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, native_name_lang = , image = Catedral_de_México.jpg , imagewidth = 250px , alt = , caption = The
Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Assumption of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven ( es, Catedral Metropolitana de la Asunción de la Bienaventurada Virgen María a los cielos) is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Me ...
. , abbreviation = , type =
National polity A polity is an identifiable political entity – a group of people with a collective identity, who are organized by some form of institutionalized social relations, and have a capacity to mobilize resources. A polity can be any other group of p ...
, main_classification =
Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
, orientation =
Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD * Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...
, scripture =
Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts ...
, theology = Catholic theology , polity = Episcopal , governance = CEM , structure = , leader_title =
Pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
, leader_name = Francis , leader_title1 = President , leader_name1 = Francisco Robles Ortega , leader_title2 = , fellowships_type1 = , fellowships1 = , division_type = , division = , division_type1 = , division1 = , division_type2 = , division2 = , division_type3 = , division3 = , associations = , founder = Juan de Zumárraga , area =
Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
, language =
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
,
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
, headquarters = , origin_link = , founded_date = Early 16th Century , founded_place = New Spain,
Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...
, separated_from = , parent = , merger = , absorbed = , separations = Protestantism in Mexico , merged_into = , defunct = , congregations_type = , congregations = , members = 97,864,220 (2020) , ministers_type = , ministers = , missionaries = , churches = , hospitals = , nursing_homes = , aid = , primary_schools = , secondary_schools = , tax_status = , tertiary = , other_names = , publications = , website
CEM
, slogan = , logo = , footnotes = The Mexican Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in
Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
, is part of the worldwide
Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
, under the spiritual leadership of the
Pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
, his
Curia Curia (Latin plural curiae) in ancient Rome referred to one of the original groupings of the citizenry, eventually numbering 30, and later every Roman citizen was presumed to belong to one. While they originally likely had wider powers, they came ...
in
Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...
and the national
Mexican Episcopal Conference The Mexican Episcopal Conference ( es, Conferencia del Episcopado Mexicano) is an organization of Catholic bishops, known as an episcopal conference. It is the official leadership body of the Catholic Church in Mexico. Organization The organizat ...
. According to the Mexican census, Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in Mexico, practiced by 77.7% of the population in 2020. A Statistica survey suggests this number could be lower, suggesting Catholics could make up only 72% of the nation. The
history of the Catholic Church in Mexico The history of the Catholic Church in Mexico dates from the period of the Spanish conquest (1519–21) and has continued as an institution in Mexico into the twenty-first century. Catholicism is one of many major legacies from the Spanish colonial ...
dates from the period of the
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, also known as the Conquest of Mexico or the Spanish-Aztec War (1519–21), was one of the primary events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. There are multiple 16th-century narratives of the eve ...
(1519–1521) and it has continued as an institution in Mexico into the twenty-first century. In the late 20th century,
Eastern Catholic The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches, are 23 Eastern Christian autonomous (''sui iuris'') particular churches of ...
jurisdictions were also established in Mexico. In many parts of the country, Catholic Christianity is heavily syncretized with folk customs; and Aztec, Mayan, and other pre-Columban religions.


History

The history of the Catholic Church in Mexico can be divided into distinct periods, the basic division being between colonial Mexico, known as New Spain and the national period, from Mexican independence in 1821 until the current era. The era of the military conquest in the early sixteenth century saw the Church's huge effort to evangelize the indigenous population of Mexico in what is termed "the spiritual conquest". As the
Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...
expanded into new territories, the incorporation of the indigenous population was a priority for the crown. The growth of the Spanish and mixed-race urban population of Mexico prompted the establishment of the episcopal hierarchy, under the patronage of the monarch and the creation of dioceses in Mexico. In the national period, following independence in early nineteenth century, Mexico established a legal framework that continued the privileged status of the Catholic Church as official and unique religion.
La Reforma ''La Reforma'' ( en, The Reform), refers to a pivotal set of laws, including a new constitution, that were enacted in Mexico during the 1850s after the Plan of Ayutla overthrew the dictatorship of Santa Anna. They were intended as modernizing m ...
of the late 1850s sparked an extended period of violent conflict between the conservative supporters of the old order and liberals who sought to displace and diminish the power of the Church. The Mexican Revolution was won by largely
anticlerical Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historical anti-clericalism has mainly been opposed to the influence of Roman Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secularism, which seeks to ...
Constitutionalists and the Church's role in Mexico was restricted constitutionally.Roberto Blancarte, “Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach.” ''Journal of Church & State'', Autumn 1993, vol. 35. No. 4. After a period of violent open conflict over religious matters, Church-state relations returned to a modus vivendi while the anticlerical constitutional framework remained in place. Expansion of Catholic participation in the establishment of religious educational institutions and the creation of a conservative political party, the National Action Party, was an important characteristic of the late twentieth century. A new constitutional framework was created in 1992, which reiterated the separation between the Catholic Church and the state and lifted most but not all restrictions on religious freedom and the activities of the Catholic Church in Mexico.


