Carl Olof Rosenius (February 3, 1816 – February 24, 1868) was a
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
lay preacher, author and editor of the monthly ''
Pietisten
("The Pietist") was a Swedish Christian monthly publication "for religious revival and edification", founded in January 1842 by the Scottish Methodist minister George Scott, who had immigrated to Sweden, and edited by preacher Carl Olof Roseniu ...
'' (The Pietist) from 1842 to 1868.
[''Twice-Born Hymns'' by J. Irving Erickson, (Chicago: Covenant Press, 1976) p. 111.] He was one of the country's most widely-heard preachers of his day and has been described as being of "extraordinary importance for the low-church evangelical revival not only in Sweden but also in the other Nordic countries".
Biography
Family and childhood
Rosenius was born in
Nysätra in
Västerbotten
Västerbotten (), known in English as West Bothnia or Westrobothnia, is a province (''landskap'') in the north of Sweden, bordering Ångermanland, Lapland, North Bothnia, and the Gulf of Bothnia. It is known for the cheese named after the p ...
while his father, Anders Rosenius, was serving there as a parish pastor. His mother, Sara Margareta Norenius, was the daughter of Olof Norenius, a clergyman. Before Rosenius was born, his mother dreamed that he would be used by God. He was the third child of seven. His six siblings included Eric Andreas – who died as an infant – another brother also named Eric Andreas, Claes Johan, Sara Magdalene, Margareta Eliana, and . Two of his brothers would later receive a theological education: Eric Andreas, who went by Anton, became a preacher, and Martin Gabriel became a theology professor at
Lund University
, motto = Ad utrumque
, mottoeng = Prepared for both
, established =
, type = Public research university
, budget = SEK 9 billion [Martin Luther
Martin Luther (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation and the namesake of Lutherani ...]
and
Olov Svebilius
Olaus (Olov) Svebilius (1 January 1624 – 29 June 1700) was a Swedish priest and professor.
He was Bishop of the Diocese of Linköping and Archbishop of Uppsala.
His most notable work was ''Martin Luthers Lilla katekes med Katekesförklaring'', ...
. His father, a simple,
evangelical
Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide interdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity that affirms the centrality of being " born again", in which an individual expe ...
man, supported the
revival movement
Christian revivalism is increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or society, with a local, national or global effect. This should be distinguished from the use of the term "revival" to refer to an evangelis ...
in
Sweden as part of the
Reader (''läsare'') movement, bringing it to Nysätra in 1814.
As a child, he found an early interest in spiritual matters. He was known to leave his friends while playing to walk alone in the forest and ponder the existence of God. Later, he was said to have tested whether God existed or not: putting a blindfold over his eyes, he tested whether God would guide his steps to the door of the barn. However, as he started to walk, a strange feeling made him stop – there he stood just at the edge of a deep well, and if he had walked any further, he would have fallen in. Rosenius took this as a sign from God. When Rosenius was thirteen, his family moved to the town of
Sävar
Sävar () is a locality situated in Umeå Municipality, Västerbotten County, Sweden with 2,670 inhabitants in 2010.
It is located by E4 about 15 km north of Umeå, Sweden. Sävar is mostly known for being the last battlefield of the Finnish ...
. They were poor and his parents sent the boys to the city in 1828. He attended school in
Piteå, writing small, spiritually-themed letters even as a child.
Conversion and education
At the age of fifteen, he experienced a crisis of faith and religious breakthrough. Having read a translation of
Erik Pontoppidan
Erik Ludvigsen Pontoppidan (24 August 1698 – 20 December 1764) was a Danish author, a Lutheran bishop of the Church of Norway, an historian, and an antiquarian. His Catechism of the Church of Denmark heavily influenced Danish and Norwegian reli ...
's , which states that even the most seemingly-zealous believer who knows the entire Bible and can even perform miracles can still go to hell without true faith, Rosenius was shaken and became sullen for some time. This experience impressed upon him the importance of
conversion and a living faith. Rosenius' breakthrough was also influenced by Lutheran revivalist preacher
Pehr Brandell.
