Chimaeras are

cartilaginous fish Chondrichthyes (; ) is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or ''bony fishes'', which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. ...

in the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...

Chimaeriformes , known informally as ghost sharks, rat fish, spookfish, or rabbit fish; the last three names are not to be confused with

rattail Grenadiers or rattails are generally large, brown to black gadiform marine fish of the subfamily Macrourinae, the largest subfamily of the family Macrouridae. Found at great depths from the Arctic to Antarctic, members of this subfamily are amon ...

s, Opisthoproctidae, or

Siganidae Rabbitfishes or spinefoots are perciform fishes in the family Siganidae. The 29 species are in a single genus, ''Siganus''. In some now obsolete classifications, the species having prominent face stripes—colloquially called foxfaces– ...

, respectively. At one time a "diverse and abundant" group (based on the

fossil record A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in ...

), their closest living relatives are sharks and

ray Ray may refer to: Fish * Ray (fish), any cartilaginous fish of the superorder Batoidea * Ray (fish fin anatomy), a bony or horny spine on a fin Science and mathematics * Ray (geometry), half of a line proceeding from an initial point * Ray (gr ...

s, though their last common ancestor with them lived nearly 400 million years ago. Today, they are largely confined to deep water.

Description and habits

Chimaeras live in temperate ocean floors down to deep, with few occurring at depths shallower than . Exceptions include the members of the genus '' Callorhinchus'', the rabbit fish and the spotted ratfish, which locally or periodically can be found at shallower depths. Consequently, these are also among the few species from the chimaera order kept in

public aquaria A public aquarium (plural: ''public aquaria'' or ''public Water Zoo'') is the aquatic counterpart of a zoo, which houses living aquatic animal and plant specimens for public viewing. Most public aquariums feature tanks larger than those kept b ...

. They live in all the oceans except for the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. They have elongated, soft bodies, with a bulky head and a single gill-opening. They grow up to in length, although this includes the lengthy tail found in some species. In many species, the snout is modified into an elongated sensory organ. Like other members of the class

Chondrichthyes Chondrichthyes (; ) is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or ''bony fishes'', which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. ...

, chimaera skeletons are composed of

cartilage Cartilage is a resilient and smooth type of connective tissue. In tetrapods, it covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints as articular cartilage, and is a structural component of many body parts including the rib cage, the neck an ...

. Their skin is smooth and naked, lacking

placoid scale A fish scale is a small rigid plate that grows out of the skin of a fish. The skin of most jawed fishes is covered with these protective scales, which can also provide effective camouflage through the use of reflection and colouration, as ...

s (except in the claspers), and their color can range from black to brownish gray. For defense, most chimaeras have a venomous

spine Spine or spinal may refer to: Science Biology * Vertebral column, also known as the backbone * Dendritic spine, a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite * Thorns, spines, and prickles, needle-like structures in plants * Spine (zoolo ...

in front of the

dorsal fin A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom. Many species of animals possessing dorsal fins are not particularly closely related to each other, though through co ...

. They use these fins to "fly" through water. The usual diet of chimaeras consist of crustaceans, and more specifically, they include ophiurans and molluscs. Chimaeras resemble sharks in some ways: they employ

clasper In biology, a clasper is a male anatomical structure found in some groups of animals, used in mating. Male cartilaginous fish have claspers formed from the posterior portion of their pelvic fin which serve to channel semen into the female's ...

s for internal fertilization of females and they lay

eggs Humans and human ancestors have scavenged and eaten animal eggs for millions of years. Humans in Southeast Asia had domesticated chickens and harvested their eggs for food by 1,500 BCE. The most widely consumed eggs are those of fowl, especial ...

with leathery cases. They also use

electroreception Electroreception and electrogenesis are the closely-related biological abilities to perceive electrical stimuli and to generate electric fields. Both are used to locate prey; stronger electric discharges are used in a few groups of fishes to stu ...

to find their prey. However, unlike sharks, male chimaeras also have retractable sexual appendages on the forehead (a type of tentaculum) and in front of the pelvic fins. The females lay eggs in

spindle Spindle may refer to: Textiles and manufacturing * Spindle (textiles), a straight spike to spin fibers into yarn * Spindle (tool), a rotating axis of a machine tool Biology * Common spindle and other species of shrubs and trees in genus ''Euonym ...

