''Canarium'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomencla ...
of about 100
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...
of
tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
and
subtropical
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north and ...
tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated Plant stem, stem, or trunk (botany), trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondar ...
s, in the family
Burseraceae
The Burseraceae are a moderate-sized family of 17-19 genera and about 540 species of flowering plants. The actual numbers differ according to the time period in which a given source is written describing this family. The Burseraceae are also know ...
. They grow naturally across tropical
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
, south and southeast
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
,
Indochina
Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula or Indochina, is the continental portion of Southeast Asia. It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west an ...
,
Malesia
Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It has been given different definitions. The ...
,
Australia and western
Pacific Islands
Collectively called the Pacific Islands, the islands in the Pacific Ocean are further categorized into three major island groups: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Depending on the context, the term ''Pacific Islands'' may refer to one of se ...
; including from southern
Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of G ...
east to
Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
,
Mauritius
Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label=Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It incl ...
,
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
and
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
; from
Burma
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
,
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malays ...
and
Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...
through the
Malay Peninsula
The Malay Peninsula ( Malay: ''Semenanjung Tanah Melayu'') is a peninsula in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area ...
and
Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making it ...
to south
China,
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
and the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
; through
Borneo
Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and ea ...
,
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. In ...
,
Timor
Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia, in the north of the Timor Sea. The island is divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia on the western part. The Indonesian part, also ...
and
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torres ...
, through to the
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capita ...
,
Vanuatu
Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (french: link=no, République de Vanuatu; bi, Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of no ...
,
New Caledonia
)
, anthem = ""
, image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg
, map_alt = Location of New Caledonia
, map_caption = Location of New Caledonia
, mapsize = 290px
, subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...
,
Fiji
Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...
,
Samoa
Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands ( Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands ( Manono and Apolima); ...
,
Tonga
Tonga (, ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga ( to, Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a Polynesian country and archipelago. The country has 171 islands – of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in ...
and
Palau
Palau,, officially the Republic of Palau and historically ''Belau'', ''Palaos'' or ''Pelew'', is an island country and microstate in the western Pacific. The nation has approximately 340 islands and connects the western chain of the Caro ...
.
[
''Canarium'' species grow up to large ]evergreen
In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which ...
trees of tall, and have alternately arranged, pinnate
Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...
leaves.[ They are ]dioecious
Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...
, with male and female flowers growing on separate trees.
Common names
The trees and their edible nuts have a large number of common names in their range. These include Pacific almond, canarium nut, pili nut
''Canarium ovatum'', the pili (Central Bikol and Filipino: ''pili'', ;), is a species of tropical tree belonging to the genus ''Canarium''. It is one of approximately 600 species in the family Burseraceae. ''C. ovatum'' are native to the Ph ...
, Java almond, Kenari nut, galip nut, nangai, and ngali.
Species
This species listing was sourced from ''The Plant List
The Plant List was a list of botanical names of species of plants created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden and launched in 2010. It was intended to be a comprehensive record of all known names of plant species ...
'' data aggregation website that takes in some inaccurate data. The brief species distribution information was sourced from ''Flora Malesiana
''Flora Malesiana'' is a multi-volume flora describing the vascular plants of Malesia (the biogeographical region consisting of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea), published by the National Herbarium of ...
'',[ the ''Flora of China'' (series) and the ''Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants'' information system.
* '' Canarium acutifolium'' – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Qld Australia
* '']Canarium album
''Canarium album'' is a tree species in the genus ''Canarium'' and the family Burseraceae, found in Indo-China; the Catalogue of Life does not record any sub-species.
''Canarium album'' produces a fruit commonly called Chinese olive or white oli ...
'' Chinese white olive (橄榄) – Taiwan, S China, Vietnam
* '' Canarium apertum'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
* '' Canarium asperum'' – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Solomon Is.,
* ''Canarium australasicum
''Canarium australasicum'', commonly named mango bark, brown cudgerie or parsnip wood, is a species of rainforest trees, of the plant family Burseraceae. They are endemic to Australia, in eastern Queensland and far northeastern New South Wales.
...
'' – Qld, NSW, Australia endemic
* '' Canarium australianum'' – New Guinea, Qld, NT, WA, Australia
* '' Canarium balansae'' – New Caledonia endemic
* '' Canarium balsamiferum'' – Maluku, Sulawesi
* '' Canarium batjanense'' –
* '' Canarium bengalense'' – India, Burma, Laos, Thailand, S China
* '' Canarium caudatum'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
* '' Canarium cestracion'' – E New Guinea
* '' Canarium chinare'' – Solomon Is., Admiralty Is.
