Central Pashto ( ps, منځنۍ پښتو) () are the middle dialects:
Dzadrāṇi,
Banusi and
Waziri. These dialects are affected by what Ibrahim Khan terms as "the Great Karlāṇ Vowel Shift".
Here is a comparison of Middle Dialects with South Eastern:
Northern
Zadrani
Daniel Septfonds provides the following example:
Vowel Shift
In Źadrāṇi, a vowel shift like Waziri has been noted:
Apridi
Afridi/Apridi is also categorised as a Northern Phonology.
Vowel Shift
There is presence of the additional vowels close-mid central rounded vowel /
ɵ/ and open back rounded vowel /
ɒː / in Apridi. The following vowel shift has been noted by Josef Elfenbein:
* The
a.html"_;"title="Open_front_unrounded_vowel.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Open_front_unrounded_vowel">a">Open_front_unrounded_vowel.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Open_front_unrounded_vowel">ain__Pashto_can_become_[
Open_back_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="Open_front_unrounded_vowel">a.html" ;"title="Open_front_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Open front unrounded vowel">a">Open_front_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Open front unrounded vowel">ain Pashto can become [
Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ] and also [
Mid front unrounded vowel, e] in Apridi:
* The [
ɑ] in Pashto can become [
Open back rounded vowel, ɒː] in Apridi:
* The
o.html" ;"title="Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid back rounded vowel">o">Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid back rounded vowel">oin Pashto can becomes [
ɵ] in Apridi:
* The [
Close back rounded vowel, u] in Pashto can becomes [
Close front unrounded vowel, i] in Apridi:
Lexical Comparison
Naseem Khan Naseem provides the following list:
Sample Text
The following difference can be noticed in pronunciation:
Kurama
The following is an example from Central
Kurram agency
Kurram District ( ps, کرم ولسوالۍ, ur, ) is a district in Kohat Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan.The name Kurram comes from the river Kuramá ( ps, کورمه) in Pashto which itself derives from the Sanskrit nam ...
; where a change in /
ɑ/ to /
ɔ/ can be seen:
Southern
Waziri
Vowel Shift
In Waziri Pashto there is also a vowel shift
In
Waziri dialect the in most other dialects of Pashto becomes in Northern Waziri and in Southern Waziri.
In
Waziri dialect the stressed in most other dialects of Pashto becomes and . The in general Pashto may also become or .
In
Waziri dialect the stressed in general Pashto becomes .
When in begins a word in general Pashto can become , or
Diphthongs in Waziri
A change is noticed:
Khattak
Vowel Lengthening
The Khattak dialect, as deduced by Yusuf Khan Jazab in contrast to non-Karāṇi dialects differentiates lexemes in term of
vowel length
In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration. In some languages vowel length is an important phonemic factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, ...
ening.
Example: between and - transcribed as "e" and "ē" respectively to indicated the distinction.
Vocabulary
The following words which are rare in Kandhari and Yusapzai Pashto, were noted by Yousaf Khan Jazab in the Khattak dialect:
Baniswola anusi
Nasalisation
In the Bannu dialect the nasalisation of vowels has been noted , as mentioned by Yousuf Khan Jazab:
Stress
As with other dialects
stress
Stress may refer to:
Science and medicine
* Stress (biology), an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition
* Stress (linguistics), relative emphasis or prominence given to a syllable in a word, or to a word in a phrase ...
on a particular syllable can also change the meaning of a word or aspect of the verb.
References
Bibliography
*
*
* {{Cite book, last=Septfonds, first=Daniel, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VkuAQAAIAAJ, title=Le dzadrâni: un parler pashto du Paktyâ (Afghanistan), date=1994, publisher=I. Peeters, isbn=978-2-908322-16-3, language=fr
Varieties of Pashto