While studying in
Umeå
Umeå ( , , , locally ; South Westrobothnian: ;). fi, Uumaja; sju, Ubmeje; sma, Upmeje; se, Ubmi) is a city in northeast Sweden. It is the seat of Umeå Municipality and the capital of Västerbotten County.
Situated on the Ume River, U ...
as a teenager, he led
conventicles
A conventicle originally signified no more than an assembly, and was frequently used by ancient writers for a church. At a semantic level ''conventicle'' is only a good Latinized synonym of the Greek word church, and points to Jesus' promise in M ...
or private religious gatherings, during school holidays. He was called "the second Luther" and "the little
Reformer". Rosenius completed his
gymnasium education in
Härnösand
Härnösand () is a locality and the seat of Härnösand Municipality in Västernorrland County, Sweden with 17,556 inhabitants in 2010. It is called "the gate to the High Coast" because of the world heritage landscape just a few miles north of H ...
.
He planned to study theology in
Uppsala
Uppsala (, or all ending in , ; archaically spelled ''Upsala'') is the county seat of Uppsala County and the fourth-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. It had 177,074 inhabitants in 2019.
Located north of the c ...
, so to raise money for his education, he took a ''
venia'' position through the
Church of Sweden
The Church of Sweden ( sv, Svenska kyrkan) is an Evangelical Lutheran national church in Sweden. A former state church, headquartered in Uppsala, with around 5.6 million members at year end 2021, it is the largest Christian denomination in Sw ...
, a paid role which gave lay preachers the right to preach at certain parishes. In 1831, he received a preaching contract for a Reader congregation, which only read the works of Luther, in
Röbäck near Umeå. He held small gatherings where he preached and read Luther. Bishop
Frans Michael Franzén
Frans Michael Franzén (9 February 1772 – 14 August 1847) was a Swedish-Finnish poet and clergyman. He served as the Bishop of the Diocese of Härnösand.
Biography
Franzén was born in Oulu ( sv, Uleåborg), Northern Ostrobothnia, Sweden ( ...
became familiar with the young Rosenius, seeing him as a promising preacher. A sermon that Rosenius delivered in Härnösand in 1833 is said to have impressed Franzén through its emphasis on the central
Lutheran
Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Cathol ...
doctrine of justification by faith. He also assisted his father in preaching.
Spiritual guidance
Around this time, Rosenius first met traveling Reader
lay preacher Maja-Lisa Söderlund while visiting his parents in the
Burträsk
Burträsk is a locality situated in Skellefteå Municipality, Västerbotten County, Sweden with 1,575 inhabitants in 2010. It is notable as the only place where Västerbotten cheese is made.
''Burträsk Court District'', or ''Burträsks tingslag ...
area. She was twenty-two years his senior and supported him throughout his development at home as well as in Stockholm and Uppsala. He often wrote home to her when his courage failed him, as it often did during his student years. Söderlund was widely known in northern Västerbotten for her knowledge of the Bible and her ability to inspire hope in difficult times while the
Conventicle Act severely restricted laymen's opportunities to preach outside the framework of the household. He referred to her as the "prophetess from Stor-Kåge".
A number of spiritual sayings and advice in Rosenius' are attributed to her, as well as an excerpt printed in the February 1844 edition of ''Pietisten''.
Stockholm
In 1838 Rosenius began his theological studies at
Uppsala University
Uppsala University ( sv, Uppsala universitet) is a public research university in Uppsala, Sweden. Founded in 1477, it is the oldest university in Sweden and the Nordic countries still in operation.
The university rose to significance during ...
but was forced to give them up after a year due to failing health and financial difficulties. He instead found employment as a private tutor at Länna farm outside of
Stockholm. At this point he was beset with serious religious doubts, including on the credibility of the Bible. In 1839, he met the
Methodist
Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity whose origins, doctrine and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's ...
minister
George Scott in Stockholm, who had initially come to Sweden in 1830 to work as a preacher for British workers. However, Scott quickly learned Swedish and began revivalist preaching with a goal of inspiring spiritual renewal among the Swedish people in a manner that deemphasized religious
sectarianism
Sectarianism is a political or cultural conflict between two groups which are often related to the form of government which they live under. Prejudice, discrimination, or hatred can arise in these conflicts, depending on the political status quo ...