Organization of the Church in Modern Mexico

The Catholic Church is the world's largest Christian church, and its largest religious grouping. The 2020 census reported that Mexico had some 97,864,220 Catholics, which equates to approximately 78% of the total population, making it the second largest Catholic country in the world after
Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
. The country is divided into 18
Ecclesiastical province An ecclesiastical province is one of the basic forms of jurisdiction in Christian Churches with traditional hierarchical structure, including Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. In general, an ecclesiastical province consists of seve ...
s, containing a total of 90
diocese In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associa ...
s. There are 15,700
diocesan priests In Christianity, the term secular clergy refers to deacons and priests who are not monastics or otherwise members of religious life. A secular priest (sometimes known as a diocesan priest) is a priest who commits themselves to a certain geogr ...
and 46,000 men and women in
religious orders A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion, usually characterized by the principles of its founder's religious pract ...
. José Garibi y Rivera was the first Mexican cardinal of the Catholic Church.
Javier Lozano Barragán Javier Lozano Barragán (; 26 January 1933 – 20 April 2022) was a Mexican prelate of the Catholic Church who was president of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers from 1997 to 2009. He was made a cardinal in 200 ...
having served 10 years as a cardinal-deacon, was promoted to
Cardinal Priest A cardinal ( la, Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, literally 'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the ruling pope and typically hold the title for life. Col ...
of Santa Dorotea by
Pope Francis Pope Francis ( la, Franciscus; it, Francesco; es, link=, Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 17 December 1936) is the head of the Catholic Church. He has been the bishop of Rome and sovereign of the Vatican City State since 13 March 2013. ...
on 12 June 2014. Pope Francis selected 15 new cardinals for the Church in January 2015, one of whom was for Mexico in the archdiocese of Morelia. Alberto Suárez Inda is Morelia's first cardinal. According to an Associated Press story, he "has helped mediate political conflicts and kidnappings in one of Mexico's most violence-plagued states". On 7 December 2017, Pope Francis named Cardinal
Carlos Aguiar Retes Carlos Aguiar Retes (; born 9 January 1950) is a Mexican cardinal of the Catholic Church who serves as the Archbishop of Mexico City. He has served as an officer of the Mexican Episcopal Conference and the Latin American Episcopal Conference ...
Archbishop of Mexico to succeed Norberto Rivera Carrera, "a pastor who had as many detractors as supporters" after 22 years in the post. His installation was scheduled for 5 February 2018. ''
The Tablet ''The Tablet'' is a Catholic international weekly review published in London. Brendan Walsh, previously literary editor and then acting editor, was appointed editor in July 2017. History ''The Tablet'' was launched in 1840 by a Quaker convert ...
'' said the appointment was not a surprise because Aguiar is "a towering ecclesial figure in Central and Latin America".