* '' Canarium cinereum'' –
* '' Canarium copaliferum'' –
* '' Canarium decumanum'' – E Borneo, Maluku, New Guinea, Sulawesi
* '' Canarium denticulatum'' – Andaman Is., Burma, Sumatra, Malay Penin., Java, Borneo, Philippines
* '' Canarium dichotomum'' – Sumatra, Borneo
* '' Canarium divergens'' – Borneo
* '' Canarium elegans'' — Madagascar
* '' Canarium engleri'' –
* '' Canarium euphyllum'' –
* '' Canarium euryphyllum'' – Philippines
* '' Canarium fuscocalycinum'' – Borneo
* '' Canarium gracile'' – Philippines
* '' Canarium grandifolium'' – Malay Peninsula
* '' Canarium harami'' –
* '' Canarium harveyi'' –
* '' Canarium hirsutum'' – New Guinea to throughout Malesia, Solomon Is., Palau
* '' Canarium indicum'' – New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Maluku, Sulawesi
* '' Canarium intermedium'' – S Sumatra
* '' Canarium kaniense'' – New Guinea
* '' Canarium karoense'' – N Sumatra
* '' Canarium kerrii'' –
* '' Canarium kinabaluense'' – N Borneo
* '' Canarium kipella'' – W Java
* '' Canarium kostermansii'' – Borneo
* '' Canarium lamii'' – New Guinea
* '' Canarium latistipulatum'' – Borneo
* '' Canarium liguliferum'' –
* '' Canarium littorale'' – Indo-China, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo
* ''Canarium luzonicum
''Canarium luzonicum'', commonly known as elemi, is a tree native to the Philippines. The oleoresin harvested from it is also known as elemi.
Synonyms
* ''Canarium carapifolium'' G.Perkins
* ''Canarium oliganthum'' Merr.
* ''Canarium polyanth ...
'' – Philippines
* '' Canarium lyi'' –
* '' Canarium macadamii'' – New Guinea
* '' Canarium madagascariense'' –
* '' Canarium maluense'' – Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, Borneo
* '' Canarium megacarpum'' – New Guinea
* '' Canarium megalanthum'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
* '' Canarium merrillii'' – Borneo
* '' Canarium muelleri'' – Queensland endemic, Australia
* '' Canarium odontophyllum'' – Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan)
* '' Canarium oleiferum'' – New Caledonia endemic
* '' Canarium oleosum'' – New Guinea, New Britain, Timor, Maluku, Sulawesi
* '' Canarium ovatum'' – Philippines, cultivated Asia–Pacific
* '' Canarium paniculatum'' –
* '' Canarium parvum'' – S China, Vietnam
* '' Canarium patentinervium'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka, Borneo
* '' Canarium perlisanum'' – Malay Peninsula (Perlis)
* '' Canarium pilososylvestre'' – W New Guinea
* '' Canarium pilosum'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
** subsp. ''borneensis'' – Borneo
* '' Canarium pimela'' Chinese black olive (乌榄) – Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
* '' Canarium polyphyllum'' – New Guinea
* '' Canarium pseudodecumanum'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
* '' Canarium pseudopatentinervium'' – S Sumatra, Banka, Borneo
* '' Canarium pseudopimela'' –
* '' Canarium pseudosumatranum'' – Malay Peninsula
* '' Canarium reniforme'' –
* '' Canarium resiniferum'' –
* '' Canarium rigidum'' – New Guinea
* '' Canarium rotundifolium'' –
* '' Canarium sarawakanum'' –
* ''Canarium schweinfurthii
''Canarium schweinfurthii'' (commonly known as the bush candle, African olive, African elemi, or canarium), is a species of large tree native to tropical Africa.ICRAF Names in many African languages are variations of ''mupafu''.
Description
Bec ...
'' – African canarium; from Nigeria and Angola to Uganda
* '' Canarium sikkimense'' –
* '' Canarium solomonense'' – New Guinea
* '' Canarium strictum'' – India, Burma, S China
* '' Canarium subulatum'' – Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
* '' Canarium sumatranum'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula
* '' Canarium sylvestre'' – New Guinea, Maluku
* '' Canarium thorelianum'' –
* '' Canarium trifoliolatum'' – New Caledonia endemic
* '' Canarium trigonum'' – Sulawesi
* ''Canarium vanikoroense
''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; includi ...