-shaped, leathery egg cases. They also differ from sharks in that their upper jaws are fused with their skulls and they have separate

anal Anal may refer to: Related to the anus *Related to the anus of animals: ** Anal fin, in fish anatomy ** Anal vein, in insect anatomy ** Anal scale, in reptile anatomy *Related to the human anus: ** Anal sex, a type of sexual activity involving ...

and

urogenital The genitourinary system, or urogenital system, are the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathw ...

openings. They also have gill covers or opercula like bony fishes. Instead of sharks' many sharp and replaceable teeth, they have just three pairs of large permanent grinding tooth plates. These are unique among vertebrates due to their mineralization. They are made of osteodentin and is covered by an enamel called pleromin formed by mesenchyme-derived cells and made by the mineral

whitlockite Whitlockite is a mineral, an unusual form of calcium phosphate. Its formula is Ca9(Mg Fe)(PO4)6PO3O H. It is a relatively rare mineral but is found in granitic pegmatites, phosphate rock deposits, guano caves and in chondrite meteorites. It was ...

. Most vertebrates have an enamel of

apatite Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal. The formula of the admixture of the three most common ...

Phylogenetics

Tracing the evolution of these species has been problematic given the paucity of good fossils. DNA sequencing has become the preferred approach to understanding speciation. The group containing Chimeras and their close relatives ( Holocephali) is thought to have originated about 420 million years ago during the Silurian. The oldest known Chimaeriform is '' Protochimaera'' from the Early

Carboniferous The Carboniferous ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, million years ago. The name ''Carboniferous ...

(338-332 million years ago) of Russia, which is more closely related to modern chimeras (Chimaeroidei) than any other known extinct groups of Chimaeriformes. The earliest known remains attributable to modern chimaeras are known from the

Early Jurassic The Early Jurassic Epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic Series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic Period. The Early Jurassic starts immediately after the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, 201.3 Ma&nb ...

(

Pliensbachian The Pliensbachian is an age of the geologic timescale and stage in the stratigraphic column. It is part of the Early or Lower Jurassic Epoch or Series and spans the time between 190.8 ± 1.5 Ma and 182.7 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Pl ...

) of Europe, but egg cases from the Late Triassic of Yakutia, Russia and New Zealand that resemble those of rhinochimaerids and callorhinchids respectively indicates that they had a global distribution prior to the end of the

Triassic The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...

. Unlike modern chimaeras, Mesozoic representatives are often found in shallow water settings. The extant species fall into three families—the Callorhinchidae, Rhinochimaeridae and

Chimaeridae The Chimaeridae, or short-nosed chimaeras, are a family of cartilaginous fish. They resemble other chimaeras in general form and habits, but have short, rounded snouts, without the modifications found in related families. Many species have lon ...

with the callorhinchids being the most basal clade.

Parasites

As other fish, chimaeras have a number of

parasites Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has c ...

. '' Chimaericola leptogaster'' ( Chimaericolidae) is a monogenean parasite of the gills of '' Chimaera monstrosa''; the species can attain in length.

Classification

In some classifications, the chimaeras are included (as subclass Holocephali) in the class

of cartilaginous fishes; in other systems, this distinction may be raised to the level of class. Chimaeras also have some characteristics of

bony fishes Osteichthyes (), popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse superclass of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. They can be contrasted with the Chondrichthyes, which have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage ...

. A renewed effort to explore deep water and to undertake taxonomic analysis of specimens in museum collections led to a boom during the first decade of the 21st century in the number of new species identified. A preliminary study found 8% of species to be threatened. There are 50 extant species in six genera and four families are described; an additional three genera and two families are only known from fossils): Callorhinchus callorhynchus

* †Suborder Squalorajoidei Patterson 1965 (Early Jurassic) ** †Family Squalorajidae Woodward 1886 *** †'' Squaloraja'' Europe, Early Jurassic (

Hettangian The Hettangian is the earliest age and lowest stage of the Jurassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 201.3 ± 0.2 Ma and 199.3 ± 0.3 Ma (million years ago). The Hettangian follows the Rhaetian (part of the Triassic ...