Latin Church hierarchy

Mexico's
ecclesiastical province An ecclesiastical province is one of the basic forms of jurisdiction in Christian Churches with traditional hierarchical structure, including Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. In general, an ecclesiastical province consists of seve ...
s were organized as follows, on 28 September 2019: *Metropolitan
Archdiocese of Acapulco The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Acapulco ( la, Archidioecesis Acapulcana) is a Latin rite Metropolitan Archdiocese in Mexico's southwestern Guerrero state. Its cathedral archiepiscopal see is Catedral Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, dedicated to ...
** Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa ** Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano ** Diocese of Tlapa * Metropolitan Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca ** Diocese of Puerto Escondido ** Diocese of Tehuantepec ** Diocese of Tuxtepec ** Prelature of Huautla ** Prelature of Mixes * Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chihuahua ** Diocese of Ciudad Juárez ** Diocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera ** Diocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes ** Diocese of Parral ** Diocese of Tarahumara * Metropolitan Archdiocese of Durango ** Diocese of Gómez Palacio ** Diocese of Mazatlán ** Diocese of Torreón ** Prelature of El Salto *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Guadalajara **
Diocese of Aguascalientes The Roman Catholic Diocese of Aguascalientes ( la, Dioecesis de Aguas Calientes) (erected 27 August 1899) is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Guadalajara. Bishops Ordinaries *José María de Jesús Portugal y Serratos, O.F.M. (1902 -191 ...
** Diocese of Autlán ** Diocese of Ciudad Guzmán ** Diocese of Colima ** Diocese of San Juan de los Lagos ** Diocese of Tepic ** Prelature of Jesús María *Metropolitan
Archdiocese of Hermosillo The Archdiocese of Hermosillo ( la, Archidioecesis Hermosillensis) is a Roman Catholic Archdiocese located in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Its area is 90,959 sq. miles, and its population (2004) 1,067,051. The bishop resides at Hermosillo. The A ...
** Diocese of Ciudad Obregón ** Diocese of Culiacán ** Diocese of Nogales * Metropolitan Archdiocese of Xalapa ** Diocese of Coatzacoalcos ** Diocese of Córdoba ** Diocese of Orizaba ** Diocese of Papantla ** Diocese of San Andrés Tuxtla ** Diocese of Tuxpan ** Diocese of Veracruz *Metropolitan Archdiocese of León ** Diocese of Celaya ** Diocese of Irapuato ** Diocese of Querétaro * Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mexico ** Diocese of Azcapotzalco ** Diocese of Iztapalapa ** Diocese of Xochimilco *Metropolitan
Archdiocese of Monterrey The Archdiocese of Monterrey ( la, Archidioecesis Monterreyensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. The Archdiocese of Monterrey is a metropolis (religious ...
** Diocese of Ciudad Victoria ** Diocese of Linares **
Diocese of Matamoros The Diocese of Matamoros ( la, Dioecesis Matamorensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the northeast part of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico, along the border with Texas. The diocese is a suffragan ...
** Diocese of Nuevo Laredo ** Diocese of Piedras Negras ** Diocese of Saltillo **
Diocese of Tampico The Diocese of Tampico ( la, Dioecesis Tampicensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Mexico It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Monterrey. It was erect ...
* Metropolitan Archdiocese of Morelia ** Diocese of Apatzingan ** Diocese of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas ** Diocese of Tacámbaro ** Diocese of Zamora * Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles ** Diocese of Huajuapan de León ** Diocese of Tehuacán ** Diocese of Tlaxcala * Metropolitan Archdiocese of San Luis Potosí ** Diocese of Ciudad Valles ** Diocese of Matehuala ** Diocese of Zacatecas * Metropolitan Archdiocese of Toluca ** Diocese of Atlacomulco ** Diocese of Cuernavaca ** Diocese of Tenancingo *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tijuana ** Diocese of La Paz ** Diocese of Mexicali ** Diocese of Ensenada * Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla ** Diocese of Cuautitlán ** Diocese of Ecatepec ** Diocese of Izcalli ** Diocese of Netzahualcóyotl ** Diocese of Teotihuacan ** Diocese of Texcoco ** Diocese of Valle de Chalco *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tulancingo ** Diocese of Huejutla ** Diocese of Tula *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiérrez ** Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas ** Diocese of Tapachula *Metropolitan Archdiocese of Yucatán ** Diocese of Campeche ** Diocese of Tabasco ** Prelature of Cancún-Chetumal


