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Carcharhiniformes , the ground sharks, are the largest order of
Fish Identification: Ground sharks
'' FishBase''. Retrieved 28 March 2013. * Carcharhinidae (requiem sharks) * Galeocerdonidae (Tiger shark) * Hemigaleidae (weasel sharks) *
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Fish Identification: Ground sharks
in FishBase. March 2013 version. *
Order Carcharhiniformes
{{Taxonbar, from=Q48178 Articles which contain graphical timelines Cartilaginous fish orders Taxa named by Leonard Compagno Extant Albian first appearances
Carcharhiniformes , the ground sharks, are the largest order of shark
Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachi ...
s, with over 270 species. They include a number of common types, such as catshark
Catsharks are ground sharks of the family Scyliorhinidae. They are the largest family of sharks with around 160 species placed in 17 genera. Although they are generally known as catsharks, some species can also be called dogfish due to previous ...
s, swellsharks, and the sandbar shark.
Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eye, two dorsal fin
A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom. Many species of animals possessing dorsal fins are not particularly closely related to each other, though through c ...
s, an anal fin, and five gill
A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are ...
slits.
The families in the order Carcharhiniformes are expected to be revised; recent DNA studies show that some of the conventional groups are not monophyletic.
The oldest members of the order appeared during the Middle-Late Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of ...
, which have teeth and bodyforms that are morphologically similar to living catsharks. Carchariniformes first underwent major diversification during the Late Cretaceous
The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''creta'', ...
, initially as small-sized forms, before radiating into medium and large body sizes during the Cenozoic.
Families
According to FishBase, the nine families of ground sharks are:'' FishBase''. Retrieved 28 March 2013. * Carcharhinidae (requiem sharks) * Galeocerdonidae (Tiger shark) * Hemigaleidae (weasel sharks) *
Leptochariidae
The barbeled houndshark (''Leptocharias smithii'') is a species of ground shark and the only member of the family Leptochariidae. This demersal species is found in the coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Mauritania to Angola, at de ...
(barbeled houndshark)
* Proscylliidae (finback catsharks)
* Pseudotriakidae
The Pseudotriakidae are a small family of ground sharks, belonging to the order Carcharhiniformes, containing the false catsharks (genera '' Pseudotriakis'' and '' Planonasus'') and gollumsharks (genus ''Gollum''). It contains the only ground s ...
(false catsharks)
* Scyliorhinidae (catsharks)
* Sphyrnidae (hammerhead sharks)
* Triakidae (houndsharks)
Timeline of genera
Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of ...
from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text: Paleogene
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text: Neogene
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
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color:latejurassic bar:NAM1 from:-152.57 till:-150.8 text: Macrourogaleus
color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM2 from:-103.7 till:0 text:Scyliorhinus
''Scyliorhinus'' is a genus of catsharks in the family Scyliorhinidae. This genus is known in the fossil records from the Cretaceous period, late Albian age to the Pliocene epoch.Carrier, J. C.; Musick, J. A. & Heithaus, M. R. (2004)''Biology of ...
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-93.5 till:-89.3 text: Pterolamiops
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM4 from:-93.5 till:-70.6 text: Paratriakis
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-84.27 till:-65.5 text: Pteroscyllium
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM6 from:-83.5 till:-70.6 text: Archaeotriakis
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-83.5 till:-58.7 text: Palaeogaleus
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM8 from:-74.9 till:-68.9 text: Squatigaleus
color:paleocene bar:NAM9 from:-65.5 till:-33.9 text: Abdounia
color:paleocene bar:NAM10 from:-65.5 till:0 text: Triakis
color:paleocene bar:NAM11 from:-56.0 till:-15.97 text:Physogaleus
''Physogaleus'' is a small genus of prehistoric shark that lived from the Eocene to Miocene epochs.
Description
''Physogaleus'' are only known from their fossil teeth and isolated vertebra. It has teeth similar to the modern tiger shark, but sma ...
color:eocene bar:NAM12 from:-55.8 till:-48.6 text: Pachygaleus
color:eocene bar:NAM13 from:-55.8 till:-48.6 text: Premontreia
color:eocene bar:NAM14 from:-55.8 till:-37.2 text:Eogaleus
''Eogaleus'' is an Extinction, extinct genus of requiem shark from the Eocene, Eocene epoch. It contains a single species, ''E. bolcensis''. It is known from multiple articulated individuals from the Monte Bolca, Bolca Konservat−Lagerstätte of ...
color:eocene bar:NAM15 from:-55.8 till:0 text: Carcharhinus
color:eocene bar:NAM16 from:-55.8 till:0 text: Galeocerdo
color:eocene bar:NAM17 from:-55.8 till:0 text: Hemipristis
color:eocene bar:NAM18 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Isogomphodon
The daggernose shark (''Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus'') is a little-known species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, and the only extant member of its genus. It inhabits shallow tropical waters off northeastern South America, from Trin ...
color:eocene bar:NAM19 from:-55.8 till:-0.0117 text: Megascyliorhinus
color:eocene bar:NAM20 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Mustelus
''Mustelus'', also known as the smooth-hounds, is a genus of sharks in the family Triakidae. The name of the genus comes from the Latin word ''mustela'', meaning weasel. It should not be confused with the genus name ''Mustela'', which is used ...
color:eocene bar:NAM21 from:-55.8 till:0 text: Rhizoprionodon
color:eocene bar:NAM22 from:-48.6 till:0 text: Negaprion
color:miocene bar:NAM23 from:-23.03 till:0 text: Chaenogaleus
color:miocene bar:NAM24 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Galeorhinus
The school shark (''Galeorhinus galeus'') is a houndshark of the family Triakidae, and the only member of the genus ''Galeorhinus''. Common names also include tope, tope shark, snapper shark, and soupfin shark. It is found worldwide in temperate ...
color:miocene bar:NAM25 from:-23.03 till:0 text: Paragaleus
color:miocene bar:NAM26 from:-15.97 till:0 text:Sphyrna
''Sphyrna'' (from the Greek word σφῦρα, "hammer") is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of ''Sphyrna'' have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather th ...
color:pliocene bar:NAM27 from:-5.332 till:0 text: Prionace
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The Jurassic ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of ...
from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text: Paleogene
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text: Neogene
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
References
Further references
* Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013Fish Identification: Ground sharks
in FishBase. March 2013 version. *
External links
Order Carcharhiniformes
{{Taxonbar, from=Q48178 Articles which contain graphical timelines Cartilaginous fish orders Taxa named by Leonard Compagno Extant Albian first appearances