.
Rosenius' conversations with Scott, in which he also analyzed the Bible, helped dispel his uncertainties. In 1840, he was offered the opportunity to assist Scott in his ministry. It was unheard of at the time for a Lutheran preacher to work with a non-Lutheran for the purposes of evangelism. Regarding his
ecumenical mission work, Rosenius stated:
The opportunity marked a significant moment in Rosenius' life: he abandoned his plans of becoming a priest and moved to Stockholm to work with Scott at the newly built
Engelska kapellet (English Chapel) near
Hötorget
Hötorget (''Haymarket'') is a city square in the center of Stockholm, Sweden that has been transitioning since the Early Medieval Period.
Description
To its east lies the Royal Concert Hall, to its south lies Filmstaden Sergel, one of the ...
(Haymarket Square). Rosenius traveled around Stockholm as a preacher and
colporteur, preaching in homes and at times to the well-to-do in larger meeting rooms.
Lars Paul Esbjörn, later founder of the
Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church
The Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church (previously the Augustana Lutheran Synod and also Scandinavian Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Synod in North America and Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Synod in North America) was a Lutheran church ...
, also worked with Scott at this time and was influenced by Rosenius. The same year, they met American preacher and temperance activist
Robert Baird, who had come to work with Scott and
Peter Wieselgren
Peter (Per) Wieselgren, born Jonasson (1 October 1800 – 10 October 1877) was a Lutheran priest, librarian, archivist, literary historian, and leader of the Swedish temperance movement who formed the first organised temperance society in Sweden. ...
, another key temperance figure.
In 1841, while Scott was on a fundraising trip in the United States, Rosenius took on a greater role and was responsible for the running of the church in his absence.
In 1842 Scott started the publication ''
Pietisten
("The Pietist") was a Swedish Christian monthly publication "for religious revival and edification", founded in January 1842 by the Scottish Methodist minister George Scott, who had immigrated to Sweden, and edited by preacher Carl Olof Roseniu ...
'' to provide "practical edification without polemics", of which Rosenius was the editor. The sale of the publication also supported Rosenius financially.
That year, however, increasing public controversy and threats over Scott's preaching forced him to leave Sweden, and the English Chapel ceased operations. Rosenius did not, however, curtail his activities, despite the fact that his preaching as a layman outside of the state church violated the Conventicle Act, in effect until 1858. He believed strongly in the
priesthood of all believers
The priesthood of all believers or universal priesthood is a biblical principle in most Protestant branches of Christianity which is distinct from the institution of the ''ministerial'' priesthood ( holy orders) found in some other branches, incl ...
and had a strong desire to preach when he had been called upon to by others. This led to him being summoned to the chief of police, but he continued preaching where he had been called. Rosenius' preaching work was financially supported by the
non-denominational American and Foreign Christian Union.
He became a leader in the growing religious revival of Sweden, traveling throughout the country, preaching both at private gatherings (conventicles) and in public halls. Rosenius did face doubts at this time, however, stating in a letter to future bishop of the
Diocese of Lund
The Diocese of Lund ( sv, Lunds stift) is a diocese within the Church of Sweden which corresponds to the provinces of Blekinge and Skåne. There are 217 parishes within the diocese, the most significant number in any of the dioceses of the Chu ...
,
Johan Henrik Thomander
Johan Henrik Thomander (16 June 1798 – 9 July 1865) was a Swedish professor, bishop, translator and author. He received his doctorate in theology in 1836 and was elected to the eighteenth chair of the Swedish Academy in 1856.
After his father's ...
, that he felt "to preach and to be 'in the vineyard among the people', would be more his calling than writing, but that he is 'not fit to be a priest'."