Eastern Catholic jurisdictions

There are also separate jurisdictions for specific Eastern particular churches within the Catholic Church in Mexic

* the Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico (from 1995, immediately subject to the
Maronite Patriarch of Antioch This is a list of the Maronite patriarchs of Antioch and all the East, the Primate (bishop), primate of the Maronite Church, one of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Starting with Paul Peter Massad in 1854, after becoming patriarch of the Maronite Ca ...
) * the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nuestra Señora del Paraíso in Mexico City (from 1988, immediately subject to the
Melkite Catholic Patriarch of Antioch The Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch is the only actual residential Patriarchate of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Eastern Catholic, Byzantine Rite). It was formed in 1724 when a portion of the Orthodox Church of Antioch went into com ...
) * the Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico (from 1981, exempt, i.e. directly subject to the Holy See)


Regular (monastic) Catholic Jurisdictions

* The Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary in Rome, The Claretian Order.


Gallery

File:Basílica_de_Zapopan_al_atardecer.JPG, Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan File:Catedral5.JPG, Cathedral of León, Guanajuato File:Catedral_Basílica_de_la_Inmaculada_Concepción_2012-09-08_18-20-27.jpg, Basilica Cathedral of Mazatlán File:Edificio_de_Gobierno_y_Basílica_Menor_Catedral_de_Colima,_Colima.JPG, Cathedral Basilica of Colima File:Basilica_de_Guadalupe_Monterrey_17.jpg, Basilica of Guadalupe, Monterrey File:Santuario_deGuadalupe_Mexico.jpg,
Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Zamora Also known simply as Sanctuary of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Spanish: ''Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe'') is a gothic revival Catholic cathedral located in Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico. The towers reach a height of 107.5 meters, making it th ...
File:Cathedral_of_Nuestra_Señora_de_la_Soledad_in_Acapulco_10.jpg,
Our Lady of Solitude Cathedral, Acapulco The Our Lady of Solitude Cathedral (also Acapulco Cathedral; es, Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Acapulco) is the main Catholic church of the city of Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, located in the center of the city in front of the Álvar ...
File:Portada_Catedral_Aguascalientes.jpg,
Aguascalientes Cathedral The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption ( es, Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción) Also Aguascalientes Cathedral It is the main Catholic building of the city of Aguascalientes in Mexico, and one of the emblematic monu ...
File:Catedral_de_Apatzingan_2019.jpg, Apatzingán Cathedral File:CathedralDivineProvidenceAtlacomulco.JPG,
Catedral of Atlacomulco Catedral may refer to: * Catedral (Buenos Aires Underground), a station * Catedral (district), a district of the San José canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica * Cerro Catedral, a mountain and ski resort in Argentina * Cerro Catedral (U ...
File:02204_Catedral_de_la_Santísima_Trinidad_Autlán_de_Navarro01.jpg, Autlán Cathedral File:Guadalajara, Jalisco, México 2.0.jpg,
Templo Expiatorio del Santísimo Sacramento The Templo Expiatorio del Santísimo Sacramento is a Catholic church dedicated to the Blessed Sacrament, located in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. It is of neo-Gothic style and is considered the greatest work of its kind in Mexico. Its constructio ...
File:Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, Cholula, Puebla, México, 2013-10-12, DD 05.JPG,
Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, Cholula The Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios (''Our Lady of Remedies Church'') is a 16th-century Mexican Catholic parish church built atop the Tlachihualtepetl pyramid in the municipality of Cholula located in the central Mexican state of Pueb ...
File:Puebla, Mexico (2018) - 098.jpg,
Parish of la Santa Cruz, Puebla The Parish of la Santa Cruz, or Church of la Cruz, is a church in the city of Puebla (city), Puebla, in the Mexican state of Puebla. File:Puebla, Mexico (2018) - 108.jpg, Interior, 2018 References External links