Sinemurian In the geologic timescale, the Sinemurian is an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic Epoch or Series. It spans the time between 199.3 ± 2 Ma and 190.8 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Sinemurian is preceded by the Hettangian and i ...

) * †Suborder Myriacanthoidei Patterson 1965 (Late Triassic-Late Jurassic) ** †Family Chimaeropsidae *** †'' Chimaeropsis'' Zittel 1887 Belgium, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian) ** †Family Myriacanthidae Woodward 1889 *** †''

Acanthorhina ''Acanthorhina'' is an extinct genus of chimaera from the Toarcian age of the Jurassic period. It currently contains a single species, ''A. jaekeli'' known from the Posidonia shale The Posidonia Shale (german: Posidonienschiefer, also called Sc ...

'' Fraas 1910 Posidonia Shale Formation, Germany, Early Jurassic (

Toarcian The Toarcian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic. It spans the time between 182.7 Ma (million years ago) and 174.1 Ma. It follows the Pliensbachian and is followed by the Aalenian. The Toarc ...

) *** †''

Agkistracanthus ''Agkistracanthus'' is an extinct genus of Chimaera from the Mesozoic era. It currently contains a single species, ''A. mitgelensis''. It is known from the Rhaetian to Hettangian epochs, spanning the transition from the Triassic to Jurassic peri ...

'' Duffin and Furrer 1981 Austria, England and Switzerland, Late Triassic-Early Jurassic ( Rhaetian-Sinemurian) *** †''

Alethodontus ''Alethodontus'' is an extinct genus of chimaera from the Hettangian stage of the Jurassic period The Jurassic ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the ...

'' Duffin 1983 Germany, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian) *** †'' Halonodon'' Duffin 1984 Belgium and Luxembourg, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian) *** †'' Metopacanthus'' Zittel 1887 Posidonia Shale Formation, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian) *** †'' Oblidens'' Duffin and Milàn 2017

Hasle Formation The Hasle Formation is a geologic formation on the island on Bornholm, Denmark. It is of early to late Pliensbachian age. Vertebrate fossils have been uncovered from this formation. The type section of the formation is found at the south of the c ...

, Denmark, Early Jurassic (

) *** †'' Myriacanthus'' Agassiz 1837 United Kingdom, Late Triassic-Early Jurassic (Rhaetian-Sinemurian) *** †'' Recurvacanthus'' Duffin 1981 United Kingdom, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian) *†Suborder Protochimaeroidei Lebedev & Popov, 2021 **†Family Protochimaeridae Lebedev & Popov, 2021 ***†'' Protochimaera'' Lebedev & Popov, 2021 Moscow Region, Russia, Lower Carboniferous (

Viséan The Visean, Viséan or Visian is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the second stage of the Mississippian, the lower subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Visean lasted from to Ma. It follows th ...

– Serpukhovian) * Suborder Chimaeroidei Patterson 1965 **†'' Eomanodon'' Ward and Duffin 1989 United Kingdom, Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) **Family Callorhinchidae

Garman Garman is a surname or first name. Notable people with the name include: Sports * Ann Garman, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player * Judi Garman (born 1954), American softball coach * Mike Garman (born 1949), American baseball pl ...

, 1901 *** Genus '' Callorhinchus'' Lacépède, 1798 **** ''

Callorhinchus callorynchus ''Callorhinchus callorynchus'', the American elephantfish or cockfish, is a species of fish in the family Callorhinchidae found in southern Brazil, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Its natural habitat is open seas. Being a holocephala ...

'' Linnaeus,

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoological ...

(ploughnose chimaera) **** ''

Callorhinchus capensis The Cape elephantfish, josef, or St Joseph shark (''Callorhinchus capensis'') is a species of fish in the family Callorhinchidae.Branch, G.M., Branch, M.L, Griffiths, C.L. and Beckley, L.E. 2010. ''Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southe ...