Preaching
Rosenius often preached extemporaneously. On hearing Rosenius, preacher
Paul Petter Waldenström
Paul Petter Waldenström (alternately spelled "Paul Peter") (20 July 1838 – 14 July 1917) was a Swedish theologian who became the most prominent leader of the free church movement in late 19th century Sweden.
Waldenström was born in Luleå in ...
described his preaching in his
Norrland dialect as natural and down-to-earth, with "no pompous words, no grandiose claims". Rosenius spoke calmly and did not preach loudly and emotionally or with dramatic gestures. Writer
August Strindberg
Johan August Strindberg (, ; 22 January 184914 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter.Lane (1998), 1040. A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg wrote more than sixty p ...
, upon seeing Rosenius preach, stated he "looked like peace and beamed with heavenly joy."
Marriage and family
On August 2, 1843, Rosenius married Agatha Rosenius née Lindberg in Umeå.
The couple had seven children, including (1855–1932), who became a liberal journalist in
Karl Staaff and
Hjalmar Branting
Karl Hjalmar Branting (; 23 November 1860 – 24 February 1925) was a Swedish politician who was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP) from 1907 until his death in 1925, and three times Prime Minister of Sweden. When Branting cam ...
's circles.
Work with others
The same year, he wrote in ''Pietisten'' about his plans to form the Swedish Evangelical Alliance, an
ecumenical organization where Christians could work together for the goal of evangelism despite denominational differences. When it was later formed, he joined the headquarters' board of directors. However, when Baptist
Karl Justin Mathias Möllersvärd, working for the organization as a colporteur, began to promote
rebaptism Rebaptism in Christianity is the baptism of a person who has previously been baptized, usually in association with a denomination that does not recognize the validity of the previous baptism. When a denomination rebaptizes members of another denomi ...
, Rosenius along with rector left the board "as he did not want it to be perceived as a platform for Baptist propaganda".
In 1849, he helped found the Swedish Diaconal Institution, now known as , and supported
mission
Mission (from Latin ''missio'' "the act of sending out") may refer to:
Organised activities Religion
*Christian mission, an organized effort to spread Christianity
*Mission (LDS Church), an administrative area of The Church of Jesus Christ of ...
work, colportage, and
social work in Stockholm.
Rosenius was also a close friend of the "Reader Count"
Adolphe Stackelberg at Stensnäs Manor. Together they started a parish in
Västervik
Västervik is a city and the seat of Västervik Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden, with 36,747 inhabitants in 2021. Västervik is one of three coastal towns with a notable population size in the province of Småland.
Climate
Västervik h ...
in 1854. This was the starting point for the evangelical revival in
Kalmar County
Kalmar County () is a county or '' län'' in southern Sweden. It borders the counties of Kronoberg, Jönköping, Blekinge and Östergötland. To the east in the Baltic Sea is the island Gotland.
The counties are mainly administrative units. G ...
to organize missionary societies, which in turn eventually gave rise to the .
Later years
When the
Swedish Evangelical Mission
The Swedish Evangelical Mission (SEM) ( Swedish: "Evangelical Homeland Foundation", EFS) is an independent, low-church, New Evangelical () movement within the Church of Sweden. It emphasizes the importance of lay involvement in the church and ...
was formed by in 1856, Rosenius supported its founding.
[''The Story of Our Hymns'' by Ernest Edwin Ryden, (Rock Island, IL: Augustana Book Concern, 1930) pp. 180-182.] A year later the organization bought the English Church's old building and reopened it as Bethlehem Church. Rosenius was able to work there as well as on numerous preaching trips throughout the country. He continued to edit and publish ''
Pietisten
("The Pietist") was a Swedish Christian monthly publication "for religious revival and edification", founded in January 1842 by the Scottish Methodist minister George Scott, who had immigrated to Sweden, and edited by preacher Carl Olof Roseniu ...
'', which went from 2,000 subscribers to 10,000 between 1850 and 1860.
He published it until his death along with publishing and editing ''Missionstidningen'' and several other magazines.