* Roman Catholic church ...
File:Taxco Santa Prisca.jpg,
Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco The Parroquia de Santa Prisca y San Sebastían, commonly known as the Church of Santa Prisca, is a colonial monument located in the city of Taxco de Alarcón, in the southern state of Guerrero, Mexico, built between 1751 and 1759. It is located ...
File:Sancris08.jpg, Templo de santo domingo san cristóbal de las casas File:Fachada Barroco, Colegio Jesuita, Tepotzotlán.jpg, Templo de San Francisco Javier File:Fachada templo sta maría tonantzintla.JPG, Church of Santa María Tonantzintla File:SantoDomingo12-05Oaxaca109.jpg, Church of Santo Domingo de Guzmán File:Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad.jpg, Basilica of Nuestra Señora de Soledad File:Fotografía de la fachada de la Catedral Basílica de San Juan de Los Lagos estado de Jalisco, México.jpg, Basilica of San Juan de los Lagos File:Catedral_de_Chihuahua_-_2013_-_03.JPG, Catedral of Chihuahua File:Catedralchilpancingo2.JPG, Catedral of Santa Maria in Chilpancingo


References


Bibliography


General

*Blancarte, Roberto. ''Historia de la Iglesia Católico en México.'' Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económico / El Colegio de Méxiquense 1992. *Cuevas, Mariano, S.J. ''Historia de la Iglesia de México''. 5 vols. 1921–28. *Mecham, J. Lloyd. ''Church and State in Latin America'' (revised edition). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1966. *Schmitt, Karl. ''The Roman Catholic Church in Modern Latin America.'' New York 1972.


Colonial Era (1519–1821)

*Baudot, Georges. ''Utopia and History in Mexico: The First Chroniclers of Mexican Civilization, 1520–1569.'' University of Colorado Press 1995. *Brading, D.A. ''Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition across Five Centuries.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. *Burkhart, Louise. ''The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1989. *Cline, Sarah. "Church and State: Habsburg New Spain,” in Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1, p. 248-50. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. *Cline, Sarah. "Church and State: Bourbon New Spain,” in Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1, p. 250-53. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. *Cline, Sarah. "The Spiritual Conquest Re-Examined: Baptism and Church Marriage in Early Colonial Mexico." ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 73:3(1993) pp. 453–80. *Costeloe, Michael. ''Church Wealth in Mexico: A Study of the Juzgado de Capellanías in the Archbishopric of Mexico, 1800–1856.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1967. *Farriss, N.M. ''Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico, 1759–1821.'' London: Athlone Press 1958. *Greenleaf, Richard. ''The Mexican Inquisition of the Sixteenth Century, 1536–1543.'' Washington DC: Academy of American Franciscan History 1962. *Gruzinski, Serge. ''The Conquest of Mexico: The Incorporation of Indian Societies into the Western World 16th-18th Centuries.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993. *Kubler, George. ''Mexican Architecture of the Sixteenth Century.'' New Haven: Yale University Press 1948. *Morgan, Ronald J. ''Spanish American Saints and the Rhetoric of Identity, 1600–1810.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2002. *Phelan, John Leddy. ''The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New World.'' Berkeley: University of California Press 1970. *Poole, Stafford. ''Pedro Moya de Contreras.'' Berkeley: University of California Press 1987. *Poole, Stafford. ''Our Lady of Guadalulpe: The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol, 1531–1797.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press. *Ricard, Robert. ''The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico''. Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1966. (originally published in French in 1933). *Schwaller, John Frederick. ''Church and Clergy in Sixteenth-Century Mexico.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1987. *Schwaller, John Frederick. ''The Origins of Church Wealth in Mexico.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1985. *Taylor, William B. ''Magistrates of the Sacred: Priests and Parishioners in Eighteenth-Century Mexico.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press 1996. *von Germeten, Nicole. ''Black Blood Brothers: Confraternities and Social Mobility for Afro-Mexicans.'' Gainesville: University of Florida Press 2006.