'' A. H. A. Duméril, 1865 (Cape elephantfish) **** ''

Callorhinchus milii The Australian ghostshark (''Callorhinchus milii'') is a cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) belonging to the subclass Holocephali (chimaera). Sharks, rays and skates are the other members of the cartilaginous fish group and are grouped under the ...

Bory de Saint-Vincent Jean-Baptiste Geneviève Marcellin Bory de Saint-Vincent was a French naturalist, officer and politician. He was born on 6 July 1778 in Agen (Lot-et-Garonne) and died on 22 December 1846 in Paris. Biologist and geographer, he was particularly in ...

, 1823 (Australian ghost shark) ***†''

Brachymylus ''Brachymylus'' is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish belonging to the subclass Holocephali, which includes the modern-day chimaera Chimaeras are cartilaginous fish in the order Chimaeriformes , known informally as ghost sharks, rat fis ...

'' A. S. Woodward 1894 Germany, Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) ***†''

Bathytheristes ''Bathytheristes'' is an extinct genus of Chimaera from the late Early Jurassic epoch of the Jurassic Period. Its name roughly translates to "Reaper of the deep." It is known from a single species, ''B. gracilis''. It was discovered in the early ...

'' Duffin 1995 Posidonia Shale Formation, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian) ***†'' Ottangodus'' Popov, Delsate & Felten, 2019 France, Middle Jurassic (

Bajocian In the geologic timescale, the Bajocian is an age and stage in the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 170.3 Ma to around 168.3 Ma (million years ago). The Bajocian Age succeeds the Aalenian Age and precedes the Bathonian Age. Stra ...

) ***†'' Moskovirhynchus'' Russia, Upper Jurassic ***†'' Pachymylus'' United Kingdom, France, Middle Jurassic **Family †"Edaphodontidae" ***†'' Ischyodus'' (40 species) Worldwide, Middle Jurassic-Miocene (also placed in Callorhinchidae) ***†'' Elasmodectes'' Europe, Jurassic-Cretaceous ***†'' Elasmodus'' Worldwide, Cretaceous-Paleogene ***†'' Edaphodon'' Worldwide, Cretaceous-Neogene ***†''

Ptyktoptychion ''Ptyktoptychion'' is an extinct genus of chimaeras known from the Early Cretaceous The Early Cretaceous ( geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous ( chronostratigraphic name), is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cre ...

'' Australia, Early Cretaceous ***†'' Lebediodon'' Europe, Cretaceous ** Family

Bonaparte, 1831 *** Genus ''

Chimaera Chimaeras are cartilaginous fish in the order Chimaeriformes , known informally as ghost sharks, rat fish, spookfish, or rabbit fish; the last three names are not to be confused with rattails, Opisthoproctidae, or Siganidae, respectively. A ...

'' Linnaeus,

**** '' Chimaera argiloba'' Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008 (whitefin chimaera) **** '' Chimaera bahamaensis'' Kemper, Ebert, Didier & Compagno, 2010 (Bahamas ghost shark) **** '' Chimaera compacta'' Iglésias, Kemper & Naylor, 2022Iglésias, S.P., Kemper, J.M. & Naylor, G.J.P. Chimaera compacta, a new species from southern Indian Ocean, and an estimate of phylogenetic relationships within the genus Chimaera (Chondrichthyes: Chimaeridae). Ichthyol Res 69, 31–45 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-021-00810-9 **** '' Chimaera cubana'' Howell-Rivero, 1936 **** ''

Chimaera fulva The southern chimaera (''Chimaera fulva'') is a chimaera species in the family Chimaeridae. It lives in Australia, usually in marine waters 780 to 1095 meters deep. It can grow to a maximum length of at least 100 centimeters, and is sometimes co ...

'' Didier, Last & W. T. White, 2008 (southern chimaera) **** '' Chimaera jordani'' S. Tanaka (I), 1905 (Jordan's chimaera) **** '' Chimaera lignaria'' Didier, 2002 (carpenter's chimaera) **** '' Chimaera macrospina'' Didier, Last & W. T. White, 2008 (longspine chimaera) **** '' Chimaera monstrosa'' Linnaeus,

(rabbit fish) **** ''

Chimaera notafricana The cape chimaera (''Chimaera notafricana'') is a chimaera species in the family Chimaeridae, which lives in South Africa and Namibia. Taxonomy The cape chimaera is one of 16 species in the genus Chimaera. The species was described in 2010 by ...