During his last years he wrote an extensive series of articles on the
Epistle to the Romans that appeared in ''Pietisten''. On
Pentecost Sunday
Pentecost (also called Whit Sunday, Whitsunday or Whitsun) is a Christian holiday which takes place on the 50th day (the seventh Sunday) after Easter Sunday. It commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of ...
, 1867, Rosenius suffered a stroke in the pulpit of St. John's Church in
Gothenburg. He died the following year.
Theology
Rosenius'
Pietism
Pietism (), also known as Pietistic Lutheranism, is a movement within Lutheranism that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with an emphasis on individual piety and living a holy Christian life, including a social concern for the needy an ...
, influenced by the (Reader) movement, the
Herrnhuters (Moravian Brethren), and Methodism, retained key features of the northern Swedish religious revival – with the Bible as the Word of God, Lutheran objective
atonement
Atonement (also atoning, to atone) is the concept of a person taking action to correct previous wrongdoing on their part, either through direct action to undo the consequences of that act, equivalent action to do good for others, or some other ...
in Jesus Christ, and
justification by
grace alone
''Sola gratia'', meaning by grace alone, is one of the five ''solae'' and consists in the belief that salvation comes by divine grace or "unmerited favor" only, not as something earned or deserved by the sinner. It is a Christian theologica ...
at its core.
He often found himself taking the middle ground between the subjectivity and emotionalism of the Moravian Brethren and the strictness of Pietism. In the
Schartauan emphasis on the order of grace, he suspected
legalism; "come as you are!" was his message. He was on friendly terms with the Herrnhuters and had much in common with the Finnish evangelist
Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg, despite believing that he went too far in the direction of
antinomianism
Antinomianism (Ancient Greek: ἀντί 'anti''"against" and νόμος 'nomos''"law") is any view which rejects laws or legalism and argues against moral, religious or social norms (Latin: mores), or is at least considered to do so. The term ha ...
. Evidence of Scott's
Methodist faith was more apparent in Rosenius'
evangelistic work than in his theology. He had a strong dislike of
Erik Janssonism.
Legacy
Rosenius had a strong influence on Sweden's religious development during the 19th century. Historian has stated regarding Rosenius' legacy: "Since the Reformation, no single Swede has exerted such an extensive and profound influence on the religious and partly general physiognomy of our people as Rosenius".
Whether Rosenius came from the influential
Nyevangelism ('New Evangelism') movement or it sprang from his beliefs – there is some debate – he became one of those most strongly associated with it.
His commitment to personal involvement in religious belief affected not only the practices of the
free church
A free church is a Christian denomination that is intrinsically separate from government (as opposed to a state church). A free church does not define government policy, and a free church does not accept church theology or policy definitions fr ...
but also those of the state church, especially in northern and central Sweden. In his time he became one of Sweden's most widely read religious writers and a leading figure in the religious revival of the country. Two million copies of Rosenius' writings have been published in Swedish and one million in other languages. accounts for 180,000 copies in 36 editions. This makes him one of Sweden's most widely read authors – only
Selma Lagerlöf
Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (, , ; 20 November 1858 – 16 March 1940) was a Swedish author. She published her first novel, '' Gösta Berling's Saga'', at the age of 33. She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she wa ...
and August Strindberg are clearly more widely read. He also played an important role in the formation of Evangeliska Fosterlandsstiftelsen
(The Swedish Evangelical Mission) as one of its co-founders.
Large parts of the Church of Sweden dismissed him initially. He did not use ''the Swedish Hymnal'' but rather song collections of a more personal religious nature, including those published by
Oscar Ahnfelt. Throughout his life Rosenius remained a member of the Swedish Church, baptizing his children and taking
Communion in that faith and rejecting
separatism and the free distribution of
Communion.
He had a number of disciples. Both in Sweden, and outside the country – particularly in Denmark (the Bornholmers) and Norway, as well as among Scandinavian settlers in the American Midwest – the Rosenius movement gained followers through the
Mission Friends
The Mission Friends (Swedish: ) was a Christian association in Sweden and among Swedish immigrants in the United States.
