI, date=22 September 1981, title=Radio war aims at China Moslems, url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810922&id=3oAxAAAAIBAJ&pg=5348,448513, newspaper=The Montreal Gazette, page=11, via=Google News

External links

* {{Commons category-inline
* {{Wiktionary-inline, Xinjiang, Sinkiang, Hsin-chiang, Chinese Turkestan, East Turkestan, East Turkistan
* {{Wikivoyage-inline
* {{Britannica, Xinjiang

{{-
{{Geographic location
, Northwest = East Kazakhstan Province, East Kazakhstan and Almaty Provinces, {{flag, Kazakhstan
, North = {{flag, Altai Republic, {{flag, Russia
, Northeast = {{flag, Bayan-Ölgii, {{flag, Khovd and {{flag, Govi-Altai Provinces, {{flag, Mongolia
, West = {{flagicon image, Issyk kul obl flag.svg Issyk Kul Region, Issyk Kul, {{flagicon image, Naryn obl flag.svg Naryn and {{flagicon image, Flag of Osh.svg Osh Regions, {{flag, Kyrgyzstan
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, {{flag, Tajikistan
Badakhshan Province, {{flag, Afghanistan
, Centre = Xinjiang
, East = Gansu
, Southwest = {{flag, Gilgit-Baltistan, {{flag, Pakistan
{{flag, Jammu and Kashmir, {{flag, India
Aksai Chin, Disputed region of Aksai Chin
, South = Tibet Autonomous Region
, Southeast = Qinghai

{{Xinjiang topics
{{Xinjiang
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China
{{Inner Asia

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