'' Kemper, Ebert, Compagno & Didier, 2010 Cape chimaera **** ''

Chimaera obscura The shortspine chimaera (''Chimaera obscura''), also commonly known as the short spine chimaera, is a chimaera species in the family Chimaeridae, which lives off of the east coast of Australia. Description The shortspine chimaera is similar to ...

'' Didier, Last & W. T. White, 2008 (shortspine chimaera) **** '' Chimaera opalescens'' Luchetti, Iglésias & Sellos, 2011 **** '' Chimaera owstoni'' S. Tanaka (I), 1905 (Owston's chimaera) **** '' Chimaera panthera'' Didier, 1998 (leopard chimaera) **** ''

Chimaera phantasma The silver chimaera (''Chimaera phantasma'') is a species of fish in the family Chimaeridae found near Australia, China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, New Caledonia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat In ecology ...

'' Jordan & Snyder, 1900 (silver chimaera) *** Genus ''

Hydrolagus ''Hydrolagus'' is a genus of fish in the family Chimaeridae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.Weigmann, S. (2016)Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeo ...

'' Gill, 1863 **** '' Hydrolagus affinis'' Brito Capello, 1868 (smalleyed rabbitfish) **** '' Hydrolagus africanus'' Gilchrist, 1922 (African chimaera) **** '' Hydrolagus alberti'' Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951 **** '' Hydrolagus alphus'' Quaranta, Didier,

Long Long may refer to: Measurement * Long, characteristic of something of great duration * Long, characteristic of something of great length * Longitude (abbreviation: long.), a geographic coordinate * Longa (music), note value in early music mensu ...

& Ebert, 2006 (whitespot ghost shark) **** ''

Hydrolagus barbouri The ninespot chimaera (''Hydrolagus barbouri'') is a species of chimaera endemic to the waters off Japan and the South China Sea in the Northwest Pacific. Its natural habitat is open seas and its depth range is . It can reach a maximum total le ...

, 1908 **** ''

Hydrolagus bemisi The pale ghost shark (''Hydrolagus bemisi'') is a shortnose chimaera of the family Chimaeridae. It is endemic to New Zealand waters. Taxonomy This species was first described by Dominique A. Didier in 2002. Although it had been recognised, th ...

'' Didier, 2002 (pale ghost shark) **** '' Hydrolagus colliei''

Lay Lay may refer to: Places *Lay Range, a subrange of mountains in British Columbia, Canada *Lay, Loire, a French commune * Lay (river), France *Lay, Iran, a village * Lay, Kansas, United States, an unincorporated community People * Lay (surname) ...

& E. T. Bennett, 1839 (spotted ratfish) **** '' Hydrolagus deani'' H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1912 (Philippine chimaera) **** '' Hydrolagus eidolon'' Jordan & Hubbs, 1925 **** '' Hydrolagus homonycteris'' Didier, 2008 (black ghostshark) **** '' Hydrolagus lemures'' Whitley, 1939 (blackfin ghostshark) **** ''

Hydrolagus lusitanicus ''Hydrolagus'' is a genus of fish in the family Chimaeridae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.Weigmann, S. (2016)Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeo ...

'' Moura, Figueiredo, Bordalo-Machado, Almeida &

Gordo Gordo (Spanish and Portuguese for "fat") may refer to: People * Afonso II of Portugal (1185–1223), King of Portugal nicknamed "''o Gordo'' ("the Fat") * Gordon Cooper (1927–2004), one of the seven original American astronauts, nicknamed "Gordo ...

, 2005 **** '' Hydrolagus macrophthalmus'' de Buen, 1959 **** ''

Hydrolagus marmoratus The marbled ghostshark (''Hydrolagus marmoratus'') is a chimaera species in the family Chimaeridae The Chimaeridae, or short-nosed chimaeras, are a family of cartilaginous fish. They resemble other chimaeras in general form and habits, but ...