Nineteenth Century

*Bazant, Jan. ''Alienation of Church Wealth in Mexico: Social and Economic Aspects of the Liberal Revolution, 1856–1875.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1971. *Callcott, Wilfred Hardy. ''Church and State in Mexico, 1822–1857.'' Durham: Duke University Press 1926. *Ceballos Ramírez, Manuel. "La Encíclica Rerum Novarum y los Trabajadores Católicos en la Ciudad de México, 1891–1913." ''Historia Mexicana'' 33:1 (July–September 1983). *Costeloe, Michael P. ''Church and State in Independent Mexico: A Study of the Patronage Debate, 1821–1857.'' London: Royal Historical Society 1978. *Mijanos y González, Pablo. ''The Lawyer of the Church: Bishop Clemente de Jesús Munguía and the Clerical Response to the Mexican Liberal Reforma''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2015. *Schmitt, Karl M. " Catholic Adjustment to the Secular State: The Case of Mexico, 1867–1911." ''Catholic Historical Review''XLVIII No. 2 (July 1962) 182–204. *Scholes, Walter V. "Church and state in the Mexican Constitutional Convention, 1856-57." ''The Americas'' IV No. 2. (Oct. 1947), pp. 151–74.


Twentieth Century and Third Millennium

*Bailey, David C. ''Viva Cristo Rey!: The Cristero Rebellion and Church-State Conflict in Mexico.'' Austin: University of Texas Press 1974. *Bantjes, Adrian. "Idolatry and Iconoclasm in Revolutionary Mexico: The Dechristianization Campaigns, 1929–1940." ''Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos'' 13:1 (winter 1997), pp. 87–120. *Blancarte, Roberto. "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach," ''Journal of Church & State'', autumn 1993, Vol 35. Issue 4. *Butler, Matthew. "Keeping the Faith in Revolutionary Mexico: Clerical and Lay Resistance to Religious Persecution, East Michoacán, 1926–1929." ''The Americas'' 59:1 July 2002, 9-32. *Camp, Roderic Ai. ''Crossing Swords: Politics and Religion in Mexico.'' New York: Oxford University Press 1997. *Ceballos Ramírez, Manuel. ''El Catolicismo Social: Un Tercero en Discordia, Rerum Novarum, la 'Cuestión Social,' y la Movilización de los Católicos Mexicanos (1891–1911)''. Mexico: El Colegio de México 1991. *Chand, Vikram K. ''Mexico's Political Awakening''. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press 2001. *Ellis, L. Elthan. "Dwight Morrow and the Church-State Controversy in Mexico." ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' Vol 38, 4 (Nov. 1958), 482–505. *Espinosa, David. ''Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2014. *Jrade, Ramón, "Inquiries into the Cristero Insurrection Against the Mexican Revolution." ''Latin American Research Review'' 20:2 (1985. *Mabry, Donald J. ''Mexico's Acción Nacional: A Catholic Alternative to Revolution.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1973. *Meyer, Jean. ''La Cristiada''. 3 vols. Mexico City: Siglo XXI (1985). *Meyer, Jean. ''The Cristero Rebellion: Mexican People Between Church and State.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1976. *Muro, Victor Gabriel. ''Iglesia y movimientos sociales en México, 1972–1987.'' Mexico: Colegio de Michoacán 1994. *Muro, Victor Gabriel. "Catholic Church: Mexico" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'', vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 219–222. *Purnell, Jennie. "The Cristero Rebellion" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico.'' vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 374–377. *Purnell, Jennie. ''Popular Movements and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico: The Agraristas and Cristeros of Michoacán.'' Durham: Duke University Press 1999. *Quirk, Robert E. ''The Mexican Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1910–1929.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1973. *Rice, Elizabeth Ann. ''The Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Mexico as Affected by the Struggle for Religious Liberty in Mexico, 1925-29.'' Washington DC 1959. *Sherman, John W. "Liberation Theology" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'', vol. 1, 742–45. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. *Vargas, Jorge A. "Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters," ''BYU Law Review'' Volume 421 (1998), Issue 2, article 6. *Wright-Rios, Edward. ''Revolutions in Mexican Catholicism: Reform and Revolution in Oaxaca, 1887–1934.'' Durham: Duke University Press 2009.


External links


Catholics in Mexico, by state (INEGI)


* {{DEFAULTSORT:Catholic Church in Mexico
Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
Mexican Revolution Mexican culture