The term Cavalier () was first used by
Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier
royalist supporters of
King Charles I and his son
Charles II of England during the
English Civil War, the
Interregnum, and the
Restoration (1642 – ). It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour, of which clothing was a very small part, it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time.
Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier.
Etymology
Cavalier derives from the same Latin root as the Italian word and the French word (as well as the Spanish word ), the
Vulgar Latin word ''
caballarius'', meaning 'horseman'.
Shakespeare used the word ''cavaleros'' to describe an overbearing
swashbuckler
A swashbuckler is a genre of European adventure literature that focuses on a heroic protagonist stock character who is skilled in swordsmanship, acrobatics, guile and possesses chivalrous ideals. A "swashbuckler" protagonist is heroic, daring, ...
or swaggering
gallant in
Henry IV, Part 2 (c. 1596–1599), in which
Robert Shallow says "I'll drink to Master Bardolph, and to all the cavaleros about London". Shallow returns in ''
The Merry Wives of Windsor'' (c. 1597), where he is called "Cavaleiro-justice" (knightly judge) and "bully-rook", a term meaning "blustering cheat".
English Civil War
"Cavalier" is chiefly associated with the Royalist supporters of King Charles I in his struggle with Parliament in the English Civil War. It first appears as a term of reproach and contempt, applied to the followers of King Charles I in June 1642:
Charles, in the Answer to the Petition 13 June 1642, speaks of Cavaliers as a "word by what mistake soever it seemes much in disfavour". It was soon
reappropriated
In linguistics, reappropriation, reclamation, or resignification is the cultural process by which a group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously used in a way disparaging of that group. It is a specific form of a semantic change (i.e. ...
as a title of honour by the king's party, who in return applied Roundhead to their opponents. At the Restoration, the court party preserved the name, which survived until the rise of the term
Tory.
Social perceptions
Cavalier was not understood at the time as primarily a term describing a style of dress, but a whole political and social attitude. However, in modern times the word has become more particularly associated with the
court fashions of the period, which included long flowing hair in ringlets, brightly coloured clothing with elaborate trimmings and lace collars and cuffs, and plumed
hats. This contrasted with the dress of at least the most extreme Roundhead supporters of
Parliament, with their preference for shorter hair and plainer dress, although neither side conformed to the
stereotypical images entirely.
Most Parliamentarian generals wore their hair at much the same length as their Royalist counterparts,
[Ashelford, 73] though
Cromwell was something of an exception. The best patrons in the nobility of Charles I's court painter Sir
Anthony van Dyck, the archetypal recorder of the Cavalier image, all took the Parliamentary side in the Civil War. Probably the most famous image identified as of a "cavalier",
Frans Hals' ''
Laughing Cavalier'', shows a gentleman from the strongly
Calvinist Dutch town of
Haarlem, and is dated 1624. These derogatory terms (for at the time they were so intended) also showed what the typical Parliamentarian thought of the Royalist side – capricious men who cared more for vanity than the nation at large.
The chaplain to King Charles I, Edward Simmons described a Cavalier as "a Child of Honour, a Gentleman well borne and bred, that loves his king for conscience sake, of a clearer countenance, and bolder look than other men, because of a more loyal Heart". There were many men in the Royalist armies who fit this description since most of the Royalist field officers were typically in their early thirties, married with rural estates which had to be managed. Although they did not share the same outlook on how to worship God as the English
Independents of the
New Model Army, God was often central to their lives. This type of Cavalier was personified by
Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading
Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading (1579February 1652) was a Royalist commander in the English Civil War and most famously served during the Battle of Newbury and Naseby. He also was involved in the Dutch Revolt and the Thirty Years War. ...
, whose prayer at the start of the
Battle of Edgehill
The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was a pitched battle of the First English Civil War. It was fought near Edge Hill and Kineton in southern Warwickshire on Sunday, 23 October 1642.
All attempts at constitutional compromise between ...
has become famous "O Lord, Thou knowest how busy I must be this day. If I forget Thee, do not forget me".
At the end of the
First Civil War, Astley gave his word that he would not take up arms again against Parliament and having given his word he felt duty bound to refuse to help the Royalist cause in the
Second Civil War; however, the word was coined by the Roundheads as a pejorative propaganda image of a licentious, hard drinking and frivolous man, who rarely, if ever, thought of God. It is this image which has survived and many Royalists, for example
Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester
Lieutenant-General Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester (26 October 1612 – 19 February 1658), known as The Lord Wilmot between 1643 and 1644 and as The Viscount Wilmot between 1644 and 1652, was an English Cavalier who fought for the Royalist cau ...
, fitted this description to a tee. Of another Cavalier,
George Goring, Lord Goring
George Goring, Lord Goring (14 July 1608 – 1657) was an English Royalist soldier. He was known by the courtesy title ''Lord Goring'' as the eldest son of the first Earl of Norwich.
Early life
Goring, the eldest son of George Goring, 1s ...
, a general in the Royalist army, the principal advisor to
Charles II,
Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, said:
This sense has developed into the modern English use of "cavalier" to describe a recklessly nonchalant attitude, although still with a suggestion of stylishness. Cavalier remained in use as a description for members of the party that supported the monarchy up until the
Exclusion Crisis of 1678–1681 when the term was superseded by "Tory" which was another term initially with pejorative connotations. Likewise, during the Exclusion Bill crisis, the term Roundhead was replaced with "
Whig", a term introduced by the opponents of the Whigs and also was initially a pejorative term.
In arts
An example of the Cavalier style can be seen in the painting ''Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles'' by Anthony van Dyck.
Notes
References
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Attribution
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Further reading
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Military science in western Europe in the sixteenth centurypage 45)
External links
* {{wiktionary-inline
English Civil War
*Cavalier