History
Background and Mission Friends in Sweden
The Mission Friends had their origins in the spiritual reform movements ...
(). Among them was a lay preacher from
Småland named
Nicolaus Bergensköld, who immigrated to the United States in the 1860s and was a leader of the
revivalist movement
Christian revivalism is increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or society, with a local, national or global effect. This should be distinguished from the use of the term "revival" to refer to an evangelis ...
in the
Scandinavia
Scandinavia; Sámi languages: /. ( ) is a subregion in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. In English usage, ''Scandinavia'' most commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and Swe ...
n settlements of the
American Midwest
The Midwestern United States, also referred to as the Midwest or the American Midwest, is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau (also known as "Region 2"). It occupies the northern central part of the United States. I ...
. Rosenius made a significant impact on the Swedish Lutherans, and to a lesser extent the Norwegian Lutherans, of the United States, with his works held in high esteem and reprinted by Lutheran leaders
Tuve Hasselquist,
Olof Olsson,
John N. Kildahl, and others. Rosenius was also friends with and influenced
Anders Wiberg,
Per Palmqvist
Per Palmqvist, also Palmquist, (8 April 1815 – 10 August 1887) was a Swedish Baptist pioneer and organist. He is regarded as one of the founders of Sunday school in Sweden. Palmqvist, along with his two brothers Johannes and Gustaf Palmquist, ...
, and
Gustaf Palmquist, Lutherans who became
Baptist
Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing Christian believers only ( believer's baptism), and doing so by complete immersion. Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul compe ...
pioneers in Sweden and the United States.
He had a great impact on the religious development of
Mathilda Foy, an early innovator of Sunday school in Sweden known for her charitable work, who was introduced to Rosenius by
Theodore Hamberg, a missionary equally captivated by his preaching. Shortly after his death a large segment of his followers, led by his successor as publisher of ''Pietisten'',
Peter Paul Waldenström, broke with his ecclesiastical views and became separatists, founding the
Swedish Mission Covenant
The Mission Covenant Church of Sweden ( sv, Svenska Missionskyrkan), founded in 1878, was a Swedish evangelical free church. It was the second-largest Protestant denomination in Sweden, after the national church, the Church of Sweden. In 2011, ...
.
A literary society, the Carl Olof Rosenius Society, was founded in 2017 to promote his writings and work and engage in research.
Bibliography
Carl Olof Rosenius at KristnetRosenius' 1853 translation of ''The Pilgrim's Progress''''Missionsvännerna i Amerika'' by C. V. Bowman, (Minneapolis: Minneapolis Veckoblad, 1907)''Daily Meditations'' by Carl Olof Rosenius, (Minneapolis: Lutheran Colportage Service, 1973)''The Prayer of Faith'' by Carl Olof Rosenius and Warren M Ojala, (New Hampshire: Pietan Publications, 2010)
References
Sources
*
*
External links
Rosenius profileCarl Olof Rosenius at the HymnaryHymns by Rosenius at Swedish WikisourceRosenius photo at the National Archives of SwedenCarl Olof Rosenius and The Great Swedish AwakeningSwedish pietism: Carl Olof Rosenius and George Scott
Pietisten Journal
American hymn
Mary S. Shindler
''I'm a pilgrim:''Swedish translation
Danish hymn
''Tænk, når engang den tåge er forsvunden:''W.A. Wexels
''Tenk når engang den tåke er forsvunnet:''Norwegian recording
''Tänk, när en gång det töcken har försvunnit:''Swedish translation
Swedish hymn
''Var jag går i skogar, berg och dalar:''Carl Olof Rosenius
English translation
Streaming audio
Carl Olof Rosenius
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rosenius, Carl Olof
1816 births
1868 deaths
People from Robertsfors Municipality
People from Västerbotten
Swedish evangelicals
Swedish Lutheran hymnwriters
Swedish Lutherans
19th-century Lutherans
Pietists
Swedish religious leaders