'' Didier, 2008 marbled ghostshark **** '' Hydrolagus matallanasi'' Soto & Vooren, 2004 (striped rabbitfish) **** '' Hydrolagus mccoskeri'' Barnett, Didier,

& Ebert, 2006 (Galápagos ghostshark) **** ''

Hydrolagus melanophasma The Eastern Pacific black ghostshark (''Hydrolagus melanophasma'', literally a combination of "water rabbit" and "black ghost") is a species of fish in the family Chimaeridae.Carlos Bustamante, Hernán Flores, Yhon Concha-Pérez, Carolina Vargas ...

'' K. C. James, Ebert,

& Didier, 2009 (Eastern Pacific black ghostshark) **** '' Hydrolagus mirabilis'' Collett, 1904 (large-eyed rabbitfish) **** '' Hydrolagus mitsukurii'' Jordan & Snyder, 1904 (spookfish) **** '' Hydrolagus novaezealandiae'' Fowler, 1911 (dark ghostshark) **** '' Hydrolagus ogilbyi'' Waite, 1898 **** '' Hydrolagus pallidus''

Hardy Hardy may refer to: People * Hardy (surname) * Hardy (given name) * Hardy (singer), American singer-songwriter Places Antarctica * Mount Hardy, Enderby Land * Hardy Cove, Greenwich Island * Hardy Rocks, Biscoe Islands Australia * Hardy, Sout ...

& Stehmann, 1990 **** '' Hydrolagus purpurescens'' Gilbert, 1905 (purple chimaera) **** '' Hydrolagus trolli'' Didier & Séret, 2002 (pointy-nosed blue chimaera) **** '' Hydrolagus waitei'' Fowler, 1907 ***†'' Canadodus'' Popov, Johns & Suntok, 2020 Sooke Formation, Canada, Oligocene ** Family Rhinochimaeridae

, 1901 *** Genus '' Harriotta'' Goode &

Bean A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes thr ...

, 1895 **** '' Harriotta haeckeli'' Karrer, 1972 (smallspine spookfish) **** '' Harriotta raleighana'' Goode &

, 1895 (Pacific longnose chimaera) *** Genus ''

Neoharriotta ''Neoharriotta'' is a genus of fish in the family Rhinochimaeridae The Rhinochimaeridae, commonly known as long-nosed chimaeras, are a family of cartilaginous fish. They are similar in form and habits to other chimaeras, but have an exceptiona ...

'' Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950 **** ''

Neoharriotta carri The dwarf sicklefin chimaera (''Neoharriotta carri'') is a species of fish in the family Rhinochimaeridae found in Colombia and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is open seas. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed ...

'' Bullis & J. S. Carpenter, 1966 (dwarf sicklefin chimaera) **** '' Neoharriotta pinnata'' Schnakenbeck, 1931 (sicklefin chimaera) **** '' Neoharriotta pumila'' Didier & Stehmann, 1996 (Arabian sicklefin chimaera) *** Genus '' Rhinochimaera''

, 1901 **** '' Rhinochimaera africana'' Compagno, Stehmann & Ebert, 1990 (paddle-nose chimaera) **** '' Rhinochimaera atlantica''

Holt Holt or holte may refer to: Natural world *Holt (den), an otter den * Holt, an area of woodland Places Australia * Holt, Australian Capital Territory * Division of Holt, an electoral district in the Australian House of Representatives in Vic ...

& Byrne, 1909 (straightnose rabbitfish) **** '' Rhinochimaera pacifica''

Mitsukuri Mitsukuri (written: 箕作 or 三栗) is a Japanese surname In some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community. Practices vary by culture. The family nam ...

, 1895 (Pacific spookfish) ***†''

Amylodon ''Amylodon'' is an extinct genus of chimaera. It consists of four described species. ''A. karamysh'' is known from the latest early Campanian of Russia, the name being derived from the Karamysh River which runs near the type locality. In the E ...

'' Europe, Late Cretaceous

References

{{Authority control Extant Early Devonian first appearances

Description and habits

Phylogenetics

Parasites

Classification

See also

References