'' –
* '' Canarium venosum'' –
* '' Canarium vitiense'' – Fiji, Solomon Is., Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is., Louisiade Arch., Torres Strait I's, Qld Australia
* '' Canarium vittatistipulatum'' –
* '' Canarium vrieseanum'' – Philippines, Sulawesi
* '' Canarium vulgare'' – Flores, Timor, Sulawesi, Maluku
* '' Canarium whitei'' – New Caledonia endemic
* '' Canarium zeylanicum'' –
Uses and ecology
Several species have edible nuts, known as galip nut or ''nangae'' ('' C. indicum''), pili nut ('' C. ovatum''), or simply canarium nut ('' C. harveyi'' and ''C. indicum''). ''C. indicum'' are among the most important nut-bearing trees in eastern Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. In ...
and the Southwest Pacific. ''C. ovatum'' is cultivated as a food crop only in the Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
.Pili Nut, ''Canarium ovatum'', New Crop Fact Sheet.
Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products.
'' C. odontophyllum'', known commonly as dabai or kembayau, is a species with a nutritious fruit with a creamy taste. It is hard when raw and may be pickled or softened with hot water when prepared. Many animals feed on the fruit in the wild, such as the red-bellied lemur
The red-bellied lemur (''Eulemur rubriventer'') is a medium-sized strepsirrhine primate with a luxuriant chestnut brown coat. This lemur is endemic to eastern Madagascan rainforests and is distinguished by patches of white skin below the e ...
(''Eulemur rubriventer'') and the ruffed lemur
The ruffed lemurs of the genus ''Varecia'' are strepsirrhine primates and the largest extant lemurs within the family Lemuridae. Like all living lemurs, they are found only on the island of Madagascar. Formerly considered to be a monotypic genus ...
s (''Varecia'') of Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
's eastern tropical forest
Tropical forests (a.k.a. jungle) are forested landscapes in tropical regions: ''i.e.'' land areas approximately bounded by the tropic of Cancer and Capricorn, but possibly affected by other factors such as prevailing winds.
Some tropical for ...
s. ''Canarium'' fruit is also an important part of the diet of the aye-aye
The aye-aye (''Daubentonia madagascariensis'') is a long-fingered lemur, a strepsirrhine primate native to Madagascar with rodent-like teeth that perpetually grow and a special thin middle finger.
It is the world's largest nocturnal primate. ...
(''Daubentonia madagascarensis'').
''Canarium album
''Canarium album'' is a tree species in the genus ''Canarium'' and the family Burseraceae, found in Indo-China; the Catalogue of Life does not record any sub-species.
''Canarium album'' produces a fruit commonly called Chinese olive or white oli ...
'' produces a fruit consumed in Vietnam, Thailand (where it is known as ''nam liap'' ( th, หนำเลี้ยบ), ''samo chin'' ( th, สมอจีน) or ''kana'' ( th, กาน้า)) and in China (Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of v ...
: 橄欖) with an appearance of a big olive.
''Canarium luzonicum
''Canarium luzonicum'', commonly known as elemi, is a tree native to the Philippines. The oleoresin harvested from it is also known as elemi.
Synonyms
* ''Canarium carapifolium'' G.Perkins
* ''Canarium oliganthum'' Merr.
* ''Canarium polyanth ...
'', commonly known as ''elemi'', is a tree native to the Philippines. An oleoresin Oleoresins are semi-solid extracts composed of resin and essential or fatty oil, obtained by evaporation of the solvents used for their production. The oleoresin of conifers is known as crude turpentine or gum turpentine, which consists of oil of ...
, which contains Elemicin
Elemicin is a phenylpropene, a natural organic compound, and is a constituent of several plant species' essential oils.
Natural occurrence
Elemicin is a constituent of the oleoresin and the essential oil of '' Canarium luzonicum'' (also referre ...
, is harvested from it.
'' Canarium strictum'' produces a resin called black dammar
Dammar, also called dammar gum, or damar gum, is a resin obtained from the tree family Dipterocarpaceae in India and Southeast Asia, principally those of the genera ''Shorea'' or '' Hopea'' (synonym ''Balanocarpus''). The resin of some species ...
.
Superb fruit-dove
The superb fruit dove (''Ptilinopus superbus''), also known as the purple-crowned fruit dove (leading to easy confusion with the purple-capped fruit dove), is a medium-sized (22–24 cm long), colourful fruit-dove in the family Columbidae. ...
s (''Ptilinopus superbus'') are known to be fond of the fruit of scrub turpentine (''C. australianum''), which they swallow whole.[
]
References
External links
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2367663
Burseraceae genera
Dioecious plants